Non-toxic corrosion-protection pigments based on cobalt

ABSTRACT

Corrosion-inhibiting pigments based on cobalt are described that contain a trivalent or tetravalent cobalt/valence stabilizer complex. An inorganic or organic material is used to stabilize the trivalent or tetravalent cobalt ion to form a compound that is sparingly soluble in water. Specific stabilizers are chosen to control the release rate of trivalent or tetravalent cobalt during exposure to water and to tailor the compatibility of the powder when used as a pigment in a chosen binder system. Stabilizers may also modify the processing and handling characteristics of the formed powders. Cobalt/valence stabilizer combinations are chosen based on the well-founded principles of cobalt coordination chemistry. Many cobalt-valence stabilizer combinations are presented that can equal the performance of conventional hexavalent chromium systems.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is related to commonly assigned U.S. patent applicationSer Nos.: 10/038,274 NON-TOXIC CORROSION-PROTECTION CONVERSION COATSBASED ON COBALT, filed Jan. 4, 2002 by Sturgill et al. and 10/038,150NON-TOXIC CORROSION-PROTECTION RINSES AND SEALS BASED ON COBALT, filedJan. 4, 2002 by Sturgill et al., the disclosures of which areincorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to compositions and methods for theformation of protective, corrosion-inhibiting pigments without the useof chromium in the hexavalent oxidation state. More particularly, thisinvention relates to non-toxic, corrosion-inhibiting pigments based ontrivalent and tetravalent cobalt and methods of making and using thesame.

Inhibiting the initiation, growth, and extent of corrosion is asignificant part of component and systems design for the successfullong-term use of metal objects. Uniform physical performance and safetymargins of a part, a component, or an entire system can be compromisedby corrosion. Aluminum, zinc, iron, magnesium, titanium and their alloystend to corrode rapidly in the presence of water due to their lowoxidation-reduction (redox) potentials. The high strength 2000 and 7000series of aluminum alloys are used extensively in aircraft and are verysensitive to corrosive attack. Materials such as steels and carbonfibers with higher redox potentials will form a galvanic couple in waterand promote corrosive attack when located near light metal alloys suchas aluminum.

A bare metal surface or one that has been conversion coated, phosphated,sealed, rinsed, or otherwise treated will be protected by theapplication of a primer paint with a corrosion inhibiting pigment. Asused herein, the term “pigment” means chemically active compounds withthe ability to inhibit corrosion at a distance, rather than simplecolorants or opacifiers. Oxidative compounds that are effective ascorrosion inhibitors tend to be highly colored and/or opaque. Aneffective corrosion inhibiting pigment has throwing power and canprotect exposed base metal in a scratch or flaw by oxidizing andpassivating it at a distance during aqueous corrosion when dispersed ina suitable carrier phase. These compounds are usually solids or liquidsthat are typically dispersed in a liquid carrier or binder system suchas a paint or wash. These compounds may also be used to help inhibitcorrosion without a significant liquid carrier using an integral binderand/or a low-volatile application method. Barrier layer formers such assol-gel coatings or polymeric films are also used, but they tend to haveno inherent oxidizing character and no appreciable throwing power andfail to protect the metal surface when the film is breached.

Pigments that contain hexavalent chromium (CrVI) compounds are the defacto standard for high-performance corrosion inhibiting paints andcoatings for metal protection and are a typical corrosion inhibitor usedto protect aluminum, zinc, magnesium, iron, titanium, copper and theiralloys. Zinc and strontium chromate pigments are typically used,although calcium and magnesium chromates have also seen some limited useas pigments. The coating vehicles of these pigments include alkyd-typeprimers, acrylic primers, and elastomeric sealants, among others. Sometransition metal chromate pigments (e.g., complexed with copper, iron,manganese, or cobalt) and organic chromate pigments (e.g., bound withnitrogenous compounds such as guanidinium) have been used in protectivecoating systems. Barium or lead chromates have been used more ascolorants than as corrosion inhibitors. Variations in chromatespeciation (i.e., what the chromate ions are bound to) will result insignificant differences in protection when used as corrosion-inhibitingpigments.

A clear correlation between performance and solubility of chromatepigments has been shown. However, oxidizing chromates can be dangerousto use as corrosion inhibitors if they are not delivered in sufficientquantity in a timely manner to the location of a coating breach. Thechromate composition was far more important to the corrosion inhibitingperformance of the primer film than the organic coating composition.

A principle use of zinc and strontium chromate pigments is in wash- oretch-primer formulations for aluminum protection. Wash- or etch-primers,which have been used since the 1940s, represent one of the harshestapplication conditions for chromate pigments. Wash-primers are appliedto metal surfaces under acidic conditions where the primer is cured as acorrosion inhibiting film. Chromate pigment powders dispersed in analcohol/resin base mixture are combined with an aqueous phosphoric aciddiluent solution. The acid roughens the metal surface and initiatescross-linking of the resin to form a pigment-filled polymeric film. Thechromate pigment may also be dispersed in other carriers that are not asharsh as the wash primer. However, if a corrosion-inhibiting pigment cansurvive the harsh conditions of acid diluent, then it can usually besuccessfully incorporated within other paint, polymeric, or barrier filmsystems for corrosion inhibition.

An important use of chromate pigments is in coil coating formulationsfor steel, zinc-coated steel, or aluminum sheet stock. Coil coatings canrepresent a challenging application environment for pigments in thatcure temperatures for these paints can exceed 100° C.Corrosion-inhibiting pigments for these applications must exhibit boththrowing power to inhibit corrosion and be thermally stable at elevatedtemperatures when incorporated into the paint.

Significant efforts have been made in government and industry to replaceCrVI with other metals for corrosion-inhibiting applications due totoxicity, environmental, and regulatory considerations. An effectivereplacement for hexavalent chromate pigment needs to have throwing powerfor self-healing coating breeches. Throwing power is the ability of ahighly oxidized compound, such as hexavalent chromium, to oxidize andpassivate the exposed bare metal in a small scratch or flaw.

A number of materials have been introduced as corrosion-inhibitingreplacement pigments for hexavalent chromium-based compounds.Commercially available corrosion inhibiting pigments including compoundssuch as molybdates, phosphates, silicates, cyanamides, and borates thathave no inherent oxidizing character have been used as alternatives tochromate pigments. Coatings that contain these materials can effectivelyinhibit corrosion as barrier films until the coating is breached, as bya scratch or other flaw. Films or coatings that do not contain oxidizingspecies can actually enhance corrosion on a surface after failure due tothe effects of crevice corrosion.

Cobalt is one non-toxic, non-regulated metal which has been consideredas a chromium replacement. Cobalt (like chromium) exhibits more than oneoxidation state (Co⁺², Co⁺³, and Co⁺⁴). In addition, theoxidation-reduction potential is comparable to that of CrVI in acidicsolutions. For example, in acid solution:Co⁺³ +e ⁻=>Co⁺²+1.92 VCr⁺⁶+3e ⁻=>Cr⁺³+1.36 V

The CoIII ion is a very good oxidizing species with anoxidation-reduction potential of +1.92 V (at pH 0). The hydroxyl andoxygen liberated from water when CoIII is reduced will oxidize nearbybare metal. This results in a passivated metal surface if sufficientoxygen is released. The potential required to reduce trivalent cobalt todivalent cobalt is only 0.26 volts greater than that needed to add threeelectrons to reduce CrVI to trivalent chromium (CrIII). CoII is formedduring corrosion inhibition by the oxidation of base metal in thepresence of CoIII and water. CoII is similar to CrIII in that neither isparticularly effective as redox-based corrosion inhibitors.

A number of pigments using cobalt have been reported in the literatureover the years, but none approach the general performance or utility ofCrVI-based pigments. Trivalent cobalt oxide Co₂O₃ or Co₃O₄) andhydroxide (Co(OH)₃) pigments have been disclosed for corrosionprotective coatings. However, the coatings formed provide only limitedprotection and do not approach the benefit derived from the use ofhexavalent chromium.

A number of compounds have been described as corrosion-inhibitingagents, including organic mercapto and thio compounds, cyclic tetraazacompounds, aminophosphonic acid, and triazinedithiols andtriazinetrithiols. Other compounds havebeen described as corrosioninhibiting when complexed with cobalt, typically in the divalent chargestate. Among these compounds are porphyrin derivatives, tetraaza organiccompounds, phosphoric and phosphonic acids, naphthenates, amidosulfonicacids, and amino acids. However, the pigments formed from thesecompounds provide only limited corrosion protection and do not approachthe benefit derived from the use of hexavalent chromium.

In addition, the formation of cobalt-containing pigments in which thecobalt is complexed with ligands such as hydrazones, —O bidentates,azomethines, phthalocyanines, azo and disazo complexes, N—S bidentates,oximes, tetraaza complexes, porphyrins, 1,2-dithiolates, andsemicarbazones, has also been described. However, these compounds do notuse trivalent cobalt and are not used for anticorrosive applications.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,096,090 and 4,012,195 to Noack describe catalyzedhydrazine compositions that contain cobalt and act as corrosioninhibitors. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,096,090 describes compositionsthat contain: a) a hydrazine compound; b) a cobalt organometalliccompound derived from the reaction of cobalt (II) hydroxide withunsubstituted and substituted orthodihydroxy aromatic compounds andunsubstituted and substituted ortho-aminohydroxy aromatic compounds.Noack observed that 25% of the dissolved oxygen was “removed” in 0.1minutes, and 95% in 0.3 minutes. Likewise, U.S. Pat. No. 4,012,195describes a composition containing: a) a hydrazine compound; b) anorganometallic complex formed from the reaction of a salt of cobalt andone or more ligands selected from the group consisting of unsubstitutedand substituted orthodiamino aromatic compounds, unsubstituted andsubstituted orthodihydroxy aromatic compounds and unsubstituted andsubstituted orthoaminohydroxy aromatic compounds. The cobalt is presentin the divalent oxidation state. These compositions are also claimed tobe oxygen scavengers. Although not specified in the Noack patents, this“oxygen scavenging” activity is the result of dissolved oxygen oxidizingthe divalent cobalt to a higher oxidation state. While the combinationof these organic compounds with divalent cobalt inhibited corrosion oncethey “scavenged oxygen”, Noack failed to realize that the importantconstituent of these inhibitor compositions was a trivalent cobalt ion,stabilized by the organic additives.

European Patent Application EP 634,460 to Bamber, et al. describes theuse of organic phosphoric or phosphonic acids optionally in conjunctionwith cobalt for anticorrosive pigments. Further, Bamber, et al. teach adesired solubility of 2 grams per liter or lower as needed at 20° C. Theoxidation state of the cobalt is not specified, nor is there describedany process that would increase the oxidation state of the cobalt to thetrivalent or tetravalent oxidation state. Organic phosphonates orphosphorates are less desirable valence stabilizers for trivalent ortetravalent cobalt, because stabilization of these desired oxidationstates are typically not possible using these agents by themselves. Thismeans a resultant oxidation state of +2 for the cobalt and, therefore,pigments derived from these formulations will exhibit low anticorrosiveproperties.

UK Patent Applications GB 2,138,796 and 2,139,206, as well as GermanPatent DE 3,309,194 to Fuchs, et al. also describe the use of cobaltcomplexes in combination with hydrazine to “scavenge oxygen” in boilerfeedwaters and therefore inhibit corrosion. These compositions utilizetrivalent cobalt precursors such as Na₃Co(NO₂)₆ and Co(NH₃)₅Cl₃ as thecobalt source. German Patent DE 3,309,194 and UK Patent Application GB2,139,206 utilize 2-acetamino-4-nitrophenol and/or 2-amino-4-nitrophenolas the third constituent of the compositions, whereas UK PatentApplication GB 2,138,796 utilizes pyrogallol as the third constituent.These patents do not recognize the important corrosion-inhibitingproperties of trivalent cobalt complexes. These compositions are also“oxygen scavengers”, because reacting Co⁺³ (in the precursors) withhydrazine (a strong reducing agent) in the presence of the thirdconstutuent results in Co⁺² complexes.

Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 4,479,917 to Rothgery and Manke describe theuse of aminoguanidine compounds, optionally in conjunction withcobaltous (divalent cobalt) hydroxide for anticorrosion purposes. Thesecompounds are also said to act as “oxygen scavengers”. However, the useof trivalent cobalt in conjunction with this compound is not disclosed.

European Patent Application EP 675,173 to Glausch, et al. describesanticorrosive pigments that are derived from cobalt-containingphthalocyanine and tetraazatetradecane derivatives. However, thesepigments are not reported to contain trivalent or tetravalent cobalt.

To date, no truly effective replacements have been developed forpigments based on CrVI. Accordingly, the need remains for improvedcorrosion-protective pigments composed of currently unregulated and/ornontoxic materials which have an effectiveness, ease of application, andperformance comparable to current CrVI pigment formulations, and formethods of making and using the same.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This need is met by the present invention which represents a significantimprovement in the formulation of non-toxic pigments through the use oftrivalent cobalt. The trivalent cobalt pigments of the present inventionhave been demonstrated with accelerated corrosion testing to retardcorrosion to a higher degree than prior art cobalt pigments and otheralternatives to CrVI-based corrosion inhibiting pigments. These pigmentshave been tested to inhibit corrosion to the same degree as zinc andstrontium chromate-based CrVI pigments. The raw materials are notexotic, are relatively inexpensive, and do not require complicatedsynthesis methods.

The present invention utilizes “valency stabilization” of the trivalent(or tetravalent) cobalt ion in the as-formed pigments to achievecorrosion resistance comparable to chromate-based CrVI pigments. Morespecifically, in order to achieve a high degree of corrosion resistance,a CoIII-based or CoIV-based pigment must exhibit the followingcharacteristics:

1) A corrosion inhibiting pigment must contain a suitable source ofoxidizing species. These species quickly oxidize bare metal and form aprotective surface if bare metal is exposed in a coating breach.

2) A valence stabilizer for the trivalent cobalt ion is necessary toensure that the ion will not be reduced too quickly to the divalentstate when released into solution or in the coating. The importance ofstabilizing the cobalt ion in its trivalent charge state was notpreviously recognized as critical to the corrosion inhibiting functionof a pigment.

3) The CoIII pigment powder must be a “sparingly soluble” compound inwater when dispersed in its binder-carrier system. If the pigment is tooinsoluble in the selected coating system, an insufficient amount ofcorrosion inhibitor will be delivered to a flaw. A poorly formed,incomplete oxide layer produced by a pigment of too low solubility willnot only fail to inhibit corrosion, but can promote crevice corrosionand result in locally enhanced corrosion rates.

The reservoir of oxidizing ions can be quickly flushed away if thepigment is too soluble, and typical corrosion will begin. Highly solublepigments are also known to result in osmotic blistering of paint filmsand coatings. Trivalent cobalt pigments that are too soluble can also beresponsible for osmotic blistering depending on the aqueous permeabilitythe carrier film.

It is difficult to place specific solubility values to these optimum“sparingly soluble” pigment materials because there appear to be severalvariables associated with what makes an optimum anticorrosive pigmentmaterial (e.g. resin/binder system in which it is placed). It appearsthat if the trivalent or tetravalent cobalt pigment exhibits asolubility in water of between about 1×10⁻⁴ and about 1×10⁻¹ moles perliter of trivalent or tetravalent cobalt, then appreciable corrosioninhibition will be observed. Pigments that incorporate stabilizedtrivalent or tetravalent cobalt compounds that fall outside of thisparticular range may also exhibit some corrosion inhibition. Forexample, pigments with solubilities as high as 1×10⁰ moles per liter oras low as 1×10⁻⁵ moles per liter of trivalent or tetravalent cobalt atstandard temperature and pressure (about 25° C. and about 760 Torr) willexhibit some corrosion resistance in certain binder systems, althoughnot as great as those compounds which fall within the optimum solubilityrange. The degree of effectiveness will depend on the particularcompound itself. The solubility characteristics of the trivalent (ortetravalent) cobalt in the pigment must be controlled through the use ofstabilizer materials that form compounds that fall within a desiredsolubility range. In this way, a “controlled release” of trivalentcobalt can be achieved, much as a “timed release” of hexavalent chromiumis achieved in the “state-of-the-art” systems.

4) The “valence stabilizer” optionally helps establish an electrostaticbarrier layer around the cation-stabilizer compound in aqueoussolutions. The nature and character of the electrostatic double-layersurrounding the cation-stabilizer compound may be controlled andmodified by careful selection of stabilizer species. In general, theelectrostatic double layer formed acts to protect the cation frompremature reaction with hydronium, hydroxide, and other ions insolution. The formation of electrostatic barrier layers also helps toimpede the passage of corrosive ions through the binder phase to themetallic surface.

5) The trivalent or tetravalent cobalt pigment material may also exhibition exchange behavior towards corrosion promoting ions, particularlyalkali species. This optional consideration can be important becausealkali ions are aggressive aqueous corrosion enhancers in alloys whichcontain metals such as aluminum, magnesium, or zinc.

6) The cobalt/valence stabilizer complex can optionally exhibit a colorchange between the trivalent and divalent cobalt oxidation states. Thiscolor change can act as a metric to determine when the “throwing power”associated with the pigments is no longer available, and when the paintsystem in which it is contained needs to be replaced. For this reason,it is also optionally important that the color of these pigments thatexhibit a color change between divalent and trivalent oxidation statesthat is light-fast (i.e., not changed by strong light).

The effectiveness of an oxidizing species is a function of itsindividual oxidation-reduction potential, and more highly oxidizedspecies exhibit greater corrosion protection, although lower stability.A stabilizer is necessary to provide a timed release of the inhibitorion, as well as being needed to ensure that the oxidative strength willnot be reduced too rapidly. Thus, a valence stabilizer is required forthe trivalent cobalt ion because of its reactivity and to producecontrolled trivalent cobalt solubilities. The corrosion resistance of anumber of aluminum alloys as tested using both ASTM B-117 and ASTM G-85has been enhanced through the use of stabilized trivalent cobaltpigments. Not only do these optimized pigments retard corrosion to ahigher degree than other prior art trivalent cobalt pigments, but theircorrosion resistance is comparable to that of hexavalent chromiumsystems.

In one aspect, the invention comprises a mechanistic and chemicalapproach to the production of corrosion-inhibiting pigments usingtrivalent cobalt. This approach uses stabilizer materials which formcompounds with trivalent cobalt that are sparingly soluble in aqueoussolution typically in a range of approximately 1×10⁻¹ to 1×10⁻⁴moles/liter of trivalent cobalt. This solubility range provides arelease of trivalent cobalt at a rate slow enough that most bindersystems will provide protection for an extended period of time and fastenough to inhibit corrosion during conventional accelerated corrosiontesting methods such as ASTM B-117 and G-85. Compounds that fallslightly outside of this solubility range (as high as 1×10⁰ to as low as5×10⁻⁵ moles/liter of trivalent cobalt) may also provide somecorrosion-inhibiting activity under certain conditions and bindersystems. However, pigment compounds with aqueous solubilities faroutside of the target range are likely to be inefficient corrosioninhibitors. Solubility control can be achieved using organic orinorganic stabilizer materials.

In an optional aspect, the invention is the achievementofcorrosion-resistant pigments using trivalent cobalt by the use ofstabilizer materials which form compounds that exhibit electrostaticdipoles to form electrostatic barrier layers composed of ions such ashydronium (H₃O⁺) or hydroxide (OH⁻) in the presence of water. Theformation of these electrostatic barrier layers through the use ofstabilizer materials can be achieved using organic or inorganicmaterials.

In an optional aspect, the invention is the achievement ofcorrosion-resistant pigments using trivalent cobalt by the use ofstabilizer materials which form compounds that exhibit ion exchangebehavior towards alkali ions. The formation of this ion exchangebehavior can be achieved through the use of organic or inorganicmaterials.

In another optional aspect, the decomposition temperature of thetrivalent cobalt/valence stabilizer complex upon which the pigment isbased should be above 100° C. In addition, the melting temperature ofthe complex is typically above 50° C., although lower-melting complexesmay have some applications.

In another optional aspect, the cobalt/valence stabilizer complex uponwhich the pigment is based should exhibit a color change between thetrivalent and divalent oxidation states. This allows for a visual metricof when the pigment has lost its “throwing power”, and the binder systemwithin which it is contained must be replaced. Therefore, it isdesirable that the color of these pigments be light-fast (unchanged byexposure to strong light).

These CoIII compounds represent a substantial performance improvementover prior art related to pigment alternatives (including those based oncobalt) used to replace CrVI-based corrosion inhibiting pigments. Theyalso provide a capability to tailor the corrosion inhibiting pigment tothe carrier system. This allows current binder/resin systems used forchromates to be used for CoIII based systems without modification.Likewise, new binder/carrier/resin systems with improved physicalproperties can be developed without the restriction of compatibilitywith zinc or strontium chromate.

The raw materials needed for the solutions used to form these coatingsare relatively inexpensive. The pigments do not use exotic materials orrequire complicated synthesis methods.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to providenon-toxic, corrosion-protective pigments based on trivalent ortetravalent cobalt and for methods of making and using the same. Theseand other objects and advantages of the present invention will becomeapparent from the following detailed description and claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A. Starting Materials

Four general starting materials are used for the preparation oftrivalent or tetravalent cobalt corrosion-inhibiting pigments. Theseinclude a cobalt source, an oxidation source (ifthe precursor is adivalent cobalt salt), a valence stabilizer source, and optionaladditional solubility control agents.

1) Cobalt Source

a) Trivalent Cobalt

Cobalt is a nontoxic, non-regulated replacement metal for chromium thatexhibits more than one oxidation state (CoII, CoIII, and CoIV). Theoxidation-reduction potential for CoIII-CoII is comparable to that ofthe CrVI-CrIII couple. Important characteristics of the CoIII ion whichare relevant to its use in pigment applications include: (1) its valenceis fairly stable in solution, but is less stable on drying; (2) itscompounds typically have large aqueous solubilities; (3) its compoundsare more stable in acidic or neutral pH aqueous solutions than in basicsolutions; and (4) its ionic radius of 61 pm is slightly larger than theCrVI ion (44 pm), and it will have a correspondingly lower chargedensity (electrostatic field) per ion. Forming a compound with theaqueous solubility required of a corrosion inhibiting pigment isproblematic because of the need to retain its oxidation state on dryingand later during exposure to the corrosive environment.

Cobalt precursors can be nearly any water, alcohol, or hydrocarbonsoluble cobalt compound in which the cobalt has either a divalent ortrivalent oxidation state. Water-soluble precursors are typically used.Inorganic divalent cobalt precursor compounds include, but are notlimited to, cobalt nitrate, cobalt sulfate, cobalt perchlorate, cobaltchloride, cobalt fluoride, cobalt bromide, cobalt iodide, cobaltbromate, cobalt chlorate, and complex fluorides such as cobaltfluosilicate, cobalt fluotitanate, cobalt fluozirconate, cobaltfluoborate, and cobalt fluoaluminate. Organometallic divalent cobaltprecursor compounds include, but are not limited to, cobalt formate,cobalt acetate, cobalt propionate, cobalt butyrate, cobalt benzoate,cobalt glycolate, cobalt lactate, cobalt tartronate, cobalt malate,cobalt tartrate, cobalt citrate, cobalt benzenesulfonate, cobaltthiocyanate, and cobalt acetylacetonate. Complex divalent cobaltprecursor compounds include, but are not limited to, ammonium cobaltsulfate, ammonium cobalt nitrate, ammonium cobalt chloride, and ammoniumcobalt bromide.

The cobalt precursor may also be a compound with cobalt already in thetrivalent oxidation state. These compounds include, but are notrestricted to, hexaaminecobalt chloride, hexaaminecobalt bromide,hexaaminecobalt nitrate, pentaaminecobalt chloride, pentaaminecobaltbromide, pentaaminecobalt nitrate, lithium cobaltinitrite, sodiumcobaltinitrite, tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt chloride,tris(ethylenediamine) cobalt nitrate, bipyridine compounds of trivalentcobalt, phenanthroline compounds of trivalent cobalt, cobalt IIIacetylacetonate, cobalticarbonates, cobalt III acetate, cobalt IIIchloride, and cobalt III sulfate. However, trivalent cobalt precursorcompounds for pigment applications are not preferred for severalreasons. First, the present-day cost of trivalent cobalt precursorcompounds is several orders of magnitude greater than divalent cobaltprecursor compounds. In addition, some can generate large quantities ofgas (e.g., cobaltinitrite=NO₂, and cobalticarbonate=CO₂) when placed inacidic solutions. Finally, they can lead to lower corrosion protectionbecause they are sometimes stabilized with additional materials (e.g.,acetylacetonate) to increase their water solubility.

CoIII is capable of providing corrosion protection at a distance to ametal surface in the presence of coating flaws such as scrapes,scratches, and holes because of its throwing power. The solubility ofthe CoIII compound needs to be tailored to suit the needs of theprotection system and must be neither too high, nor too low in thatsystem. The protective system includes the binder phase, assortedmodifiers, and under- and over-coatings. The system needs to beperformance matched to its intended usage environment. Timely releaseand throwing power of the inhibitor are critical to protectiveperformance, but controlled tailoring of these has not been taught inprior art. Likewise, the body of systematic chemistry data required tocontrol these properties has not been readily available in a form usefulto help design coatings. The present invention outlines how to stabilizeCoIII with a variety of materials so the CoIII may be adapted to amultitude of pigment applications with specific compatibilityrequirements.

b) Tetravalent Cobalt

The tetravalent cobalt ion (CoIV) is an even better oxidizing speciesthan CoIII. It has a radius of 53 picometers, carries a charge of +4,and has a redox potential over 2.0 V. However, it has a correspondinglylower stability both in and out of solution. Therefore, valencestabilization of this ion is required in order to use it effectively asan anticorrosive pigment. Its very large redox potential makes it proneto rapid reduction, and few materials will effectively valence stabilizeit in a sparingly soluble complex, which makes its routine applicationproblematic. The presence of both trivalent and tetravalent cobalt inthese coatings can be determined by their magnetic behavior. Acombination of CoIII and CoIV is reportedly paramagnetic. Tetravalentcobalt can be made using chemical or electrolytic oxidation, as cantrivalent cobalt. While it is not a preferred species because of itsdifficulty of formation and stabilization, tetravalent cobalt can beincorporated either alone or in conjunction with trivalent cobalt byusing tailored valence stabilization.

2) Oxidation Source

An oxidizing species will typically be included in the synthesissolution if divalent cobalt compounds are used as precursors for CoIII.Otherwise, a post-precipitation oxidation step will be required.Additional amounts of oxidizer may be added to help control and maintaina desired amount of CoIII in the pigment solution by reoxidizing CoIIIthat has become reduced. The trivalent cobalt ion is an exceptionallygood oxidizing species with an oxidation-reduction potential of +1.92 Vat a pH of 0 for the CoIII-CoII couple in water. Strong oxidizers arerequired because of the high potential of their redox reaction. Theoxidizers may be gases, liquids, or solids. Solid oxidizers aretypically used for this application due to ease of handling and reagentmeasurement. Other starting materials (cobalt source and stabilizersource) will also frequently be solids. Liquid oxidizers may be used,but handling and accurate process metering have proven difficult.Gaseous oxidizers may be the most cost effective and chemicallyefficient on a large scale, but are also the most problematic due tohandling and venting concerns.

Oxidizers suited for the purpose of producing and maintaining the cobaltion in the trivalent charge state include but are not restricted toperoxides and peroxo compounds (including superoxides, persulfates,perborates, permitrates, perphosphates, percarbonates, persilicates,peraluminates, pertitanates, perzirconates, permolybdates,pertungstates, pervanadates, and organic peroxyacid derivatives), ozone,hypochlorites, chlorates, perchlorates, nitrates, nitrites, vanadates,iodates, hypobromites, chlorites, bromates, permanganates, periodates,and dissolved gases such as oxygen, fluorine, or chlorine. Inorganic andorganic derivatives of these compounds may be used. Typical oxidizersfor this use are peroxides, persulfates, perbenzoates, periodates,bromates, hypochlorites, gaseous dissolved oxygen, and even the oxygencontent of air. In general, any inorganic, organic, or combinationspecies with an oxidation potential of +1.5V or greater (at a pH of 1)will be capable of oxidizing divalent cobalt to the trivalent, or insome instances the tetravalent, oxidation state.

Oxidized cobalt may also be produced in solution by electrolyticoxidation. However, this approach may not be economically feasible dueto the energy costs associated with electrolytic oxidation. Chemicaloxidation, such as that described above, currently offers the best-valueapproach for oxidizing cobalt to the trivalent state.

It is also possible to produce a divalent cobalt/valence stabilizercomplex, and then apply an oxidizer to oxidize divalent cobalt totrivalent cobalt. This, however, is less typical because the percentageof trivalent cobalt will decrease from the outside to the interior ofthe pigment particle.

3) Valence Stabilizers

Cobalt is effective as an oxidative corrosion inhibitor if it can besupplied in sufficient quantities in the trivalent charge-state whenbrought into contact with unprotected bare metal. Corrosion resistancecomparable to that of CrVI can be achieved by the use of valencestabilized CoIII oxidizer ions in pigment compounds. Valence stabilizersare materials that, when assembled, modify the rate of reduction and thesolubility of the CoIII ion. Valence stabilization has not beenpreviously recognized as an important consideration in the developmentof effective corrosion inhibiting pigments. Stabilization helps avoidreduction and premature conversion of the ion to the divalentcharge-state during compound formation, carrier incorporation,application, and exposure to a corrosive environment. Stabilizerscontrol solubility, mobility, ion exchange, binder compatibility, andthe degree of surface wetting. The exact solubility of this compound maybe modified by species released into solution by the dissolving metalsurface or by the subsequent addition of solubility control agents. Avariety of inorganic and organic stabilizers are available that canserve to control solubility. The stabilizer may also act as anion-exchange host and/or trap for alkali or halide ions in solution.

The need for “valence stabilization” of trivalent (or tetravalent)cobalt for corrosion inhibition has only been indirectly noted in thegeneral corrosion literature as a synergistic enhancement. Corrosioninhibition behavior of nitrogen-containing organics such as aniline orpyridine has been reported to be enhanced with the addition of cobalt.The exact nature of this “synergistic enhancement” has never beenadequately explained. These “synergistic” mixtures ofnitrogen-containing organics and cobalt have also been described asbeing “oxygen-scavengers”, and the organics are frequently observed to“chemisorb” onto the substrate piece being protected.

This enhancement can be explained by the “valence stabilization” modelof corrosion inhibition by trivalent (or tetravalent) cobalt outlinedhere. Nitrogen-containing organics and cobalt result in the formation ofan organometallic complex where the central cobalt ion can be stabilizedin a higher oxidation state. The observed “oxygen-scavenging” phenomenonassociated with dissolved oxygen in aqueous solutions is easilyexplained by the oxidation of stabilized divalent cobalt to thetrivalent state. “Sparingly soluble” CoIII complexes containing theseorganics are responsible for the corrosion-inhibiting activity, andthese organics will appear to be “adsorbed” or “chemisorbed” fromsolution onto the metal piece being protected due to precipitation.

The key to providing a useful source of trivalent cobalt at a metalsurface is the creation of a sparingly soluble compound in which theCoIII ion is shielded from premature reduction during and after pigmentformation. The formation of pigments with the proper release rate ofCoIIIions is problematic because of the instability of CoIII out ofsolution. A valence stabilizer must assemble around CoIII to form asparingly soluble compound in order to produce the activecorrosion-inhibiting component in a pigment. It is difficult to placespecific solubility values to these optimum sparingly soluble pigmentsbecause of the wide range of binder systems in whichcorrosion-inhibiting pigments are used.

A CoIII-stabilized compound with a solubility in water of between about1×10⁻⁴ and about 1×10⁻¹ moles per liter of trivalent (or tetravalent)cobalt should exhibit appreciable corrosion inhibition when used as aprimer pigment. This solubility range provides a release of trivalentcobalt at a rate slow enough that protection will be provided for anextended period of time and fast enough to inhibit corrosion duringconventional accelerated corrosion testing methods such as ASTM B-117and G-85 for coatings that contain these pigments. Cobalt compounds thatfall outside of this particular solubility range may exhibit a smalldegree of corrosion inhibition. For example, compositions withsolubilities as high as 1×10⁰ moles per liter or as low as 5×10⁻⁵ molesper liter of trivalent (or tetravalent) cobalt will exhibit somecorrosion resistance, although they will not be as effective as thosecompounds within the optimum solubility range. The more common CoIIIcompounds, such as the acetate, sulfate, and acetylacetonate aregenerally too soluble to provide effective corrosion inhibition ifincorporated into a binder system such as a paint. Other compounds, suchas CO₂O₃ or CO₃O₄, as described in the prior art, would not serve aseffective corrosion inhibiting pigments because they are too insoluble.(The respective solubility of these materials in water is approximately1×10⁻⁵ moles per liter of trivalent cobalt).

The needed solubility will be strongly dependent on the net aqueoussolubility of overlying paints and coatings and their usage environment.For example, solubility tailoring would be useful in a situation where aprotected substrate is suddenly immersed in seawater, or where a rubbersealant allows only limited water penetration. Adequate corrosionprotection could be achieved through the formation of a trivalent cobaltpigment compound that exhibits a higher solubility in water (e.g., 1×10⁰to 1×10⁻³ moles per liter CoIII). A rapid release of protectivetrivalent cobalt ions would happen at the expense of depleting thecobalt quickly from the coating. Trivalent cobalt pigments of lowersolubilities (e.g., 5×10⁻⁵ to 1×10⁻³ moles per liter CoIII) may also beuseful in some situations (e.g., as paints in nearly pure deoxygenatedwater). The number and range of compound solubilities offered by valencestabilized CoIII compounds allows the development of protective coatingsystems with broad performance and application ranges. This feature isnot presently available even for CrVI based corrosion inhibitingpigments.

Any material in the synthesis bath which complexes with trivalent cobalt(whether inorganic or organic) and which results in the formation of aCoIII-containing compound that exhibits solubilities within or near thissolubility range can serve as a valence stabilizer for trivalent cobalt.The assembly of a protective shell around the highly charged CoIII andits associated oxygen and hydroxyl species can help control the rate atwhich the cobalt is reduced and its oxygen is released. Proper selectionof materials for forming the protective shell will allow solubilitytailoring of the entire assembly to its intended applicationenvironment. Valence stabilizers described above may need some type ofadditional solubility control to optimize the performance of thetrivalent cobalt-valence stabilizer compound. Additional solubilitycontrol agents may be in the form of inorganic or organic compounds.Their use is optional rather than a requirement for effective valencestabilization and solubility control.

Several variables are associated with making optimized pigments. If thepigment is too insoluble, then insufficient trivalent cobalt isavailable to inhibit corrosion. Low solubility compounds that do notprovide a sufficient amount of oxidation quickly enough to a coatingbreach may produce an incomplete oxide layer and thus an ineffectivebarrier film. If the cobalt pigment is too soluble, it will be washedaway quickly, and an incomplete thin oxide film will form that will notprovide long-term corrosion protection, or osmotic blistering of thepaint system may result. The formation of spotty or patchy oxides canpromote localized crevice corrosion and can result in enhanced corrosionrates at the breach.

The traditional chromate pigments are used not only in alkyd resinsystems (e.g., DoD-P-15328D Wash Primers), but also in acrylic systems(e.g., MIL-P-28577B Water-Borne Acrylic Primers), and even in sulfonatedrubber sealants (e.g., MIL-PRF-81733D Sealing and Coating Compound).Fortunately, it is possible to tailor the CoIII-valence stabilizercompound pigment systems themselves to specific binder/solvent systemsusing solubility (cohesion) parameters. Solubility parameters define howwell an inorganic or organometallic complex will disperse in a givenresin/binder system. This represents a radical departure fromtraditional paint systems, in which the paint systems are configured tospecific pigments.

The formation of an electrostatic double layer can be important for theeffectiveness of a corrosion inhibitor once it is released into solutionduring corrosion. There are differences in anodic and cathodicpolarization, solubility, and the saturated pH of aqueous solutions ofvarious chromate pigments. The formation of an electrostatic doublelayer around the pigment while in its carrier film will not be asimportant as when the species is in solution. For this reason, thedevelopment of an electrostatic double layer around the pigment is anoptional consideration. For example, zinc chromate pigment-filled paintdoes not exhibit electrochemical inhibiting behavior. The carrier filmtypically behaves as a water impermeable barrier and will muffle thepolar character of the pigment. The hexavalent chromium pigments SrCrO₄and ZnCrO₄ have very small barrier layers associated with them, but theyare effective as corrosion-inhibiting pigments. Optimized solubility forCoIII-valence stabilizer compounds alone can result in corrosionresistance comparable to the state-of-the-art chromium pigments. Thedegree of polarization exhibited by the CoIII ion will be less than theCrVI ion because of its larger ionic radius and lower charge-state, andit will not be as efficient in forming electrostatic double layers inaqueous solution. The valence stabilization of trivalent cobalt shouldbe optimized to achieve the highest degree of efficiency in bothsolubility control and polar character, in order to further enhance thecorrosion resistance.

The nature and character of the “electrostatic double layer” surroundingthe trivalent cobalt/valence stabilizer compound may be controlled andmodified by careful selection of organic or inorganic stabilizers.Characteristics such as the electrical dipole moment and theshape/conformation (for steric effects) of the stabilizer were found toinfluence the performance of the corrosion-inhibiting pigment. Thesestabilizer ions establish a protective electrostatic shell around thecation-stabilizer compound and gather additional layers of ions such ashydronium (H₃O⁺) or hydroxide (OH⁻) about them. The size of theelectrostatic double layer is a function of the electrostatic potentialat the compound surface and is inversely proportional to the ionicstrength of the surrounding solution. An electrostatic double layer willlikely form in aqueous solution for compounds that can carry a charge,have a natural electrostatic dipole, or can have an induced dipole.However, these compounds do not normally act as corrosion inhibitorsbecause they have not been optimized for that purpose.

The melting point and decomposition temperature of the pigment materialare important. Trivalent cobalt-valence stabilizer compounds thatdecompose below about 100° C. limit both their useful lifetimes andrange of use. The melting temperature should be above about 50° C. toensure that the liquid phase does not form during normal handlingprocedures. An additive may be needed for pigments with meltingtemperatures below about 50° C. Inert solid addendum materials need nothave any inherent corrosion-inhibiting capability and are used toprovide a base (support) that the pigment can absorb on or into. Oxides,phosphates, borates, silicates, and polymers are examples of supportcompounds that can be used. Low melting temperature pigments (belowabout 50° C.) can be used, but they require handling and processingdifferent from higher melting temperature pigments. Liquid-phasecorrosion inhibitors based on CoIII and CrVI pigments have beendemonstrated to provide excellent performance as corrosion inhibitors inprimer paint systems.

The corrosion-inhibiting pigments of the present invention canoptionally exhibit a color change between trivalent species and divalentspecies. The implications of these color changes from an applicationsstandpoint are significant. Color changes in the pigment material in usecan be used as a metric to determine when the pigment no longer exhibitscorrosion-inhibiting action as a result of depleting the oxidized ion.Changes in hue of the pigment can be used to determine how much servicelife remains for that pigment in terms of corrosion-inhibiting capacity.Valence based color change is an attribute that conventional chromatepigments do not exhibit. The color change associated with their redoxreaction of chromate pigments is insignificant as the pigments arereduced and “depleted” of their corrosion-inhibitive capability. Thus,trivalent cobalt/valence stabilizer combinations that exhibit thesecolor changes are superior to chromium in terms of providing an easilymeasured, easily observed metric to gauge remaining service life of thepigment. However, this color change should not be initiated by exposureto strong light. Light-fast pigments are therefore desirable for theseindicator pigments.

The incorporation of the valence stabilizer (inorganic or organic) mayoptionally result in the formation of a CoIII-valence stabilizercompound that also exhibits ion exchange behavior towards alkali ions.This is not a requirement of the CoIII-valence stabilizer compound, andpigments that do not exhibit this phenomenon have been successfullydemonstrated to inhibit corrosive attack. However, it is a desirablecharacteristic for enhanced corrosion resistance. Existing CrVI-basedpigment systems do not exhibit this behavior to any significant degree.

The design of suitable CoIII-valence stabilizer compounds allows typicaland less typical stabilizers to be identified. The general classes ofcompounds described below represent only a first approximation ofwhether a specific coordination compound will provide favorable orunfavorable properties in a CoIII-valence stabilizer compound. Propertytailoring can also take place through selection of specific anions orcations bound to the CoIII-valence stabilizer coordination compound. The“physiology” of inorganic stabilizers is simple because of the limitednumber of atoms and structural arrangements involved in their formation.The “physiology” of organic stabilizers is not as simple. An organicallystabilized cobalt compound may have one or more organic ligands that mayhave one or more bonding sites that can interact with the CoIIIion/oxide cluster. The bonding groups can be the same or different atomsor functional groups on an individual or a variety of ligands. Anorganic stabilizer ligand can be modified in an unlimited number ofwaysto tailor its physical behavior with respect to such properties aschemical reactivity, solubility, electrostatic and polar character, andfunctional behavior.

It is possible to fine tune the electronic and structuralcharacteristics of a CoIII-valence stabilizer compound further viasubstituent groups on the coordinating ligand, and/or by the selectionof cations or anions to complete the charge balance of the CoIII-valencestabilizer compound. For example, some substituent groups have largedipole moments associated with them, which will increase theelectrostatic barrier layers associated with the cobalt/valencestabilizer complexes. These include: ketones (═C═O), thioketones (═C═S),amides (—C[═O]—NR₂), thioamides (—C[═S]—NR₂), nitriles or cyano groups,(—CN), isocyanides (—NC), nitroso groups (—N═O), thionitroso groups(—N═S), nitro groups (—NO₂), azido groups (—N₃), cyanamide orcyanonitrene groups (═N—CN), cyanate groups (—O—CN), isocyanate groups(—N═C═O), thiocyanate groups (—S—CN), isothiocyanate groups (—N═C═S),nitrosamine groups (═N—N═O), thionitrosamine groups (═N—N═S), nitraminegroups (═N—NO₂), thionitramine groups (═N—NS₂), carbonylnitrene groups(—CO—N), thiocarbonylnitrene groups (—CS—N), sulfenyl halides (—S—X),sulfoxides (═S═O), sulfones (═S[═O]₂), sulfinyl groups (—N═S═O),thiosulfinyl groups (—N═S═S), sulfenyl thiocyanato groups (—S—S—CN),sulfenyl cyanato groups (—S—O—CN), sulfodiimine groups (═S[═NH]₂),sulfur dihaloimido groups (—N═SX₂), sulfur oxide dihaloimido groups(—N═S[═O]X₂), aminosulfur oxide trihalide groups (═N—S[═O]X₃), sulfonylazide groups (—S[═O]₂N₃), sulfonyl thiocyanate groups (—S[═O]₂SCN),sulfonyl cyanate groups (—S[═O]₂OCN), sulfonyl cyanide groups(—S[═O]₂CN), halosulfonate groups (—S[═O]₂OX), phosphonyl thiocyanategroups (—P[═O]OHSCN), phosphonyl cyanate groups (—P[═O]OHOCN), andphosphonyl cyanide groups (—P[═O]OHCN). In this way, the characteristicsof less typical coordinating ligands may be adjusted so that theresultant CoIII-valence stabilizer compound does exhibit some degree ofcorrosion inhibition. Conversely, the physical characteristics oftypical coordination compounds can be adjusted so that they are nolonger suitable as a corrosion inhibitor.

Valence stabilizers can be either organic or inorganic compounds. Cobaltcoordination chemistry, which has been the subject of numerousscientific studies for almost 100 years, identifies chemical bindingpreferences, structure stability, and the physical properties of theresulting compounds. Producing effective CoIII-valence stabilizercompounds requires understanding the electrostatic and structuralinfluence of candidate species on the compound. The solubility of thevalence stabilized CoIII-compound scales roughly with the inverse of itsdiameter. The CoIII ion and its layer of negatively charged hydroxylions are very small, which results in a high degree of aqueoussolubility. The field strength of the complex also scales with theinverse of its physical diameter. Large compounds with an optimal degreeof solubility will not necessarily be ideal with respect to the size oftheir electrostatic double layer. The size of the ligand must thereforebe balanced against the desired electrical properties. The CoIII iongenerally favors complexation either in the tetrahedral (coordinationnumber 4) or octahedral (coordination number 6) arrangements, althoughit will occasionally be found in a trigonal bipyramid or square planararrangement. Valence stabilizers (and stabilizer combinations) should beselected with the goal of achieving these coordinations.

Stabilizers can be designed that result in cobalt compounds with thenecessary physical, electrical, and chemical properties to perform ascorrosion inhibitors with this information. The nature of a particularvalence stabilizer shell surrounding the cobalt ion, or combination ofvalence stabilizers, can be further manipulated by the selection ofappropriate “shaping groups” and heteroatoms at the binding site.Inorganic valence stabilizers are typically oxygen-containingcoordinations. Therefore, manipulation of different sized octahedra,tetrahedra, etc. around the CoIII ion is best controlled throughadjustment of the heteroatoms (e.g., Mo, W, Te, etc.) within these“polymerized” oxygen-containing ligands.

For organic compounds, the physical geometry of the binding sites isimportant to the stability of the CoIII-stabilizer compound. Theinfluence of site geometry becomes evident when the solvation shell of aCoIII ion is replaced by the ligand donor atoms as when pigments areformed. The number of available ligand binding sites should be at leastequal to the standard coordination number of the CoIII ion. The balancebetween solvation of the ligand and CoIII and their complexation whereCoIII is solvated by a specific ligand is critical in maintainingstability. CoIII-ligand attraction increases with the number ofavailable binding sites on the ligand. However, with an increasingnumber of binding sites, site-site repulsions will also increase,resulting in lower stability.

The number of binding sites available on the complexing ligand isimportant to the resulting CoIII-stabilizer's properties. Severalligands are required to effectively stabilize CoIII if the chosen ligandhas only one binding site. For example, six NH₃ ligands are needed tooctahedrally coordinate CoIII in a hexaaminecobalt(III) compound becauseNH₃ has only one binding site. Bulky ligands with only one binding site,like pyridine, can be sterically hindered from packing tightly aroundthe ion and will result in decreased compound stability. Conversely,macrocyclic organic and polymeric inorganic ligands can have manysuitable binding sites. However, instability will result if a CoIII ionis not completely embraced by all of the multiple macromolecular bondingsites on the ligand. For example, if a macromolecule surrounding theCoIII ion has an insufficient number of binding sites available forcharge balance, then the CoIII-stabilizer compound will be much lessstable than a macromolecule that contains an adequate number of sites.

The stability of the CoIII-organic compound is strongly influenced bythe charge, charge sign, and degree of polarizability of specificbinding sites. Factors influencing compound stability include: 1)ion-pair interactions for charged ligands and CoIII; 2) ion-dipole andion-induced dipole interactions for neutral ligands; 3) hydrogenbonding; and 4) the hard-soft acid-base (HSAB) rules convention ofcoordination chemistry. HSAB rules help identify functional groups onligands that might be effective as binding sites. Optimum binding fororganic valence stabilizers to CoIII will be with ligands with softbonding species such as those that contain sulfur or phosphorus. Certaincoordination complexes of the hard base nitrogen are also effective forbinding with CoIII. HSAB rules can also help identify groups that mightprovide a degree of polarization to the stabilizer because of theirlarge dipole moments. The nature of bonding between the CoIII ion/oxidecluster and the stabilizer ligand can be altered by using a substituentgroup to modify the stabilizer. Specific interactions between the ligandand CoIII can be tailored by substituent group selection coupled withaltering the size or geometry of the complexing ligand. Some substituentgroups, such as carbonyls (ketones, amides, ureas), nitro groups, cyanogroups, and azido groups have large dipole moments. The polarization ofthe CoIII-stabilizer can therefore be optimized via evaluation of theeffect of ligand type and substituents.

Finally, the size of the valence stabilizer plays an important role insolubility control of the resultant CoIII-valence stabilizer compound.As the ligand increases in size, it becomes more difficult to keep it insolution, therefore lowering the solubility. However, this must bebalanced against the fact that as ligands are increased in size, it alsobecomes more difficult to establish the necessary dipoles at thecompound/water interface. The size of the ligand must therefore bebalanced against the desired electrical properties. The addition (orsubtraction) of functional groups on organic valence stabilizers can beused to modify the solubility of the formed Co⁺³/valence stabilizerspecies. For example, the addition of sulfonated groups (—SO₃ ⁻) toorganic valence stabilizers will significantly increase the solubilityin water. Other substituent groups that will increase the solubility inwater include: carboxyl groups (—CO₂—), hydroxyl groups (—OH), estergroups (—CO₃—), carbonyl groups (═C═O), amine groups (—NH₂), nitrosaminegroups (═N—N═O), carbonylnitrene groups (—CO—N), sulfoxide groups(═S═O), sulfone groups (═S[═O]₂), sulfinyl groups (—N═S═O),sulfodiimines (═S[═NH]₂), sulfonyl halide groups (—S[═O]₂X), sulfonamidegroups (—S[═O]₂NH₂), monohalosulfonamide groups (—S[═O]₂NHX),dihalosulfonamide groups (—S[═O]₂MX₂), halosulfonate groups (—S[═O]₂OX),halosulfonate amide groups (═N—S[═O]₂X), aminosulfonate groups(═N—S[═O]₂OH), iminodisulfonate groups (—N[SO₃ ⁻]₂), phosphonate groups(—PO₃ ⁻²), phosphonamide groups (—PO₂NH₂ ⁻), phosphondiamide groups(—PO[NH₂]₂), aminophosphonate groups (═N—PO₃ ⁻²), and iminodiphosphonategroups (—N[PO₃ ⁻²]₂). Conversely, the addition of nitro groups (—NO₂),perfluoroalkyl groups (—C_(x)F_(2x+1)), perchloroalkyl groups(—C_(x)Cl_(2x+1)), nitramine groups (═N—NO₂), thioketone groups (═C═S),sulfenyl halide groups (—S—X), and sulfur dihaloimide groups (—N═SX₂) toorganic valence stabilizers will decrease the solubility in water. Inthis way, the solubility characteristics of valence stabilizers can be“tailored” to meet specific binder/resin needs.

Valence stabilizers and combinations of stabilizers can be manipulatedby the selection of “shaping groups” and heteroatoms positioned at thebinding site. Saturated organic chains can form flexible ligands thatwrap around CoIII and can enhance its stability. Unsaturated organicstypically have less freedom to bend and contort and are less likely tobe a ligand that can wrap around the CoIII ion. Addition of substituentsonto an organic ligand may further restrict its freedom to flex. Forexample, the attachment of a phenyl group onto an organic valencestabilizer that contains two or more binding sites will likely restrictthe ability of that ligand to flex around the CoIII ion so as totetrahedrally or octahedrally coordinate it.

The physical, chemical, and electrostatic requirements for the design ofeffective pigments based on CoIII-stabilizer compounds result in listsof stabilizers that may be divided into wide band or narrow bandstabilizer classes for CoIII. Wide band valence stabilizers can be usedunder a wide variety of service conditions (e.g., corroding specie,temperature, etc.) to achieve a high degree of corrosion resistance.Wide band physical properties (stability, solubility, and polarization)can be achieved by both inorganic or organic valence stabilizers. Thedesirable physical property of ion exchange can also be achieved withboth inorganic and organic coordination compounds. “Narrow band” valencestabilizers result in satisfactory pigments only under limitedapplications.

The compounds listed here are general guides for the initial selectionof a coordination compound and do not represent a complete list.Tailoring substituent groups and the selection of cations or anions forcharge balance can influence whether a particular CoIII-stabilizercompound will have wide band or narrow band corrosion inhibitingcharacteristics. Both inorganic or organic valence stabilizers may formcompounds with the necessary physical properties of stability,solubility, and polarization to be effective corrosion inhibitingpigments.

3a) Wide Band Inorganic Valence Stabilizers

Wide band inorganic valence stabilizers are formed around the CoIII ionby “polymerizing” in synthesis solution. Inorganic wide band valencestabilizers for CoIII include molybdates (Mo⁺⁶, Mo⁺⁵, or Mo⁺⁴, forexample [Co⁺³Mo₆O₁₈(OH)₆]³⁻ and [Co⁺³ ₂Mo₁₀O₃₄(OH)₄]⁶⁻), tungstates(W⁺⁶, W⁺⁵, or W⁺⁴, for example [Co⁺³W₁₂O₄₀]⁵⁻), vanadates (V⁺⁵ and V⁺⁴,for example [Co⁺³V₁₀O₂₈]³⁻), niobates (Nb⁺⁵ and Nb⁺⁴, for example[Co⁺³Nb₄O₁₂(OH)₂]³⁻), tantalates (Ta⁺⁵ and Ta⁺⁴, for example[Co⁺³Ta₄O₁₂(OH)₂]³⁻), tellurates (Te⁺⁶ and Te⁺⁴), periodates (I⁺⁷),iodates (I⁺⁵, for example [Co⁺³(IO₃)₄]¹⁻), carbonates (C⁺⁴, for example[Co⁺³(CO₃)₃]³⁻), antimonates (Sb⁺⁵ and Sb⁺³), and stannates (Sn⁺⁴). Manyof these inorganics form octahedral and tetrahedral heteropolymetallatestructures on precipitation from solution. For example, tellurate ionsbegin to polymerize near pH 5 in water and will complex with CoIII ionsin basic solution pH's. Therefore, as the pH is raised in the pigmentsynthesis bath, the tellurate ion polymerizes to polymorphs, which thencomplex the CoIII ion.

The general structural aspects of heteropolymetallates are wellunderstood, and the stability of heteropolymetallates as a function ofcomposition and structure is also well-characterized. The relativelyunstable CoIII ion is protected and stabilized within the surroundingoctahedral and tetrahedral groups, although specific configurations ofthe heteropolymetallate anions differ from stabilizer to stabilizer(i.e., from molybdate to periodate to carbonate). The dimensions of theoctahedra and tetrahedra are controlled by the size of the heteroatom(e.g., Mo, W, Te) around which they are assembled.

A CoIII ion trapped by the precipitation of these heteropolymetallatesand its resulting “ion within a cage” structure can exhibit an evengreater apparent volume due to the development of a large electrostaticdouble layer. This will influence both the valence stabilization of theCoIII, as well as the solubility of the assembled compound. Thesecompounds are reported to be excellent ion exchange agents for alkaliions. This caging structure serves to lower the solubility of the CoIIIbecause the chemical elements typically associated with these valencestabilizers (e.g., I, Te, Mo, W) are all inherently less soluble inwater than CoIII. These materials can also establish oriented dipoleswith the interior CoIII ion and form an electrostatic double layerduring aqueous corrosion. Finally, the elements associated with thesevalence stabilizers themselves can contain high valence ions (such asV⁺⁵, Te⁺⁶, Mo⁺⁶), which will also serve somewhat in corrosionprotection, although not to the degree of CoIII (or CrVI), due to theirlower redox potential.

Water-soluble precursors for these materials are generally used so thatthe synthesis can be carried out from aqueous solution. Many elementsassociated with these stabilizers (e.g., Mo, W, Te) do not typicallyform water-soluble compounds so the identification of suitableprecursors can be difficult.

Complex, partially-polymerized salts such as para- or meta-polymorphsfor each compound may also be used as precursors. These polymorphstypically exhibit slightly lower solubilities in water than the simplesalts. Peroxo-salts of these compounds, especially percarbonates,permolybdates, pertungstates, and pervanadates may also be used asprecursors. Formation of the chosen heteropolymetallates from precursorssuch as the fluorides, chlorides, bromides, nitrates, and perchlorates(e.g., SnCl₄ to form heterostannates and SbF₅ to form heteroantimonates)can be difficult, but may be acceptable in certain circumstances. Avalence stabilizer can be a cross between two or more of the wide-bandinorganic valence stabilizers listed above. For example, a valencestabilizer composed of a periodate and a molybdate may be desirable insome situations. During the synthesis process, both of these materialswill polymerize to form a mixed periodate/molybdate valence stabilizerout of the pigment solution.

3b) Wide Band Organic Valence Stabilizers

A variety of organic compounds meet the criteria to be typical wide bandvalence stabilizers for CoIII. These coordination ligands produce CoIIIvalence stabilized compounds that fulfill the general requirements of aCoIII pigment material. Organic compounds can be very effective cobaltstabilizers and provide the greatest degree of freedom in designing newcobalt-stabilizer compounds with new functionalities. More possibleorganic valence stabilizer species exist than inorganic valencestabilizers because of the immense number of organic compounds andfunctionalities from which to choose. Water-soluble precursors for theorganic valence stabilizers are generally used so that pigment synthesiscan be carried out in aqueous solution. However, alcohol or hydrocarbonsoluble species can also be used.

The number of wide band (and narrow band) organic compounds that areacceptable as valence stabilizers for trivalent cobalt is limited.Common organic compounds such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters,ethers, alkyl or aromatic halides, most carboxylic acids, anhydrides,phenols, sulfonic acids, phosphonic acids, carbohydrates, waxes, fats,sugars, and oils are not as effective as the structural types describedin these Tables to stabilize the trivalent cobalt ion. At best, some ofthe organic types described in these Tables may presently be used forother industrial applications, but their incorporation intocorrosion-inhibiting blends to stabilize trivalent cobalt has heretoforebeen unrecognized.

The choice of substituent functional groups on these general classes ofvalence stabilizers will affect the physicochemical properties of theCoIII-containing compound and the corrosion resistance achieved usingthat compound. For example, the addition of —NH₂ or ═O substituentsincreases the net polarization of the overall net CoIII/valencestabilizer compound, but will also increase its water solubility.Careful molecular design of CoIII compounds is necessary in order toachieve desired performance characteristics.

In general, the bonding atoms in typical organic valence stabilizers arenitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur, with oxygen being acceptable in somecircumstances. Oxygen is complexed with Co⁺³ most frequently inassociation with at least one of the other three. Bonding atoms such ascarbon, silicon, tin, arsenic, and antimony are much less desirable dueto problems with valence stability, toxicity, or solubility. Otherstable coordinations (like octahedral) are known, even though theseparticular agents are shown in tetrahedral coordination with Co⁺³. Thesevalence stabilizers all serve to stabilize the Co⁺³ ion within asparingly soluble complex that can exhibit a polar character in aqueoussolution.

TABLE 1 Wide Band Organic Valence Stabilizers for the Co⁺³ Ion GeneralStructural Name (Type of Organic) Structural Representation N ValenceStabilizer #1: NH₃, NH₂R, NHR₂, and NR₃ where R Monoamines (NMonodentates) represents H or any organic functional group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer#2: R′—N—R—N—R″, where R, R′, and R″ represent H Diamines (N—NBidentates) or any organic functional group wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer #3:R—N—R′—N—R″—N—R′″, where R, R′, R″, and R′″ Triamines (either N—NBidentates or N—N represent H or any organic functional groupTridentates) wherein the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer #4:R—N—R′—N—R″—N—R′″—N—R″″, where R, R′, R″, Tetramines (N—N Bidentates,N—N R′″, and R″″ represent H or any organic Tridentates, or N—NTetradentates) functional group wherein the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer #5:R—N—R′—N—R″—N—R′″—N—R″″—N—R″″′, where R, Pentamines (N—N Bidentates, N—NR′, R″, R′″, R″″, and R″″′ represent H or any Tridentates, or N—NTetradentates) organic functional group wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer #6:R—N—R′—N—R″—N—R′″—N—R″″—N—R″″′—N—R″″″, Hexamines (N—N Bidentates, N—Nwhere R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″, R″″′, and R″″″ Tridentates, N—NTetradentates, or N—N represent H or any organic functional groupHexadentates) wherein the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer #7: Fivemembered heterocyclic ring containing Five-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsone, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms, all of containing One, Two,Three, or Four which may or may not function as binding sites. NitrogenAtoms wherein at least one Can include other ring systems bound to thisNitrogen Atom is a Binding Site (N heterocyclic ring, but they do notcoordinate Monodentates or N—N Bidentates) with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring can also contain O, S, or P atoms. This 5-membered ring and/or attached, uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. N Valence Stabilizer #8: Six membered heterocyclic ringcontaining one, Six-Membered Heterocyclic Rings two, three, or fournitrogen atoms, all of which containing One, Two, Three, or Four may ormay not function as binding sites. Can Nitrogen Atoms wherein at leastone include other ring systems bound to this Nitrogen Atom is a BindingSite (N heterocyclic ring, but they do not coordinate Monodentates orN—N Bidentates) with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring canalso contain O, S, or P atoms. This 6- membered ring and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not have halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. N Valence Stabilizer#9: Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containing Five-MemberedHeterocyclic Rings one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms. Incontaining One, Two, Three, or Four addition, ligand contains additionalnitrogen- Nitrogen Atoms and having at least one containing substituents(usually amines) that additional Nitrogen Atom Binding Site notconstitute N binding sites. Can include other in a Ring (N Monodentates,N—N ring systems bound to the heterocyclic ring or Bidentates, NTridentates, N—N to the N-containing substituent, but they do notTetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or P atoms. This5-membered ring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/or N-containing substituent(s) may or may not have halogen or polarizing orwater- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. N Valence Stabilizer#10: Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containing Six-MemberedHeterocyclic Rings one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms. Incontaining One, Two, Three, or Four addition, ligand contains additionalnitrogen- Nitrogen Atoms at least one additional containing substituents(usually amines) that Nitrogen Atom Binding Site not in a Ringconstitute N binding sites. Can include other (N Monodentates, N—NBidentates, N—N ring systems bound to the heterocyclic ring orTridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N to the N-containing substituent,but they do not Hexadentates) coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or P atoms. This6-membered ring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/or N-containing substituent(s) may or may not have halogen or polarizing orwater- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. N Valence Stabilizer#11: Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containing Five-MemberedHeterocyclic Rings one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms. Incontaining One, Two, Three, or Four addition, ligand contains additionalnitrogen- Nitrogen Atoms at least one additional containing rings thatconstitute N binding sites. Nitrogen Atom Binding Site in a Separate Caninclude other ring systems bound to the N- Ring (N Monodentates, N—NBidentates, N—N containing heterocyclic rings, but they do notTridentates, N—N Tetradentates) coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or P atoms. This5-membered ring(s) and/or additional N-containing ring(s) and/orattached, uncoordinating rings may or may not have halogen or polarizingor water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. N ValenceStabilizer #12: Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Rings one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms.In containing One, Two, Three, or Four addition, ligand containsadditional nitrogen- Nitrogen Atoms at least one additional containingrings that constitute N binding sites. Nitrogen Atom Binding Site in aSeparate Can include other ring systems bound to the N- Ring (NMonodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N containing heterocyclic rings, butthey do not Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates) coordinate with thestabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or Patoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/or additional N-containing ring(s)and/or attached, uncoordinating rings may or may not have halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. NValence Stabilizer #13: Macrocyclic ligands containing two, three, four,Two-, Three-, Four-, Six-, Eight-, and Ten- six, eight, or ten nitrogenbinding sites to Membered Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, valencestabilize the central metal ion. Can and Macropolycyclics (includinginclude other hydrocarbon or ring systems Catapinands, Cryptands,Cyclidenes, and bound to this macrocyclic ligand, but they doSepulchrates) wherein all Binding Sites are not coordinate with thestabilized, high valence composed of Nitrogen (usually amine or metalion. This ligand and/or attached, imine groups) and are not contained inuncoordinating hydrocarbons/rings may or may Component HeterocyclicRings (N—N not have halogen or polarizing or water- Bidentates, N—NTridentates, N—N insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) N Valence Stabilizer #14:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four, Four-, Six-, Eight-, orTen-Membered six, eight, or ten five-membered heterocyclic Macrocyclics,Macrobicyclics, and rings containing nitrogen binding sites. CanMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands, include other hydrocarbon/ringsystems bound Cryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) to thismacrocyclic ligand, but they do not wherein all Binding Sites arecomposed of coordinate with the stabilized, high valence Nitrogen andare contained in Component metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,5-Membered Heterocyclic Rings (N—N uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings mayor may Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N not have halogen or polarizingor water- Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) insolubilizing groupsattached. N Valence Stabilizer #15: Macrocyclic ligands containing atleast one 5- Four-, Six-, Eight-, or Ten-Membered membered heterocyclicring. These Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, and heterocyclic rings providenitrogen binding sites Macropolycyclics (including Catapinands, tovalence stabilize the central metal ion. Other Cryptands, Cyclidenes,and Sepulchrates) amine or imine binding sites can also be wherein allBinding Sites are composed of included in the macrocyclic ligand, solong as Nitrogen and are contained in a the total number of bindingsites is four, six, Combination of 5-Membered Heterocyclic eight, orten. Can include other Rings and Amine or Imine Groups (N—Nhydrocarbon/ring systems bound to this Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—Nmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinate Tetradentates, or N—NHexadentates) with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. This ligandand/or attached, uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached. N ValenceStabilizer #16: Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four, Four-,Six-, Eight-, or Ten-Membered six, eight, or ten six-memberedheterocyclic Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, and rings containing nitrogenbinding sites. Can Macropolycyclics (including Catapinands, includeother hydrocarbon/ring systems bound Cryptands, Cyclidenes, andSepulchrates) to this macrocyclic ligand, but they do not wherein allBinding Sites are composed of coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence Nitrogen and are contained in Component metal ion. This ligandand/or attached, 6-Membered Heterocyclic Rings (N—N uncoordinatinghydrocarbon/rings may or may Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N not havehalogen or polarizing or water- Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates)insolubilizing groups attached. N Valence Stabilizer #17: Macrocyclicligands containing at least one 6- Four-, Six-, Eight-, or Ten-Memberedmembered heterocyclic ring. These Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andheterocyclic rings provide nitrogen binding sites Macropolycyclics(including Catapinands, to valence stabilize the central metal ion.Other Cryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) amine or imine bindingsites can also be wherein all Binding Sites are composed of included inthe macrocyclic ligand, so long as Nitrogen and are contained in a thetotal number of binding sites is four, six, Combination of 6-MemberedHeterocyclic eight, or ten. Can include other Rings and Amine or ImineGroups (N—N hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to this Bidentates, N—NTridentates, N—N macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateTetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. This ligand and/or attached, uncoordinating hydrocarbon/ringsmay or may not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsattached. N Valence Stabilizer #18: R′—NH—C(—R)═N—R″, where R, R′, andR″ Amidines and Diamidines (N—N Bidentates represent H or any organicfunctional group and N—N Tetradentates) wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer #19:RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—C(═NH)—NR′″R″″ for Biguanides (ImidodicarbonimidicDiamides biguanides, RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—NH—C(═NH)—NR′″R″″ orDihydrazides), Biguanidines, for biguanidines, where R, R′, R″,Imidotricarbonimidic Diamides or R′″, and R″″ represent H, NH₂, or anyorganic Dihydrazides, Imidotetracarbonimidic functional group whereinthe number of carbon Diamides or Dihydrazides, Dibiguanides, atomsranges from 0 to 40, halogen or Bis(biguanidines), Polybiguanides, andpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing Poly(biguanidines) (N—NBidentates, N—N groups attached. Ligand can also contain Tridentates,N—N Tetradentates, and N—N nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. Hexadentates)N Valence Stabilizer #20: RR′—N—C(═NH)—CR″R′″—C(═NH)—NR″″R″″′,Diamidinomethanes, where R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″, and R″″′ representBis(amidinomethanes), and H, NH₂, or any organic functional groupPoly(amidinomethanes) (N—N Bidentates, wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or N—N Hexadentates) polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer #21:RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—C(═NH)—R′″ for Imidoylguanidines, Amidinoguanidines,imidoylguanidines, and RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—NH—C(═NH)—R′″Bis(imidoylguanidines), for amidinoguanidines, whereBis(amidinoguanidines), R, R′, R″, and R′″ represent H, NH₂, or anyPoly(imidoylguanidines), and organic functional group wherein the numberof Poly(amidinoguanidines) (N—N Bidentates, carbon atoms ranges from 0to 40, optionally N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates) having halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer#22: RR′—N—C(═NH)—O—C(═NH)—NR″R′″, where R, Diformamidine oxides(Dicarbonimidic R′, R″, and R′″ represent H, NH₂, or any Diamides orDihydrazides), organic functional group wherein the number ofTricarbonimidic Diamides or Dihydrazides, carbon atoms ranges from 0 to40, optionally Tetracarbonimidic Diamides or having halogen orpolarizing or water- Dihydrazides, Bis(diformamidine oxides),insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. and Poly(diformamidineoxides) (N—N Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or Bidentates,N—N Tridentates, N—N P atoms. Tetradentates) N Valence Stabilizer #23:RR′—N—C(═NH)—S—C(═NH)—NR″R′″, where R, Diformamidine Sulfides R′, R″,and R′″ represent H, NH₂, or any (Thiodicarbonimidic Diamides or organicfunctional group wherein the number of Dihydrazides),Thiotricarbonimidic carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyDiamides or Dihydrazides, having halogen or polarizing or water-Thiotetracarbonimidic Diamides or insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Dihydrazides, Bis(diformamidine sulfides), Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or and Poly(diformamidine sulfides) (N—N Patoms. Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates) N ValenceStabilizer #24: R—O—C(═NH)—NR′—C(═NH)—O—R″ for ImidodicarbonimidicAcids, imidodicarbomimidic acids, and R—O—C(═NH)—NR′—NH—C(═NH)—O—R″Diimidodicarbonimidic Acids, for Imidotricarbonimidic Acids,diimidodicarbonimidic acids, where R, R′, and ImidotetracarbonimidicAcids, and R″ represent H, NH₂, or any organic functional derivativesthereof (N—N Bidentates, N—N group wherein the number of carbon atomsTridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen Hexadentates) or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer #25:R—S—C(═NH)—NR′—C(═NH)—S—R″ for Thioimidodicarbonimidic Acids,thioimidodicarbonimidic acids, and R—S—C(═NH)—NR′—NH—C(═NH)—S—R″Thiodiimidodicarbonimidic Acids, for Thioimidotricarbonimidic Acids,thiodiimidodicarbonimidic acids, where R, R′, ThioimidotetracarbonimidicAcids, and and R″ represent H, NH₂, or any organic derivatives thereof(N—N Bidentates, N—N functional group wherein the number of carbonTridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having Hexadentates) halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer #26:R—C(═NH)—NR′—C(═NH)—R″ for Diimidoylimines, Diimidoylhydrazides,diimidoylimines, and R—C(═NH)—NR′—NH— Bis(diimidoylimines), C(═NH)—R″for diimidoylhydrazides, where R, Bis(diimidoylhydrazides), R′, and R″represent H, NH₂, or any organic Poly(diimidoylimines), and functionalgroup wherein the number of carbon Poly(diimidoylhydrazides) (N—N atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having Tridentates and N—N Hexadentates)halogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. NValence Stabilizer #27: RR′—N—S(═NH)(═O)—OR″ or RR′—N—S(═NH)(═O)—N—R″R′″Imidosulfamides, Diimidosulfamides, for imidosulfamides,Bis(imidosulfamides), and RR′—N—S(═NH)(═NH)—OR″ orRR′—N—S(═NH)(═NH)—N—R″R′″ Bis(diimidosulfamides), for diimidosulfamides,Poly(imidosulfamides), and where R, R′, R″, and R′″ represent H, NH₂, orPoly(diimidosulfamides) (N—N Bidentates, any organic functional groupwherein the N—N Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, N—N Hexadentates) optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, N, O, S, or P atoms. N ValenceStabilizer #28: (NH═)P(—NRR′)(—NR″R′″)(—NR″″R″″′), wherePhosphoramidimidic Triamides, R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″, and R″″′ represent H,NH₂, Bis(phosphoramidimidic triamides), and or any organic functionalgroup wherein the Poly(phosphoramidimidic triamides) and number ofcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, derivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates,N—N optionally having halogen or polarizing or Tridentates, N—NTetradentates, and N—N water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsHexadentates) attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or Patoms. N Valence Stabilizer #29: (NH═)P(—NRR′)(OH)₂ forphosphoramidimidic Phosphoramidimidic Acid, acid, and(NH═)P(—NRR′)(—NR″R′″)(OH) for Phosphorodiamidimidic Acid,phosphorodiamidimidic acid, where R, R′, R″, Bis(PhosphoramidimidicAcid), and R′″ represent H, NH₂, or any organicBis(Phosphorodiamidimidic Acid), functional group wherein the number ofcarbon Poly(Phosphoramidimidic Acid), atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having Poly(Phosphorodiamidimidic Acid), and halogen orpolarizing or water- derivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, N—Ninsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Tridentates, N—NTetradentates, and N—N Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orHexadentates) P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer #30: (NH═)P(—NRR′)(SH)₂ forPhosphoramidimidodithioic Acid, phosphoramidimidodithioic acid, and(NH═)P(—NRR′)(—NR″R′″)(SH) Phosphorodiamidimidothioic Acid, forBis(Phosphoramidimidodithioic Acid), phosphorodiamidimidothioic acid,where R, R′, Bis(Phosphorodiamidimidothioic Acid), R″, and R′″ representH, NH₂, or any organic Poly(Phosphoramidimidodithioic Acid), functionalgroup wherein the number of carbon Poly(PhosphorodiamidimidothioicAcid), atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having and derivativesthereof (N—N Bidentates, N—N halogen or polarizing or water-Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, and N—N insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Hexadentates) Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O,S, or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer #31: R—N═N—R′ for azo compounds,R—N═N—NH—R′ Azo compounds including triazenes with for triazenes, whereR, and R′ represent H or amino, imino, oximo, diazeno, or any organicfunctional group wherein the hydrazido substitution at the ortho- (fornumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, aryl) or alpha- or beta-(for alkyl) positions, optionally having halogen or polarizing orBis[o-(H₂N—) or alpha- or beta-(H₂N—)azowater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups compounds], or Poly[o-(H₂N—) oralpha- or attached. (Must include ortho-amino, imino, beta-(H₂N—)azocompounds) (N—N oximo, diazeno, or hydrazido substituted arylBidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N azo compounds, and alpha- orbeta-amino, Tetradentates, or N—N Hexadentates) imino, oximo, diazeno,or hydrazido alkyl azo compounds.) Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer #32: R—N═N—C(═NH)—NR′R″ forDiazeneformimidamides diazeneformimidamides, andR—N═N—CR′R″—C(═NH)—NR′″R″″ (Diazeneamidines), for diazeneacetimidamides,Diazeneacetimidamides (Diazene-alpha- where R, R′, R″, R′″, and R″″represent H, amidinoalkanes(alkenes)), NH₂, or any organic functionalgroup wherein Bis(diazeneformimidamides), the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to Bis(diazeneacetimidamides), 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or Poly(diazeneformimidamides), andwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups Poly(diazeneacetimidamides)(N—N attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding Bidentates, N—NTetradentates, and N—N N, O, S, or P atoms. Hexadentates) N ValenceStabilizer #33: R—N═N—C(═NH)—OR′ for diazeneformimidic DiazeneformimidicAcid, acid, and R—N═N—CR′R″—C(═NH)—OR′″ for Diazeneacetimidic Acid,diazeneacetimidic acid, where R, R′, R″, and Bis(diazeneformimidicacid), R′″ represent H, NH₂, or any organic functionalBis(diazeneacetimidic acid), group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(diazeneformimidic acid), ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen Poly(diazeneacetimidic acid), and or polarizing or water-derivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, N—N insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer #34:R—N═N—C(═NH)—SR′ for Diazeneformimidothioic Acid, diazeneformimidothioicacid, and R—N═N—CR′R″—C(═NH)—SR′″ Diazeneacetimidothioic Acid, forBis(diazeneformimidothioic acid), diazeneacetimidothioic acid, where R,R′, R″, Bis(diazeneacetimidothioic acid), and R′″ represent H, NH₂, orany organic Poly(diazeneformimidothioic acid), functional group whereinthe number of carbon Poly(diazeneacetimidothioic acid), and atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having derivatives thereof (N—N Bidentates, N—Nhalogen or polarizing or water- Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer #35:R—N═N—C(═NH)—R′ or R—N═N—CR′R″—C(═NH)—R′″, Imidoyldiazenes,Bis(imidoyldiazenes), and where R, R′, R″, and R′″Poly(imidoyldiazenes), (N—N Bidentates, represent H, NH₂, or any organicfunctional N—N Tetradentates and N—N Hexadentates) group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer#36: RR′—N—C(═NH)—N═N—C(═NH)—NR″R′″ for diazenediformimidamides, andDiazenediformimidamides (1,2-RR′—N—C(═NH)—CR″R′″—N═N—CR″″R″″′—C(═NH)—NR″″″R″″″′ Diazenediamidines),for diazenediacetimidamides, Diazenediacetimidamides (1,2-Diazene-di-where R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″, R″″′, R″″″, andalpha-amidinoalkanes(alkenes)), R″″″′ represent H, NH₂, or any organicBis(diazenediformimidamides), functional group wherein the number ofcarbon Bis(diazenediacetimidamides), atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having Poly(diazenediformimidamides), and halogen orpolarizing or water- Poly(diazenediacetimidamides) (N—Ninsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Tridentates and N—NHexadentates) Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. NValence Stabilizer #37: RO—C(═NH)—N═N—C(═NH)—OR′ for DiazenediformimidicAcid, diazenediformimidic acid, andRO—C(═NH)—CR′R″—N═N—CR′″R″″—C(═NH)—OR″″′ Diazenediacetimidic Acid, forBis(diazenediformimidic acid), diazenediacetimidic acid, where R, R′,R″, R′″, Bis(diazenediacetimidic acid), R″″, and R″″′ represent H, NH₂,or any organic Poly(diazenediformimidic acid), and functional groupwherein the number of carbon Poly(diazenediacetimidic acid), and atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having derivatives thereof (N—NTridentates and N—N halogen or polarizing or water- Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer #38:RS—C(═NH)—N═N—C(═NH)—SR′ for Diazenediformimidothioic Acid,diazenediformimidothioic acid, andRS—C(═NH)—CR′R″—N═N—CR′″R″″—C(═NH)—SR″″′ Diazenediacetimidothioic Acid,for diazenediacetimidothioic acid, where R, R′,Bis(diazenediformimidothioic acid), R″, R′″, R″″, and R″″′ represent H,NH₂, or any Bis(diazenediacetimidothioic acid), organic functional groupwherein the number of Poly(diazenediformimidothioic acid), and carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally Poly(diazenediacetimidothioicacid), and having halogen or polarizing or water- derivatives thereof(N—N Tridentates and N—N insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Hexadentates) Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. NValence Stabilizer #39: R—C(═NH)—N═N—C(═NH)—R″ or Diimidoyldiazenes,R—C(═NH)—CR′R″—N═N—CR′″R″″—C(═NH)—R″″′, where R, Bis(diimidoyldiazenes),and R′, R″, R′″, R″″, and R″″′ represent H, NH₂, orPoly(diimidoyldiazenes), (N—N Tridentates any organic functional groupwherein the and N—N Hexadentates) number of carbon atoms ranges from 0to 40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer #40:R—N═N—CR′═N—NR″R′″, where R, R′, R″, and Ortho-amino (or -hydrazido)Substituted R′″ represent H, or any organic functional Formazans,Bis(o-amino or -hydrazido group wherein the number of carbon atomssubstituted formazans), and Poly(o-amino ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or -hydrazido substituted formazans) (N—N or polarizingor water- Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, N—N insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) (Must includeortho-amine or hydrazide substituted aryl R derivatives, and beta-amineor hydrazide substituted alkyl R derivatives.) Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer #41:RR′C═N—N═CR″R′″ or RR′C═N—NR″R′″ (for Ortho-amino (or -hydrazido)Substituted ketazines), where R, R′, R″, and R′″ represent Azines(including ketazines), Bis(o-amino H, or any organic functional groupwherein the or hydrazido substituted azines), and number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, Poly(o-amino or hydrazido substituted optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or azines) (N—N Bidentates, N—NTridentates, water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups N—N Tetradentates,and N—N Hexadentates) attached. (Must include ortho-amine or hydrazidesubstituted aryl R derivatives, and beta-amine or hydrazide substitutedalkyl R derivatives.) Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or Patoms. N Valence Stabilizer #42: RR′C═N—R″, where R, R′, and R″represent H, Schiff Bases with one Imine (C═N) Group or any organicfunctional group wherein the and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-amino ornumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, imino or oximo or diazeno orhydrazido optionally having halogen or polarizing or substitution (N—NBidentates, N—N water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups Tridentates,N—N Tetradentates, N—N attached. (Must contain ortho- or alpha- or beta-Pentadentates, or N—N Hexadentates). Also amino or imino or oximo ordiazeno or includes hydrazones with ortho-N hydrazido substitution.)Ligand can also substitution. contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. NValence Stabilizer #43: RR′C═N—R″—N═CR′″R″″ or R—N═C—R′—C═N—R′ SchiffBases with two Imine (C═N) Groups or RC═N—R′—N═CR″, where R, R′, R″,R′″, and without ortho- (for aryl constituents) or and R″″ represent H,or any organic functional alpha- or beta- (for alkyl constituents) groupwherein the number of carbon atoms hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, thiol,ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen mercapto, thiocarbonyl,amino, imino, or polarizing or water- oximo, diazeno, or hydrazidosubstitution insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. (N—NBidentates). Also includes (Not including ortho-, alpha-, orbeta-hydroxy, dihydrazones. carboxy, carbonyl, thiol, mercapto,thiocarbonyl, amino, imino, oximo, diazeno, or hydrazido substitution.)Ligand can also S Valence Stabilizer #2: Macrocyclic ligands containingtwo, four, six, Macrocyclic, Macrobicyclic, and or eight 1,1-dithiolenebinding sites to valence Macropolycyclic Dithiolenes (includingstabilize the central metal ion. Can include Catapinands, Cryptands,Cyclidenes, and other hydrocarbon or ring systems bound to thisSepulchrates) wherein all Binding Sites are macrocyclic ligand, but theydo not coordinate composed of alpha, alpha dithiols (meaning with thestabilized, high valence metal ion. two thiol groups on a single carbonatom in This ligand and/or attached, uncoordinating the ring) (S—SBidentates, S—S hydrocarbons/rings may or may not have Tetradentates,and S—S Hexadentates) halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. S Valence Stabilizer #3:RC(═S)—NR′—C(═S)—R″ for Dithioimidodialdehydes, dithioimidodialdehydes,and RC(═S)—NR′—NH—C(═S)—R″ Dithiohydrazidodialdehydes (thioacyl fordithiohydrazidodialdehydes thiohydrazides), (thioacyl thiohydrazides),where R, R′, and R″ Bis(dithioimidodialdehydes), represent H, NH₂, orany organic functional Bis(dithiohydrazidodialdehydes), group whereinthe number of carbon atoms Poly(dithioimidodialdehydes), and ranges from0 to 40, optionally having halogen Poly(dithiohydrazidodialdehydes) (S—Sor polarizing or water- Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Sinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Tetradentates) Ligand canalso contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #4:R—O—C(═S)—NR′—C(═S)—O—R″ or R—S—C(═S)—NR′—C(═S)—S—R″Dithioimidodicarbonic acids, for dithioimidodicarbonicDithiohydrazidodicarbonic acids, acids, and R—O—C(═S)—NR′—NH—C(═S)—O—R″or Bis(dithioimidodicarbonic acids), R—S—C(═S)—NR′—NH—C(═S)—S—R″ forBis(dithiohydrazidodicarbonic acids), dithiohydrazidodicarbonic acids,where R, R′, Poly(dithioimidodicarbonic acids), and R″ represent H, NH₂,or any organic Poly(dithiohydrazidodicarbonic acids) and functionalgroup wherein the number of carbon derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates,S—S atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having Tridentates, S—STetradentates) halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #5: R—C(═S)—CR′R″—C(═S)—R′″ where R, R′, R″, 1,3-Dithioketones (Dithio-beta-ketonates),and R′″ represent H, NH₂, or any organic 1,3,5-Trithioketones, Bis(1,3-functional group wherein the number of carbon Dithioketones), andPoly(1,3- atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having Dithioketones)(S—S Bidentates, S—S halogen or polarizing or water- Tridentates, S—STetradentates) insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand canalso contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #6:R—C(═S)—C(═S)—R′ where R and R′ represent H, 1,2-Dithioketones(Dithiolenes, Dithio- NH₂, or any organic functional group whereinalpha-ketonates), 1,2,3-Trithioketones, the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to Dithiotropolonates, ortho-Dithioquinones, 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing or Bis(1,2-Dithioketones), andPoly(1,2- water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups Dithioketones) (S—SBidentates, S—S attached. Ligand can also contain nonbindingTridentates, S—S Tetradentates) N, O, S, or P atoms. S ValenceStabilizer #7: RR′—N—C(═S)—CR″R′″—C(═S)—N—R″″R″″′ Dithiomalonamideswhere R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″, and R″″′ represent (Dithiomalonodiamides), H,NH₂, or any organic functional group Bis(dithiomalonamides), and whereinthe number of carbon atoms ranges Polydithiomalonamides (S—S Bidentates,S—S from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen or Tridentates, S—STetradentates) polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. SValence Stabilizer #8: RR′—N—C(═S)—CR″R′″—C(═S)—R″″ where R, R′,2-Thioacylthioacetamides, Bis(2- R″, R′″, and R″″ represent H, NH₂, orany thioacylthioacetamides), and Poly(2- organic functional groupwherein the number of thioacylthioacetamides) (S—S Bidentates, S—Scarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally Tridentates, S—STetradentates) having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #9:R—C(═S)—S—C(═S)—R′ where R and R′ represent Dithioacyl sulfides,Bis(dithioacyl H or any organic functional group wherein the sulfides),and Poly(dithioacyl sulfides) (S—S number of carbon atoms ranges from 0to 40, Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S optionally having halogen orpolarizing or Tetradentates) water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. SValence Stabilizer #10: RR′—N—C(═S)—S—C(═S)—N—R″R′″ where R, R′,Trithiodicarbonic Diamides, R″, and R′″ represent H, NH₂ or any organicBis(trithiodicarbonic diamides), and functional group wherein the numberof carbon Poly(trithiodicarbonic diamides) (S—S atoms ranges from 0 to40, optionally having Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S halogen orpolarizing or water- Tetradentates) insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. SValence Stabilizer #11: R—S—C(═S)—S—C(═S)—S—R′ for Pentathio-,Tetrathio-, or Trithiodicarbonic pentathiodicarbonic acids,R—O—C(═S)—S—C(═S)—S—R′ Acids, Bis(pentathio-, tetrathio-, or fortetrathiodicarbonic acids, and R—O—C(═S)—S—C(═S)—O—R′ trithiodicarbonicacids), Poly(pentathio-, for pentathiodicarbonic tetrathio-, ortrithiodicarbonic acids), and acids, where R and R′ represent H, NH₂ orany derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S organic functional groupwherein the number of Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #12:(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—P(═S)(—O—R″)(—O—R′″); Dithiohypophosphoric Acids,(R—O—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—P(═S)(—S—R″)(—O—R′″); Bis(dithiohypophosphoricacids), and or (R—S—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—P(═S)(—S—R″)(—S—R′″), wherePoly(dithiohypophosphoric acids), and R, R′, R″, and R′″ represent H,NH₂ or any derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S organic functionalgroup wherein the number of Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. Note: these ligands are not to beconfused with hypophosphorous acid derivatives (hypophosphites)(R—O—)R″R′″P(═O) which are very reducing and therefore unacceptable forstabilization of high valence states in metal ions. S Valence Stabilizer#13: (RR′—N—)(R″R′″—N—)P(═S)—P(═S)(—N—R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′),Dithiohypophosphoramides, where R, R′, R″, R′″,Bis(dithiohypophosphoramides), and R″″, R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′ representH, NH₂ or Poly(dithiohypophosphoramides) (S—S any organic functionalgroup wherein the Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, Tetradentates) optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. Note: these ligands arenot to be confused with hypophosphorous acid derivatives(hypophosphites) (R—O—)R″R′″P(═O) which are very reducing and thereforeunacceptable for stabilization of high valence states in metal ions. SValence Stabilizer #14: (R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—NH—P(═S)(—O—R″)(—O—R′″);Dithioimidodiphosphoric Acids,(R—O—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—NH—P(═S)(—S—R″)(—O—R′″); DithiohydrazidodiphosphoricAcids, or (R—S—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—NH—P(═S)(—S—R″)(—S—R′″)Bis(dithioimidodiphosphoric Acids), for dithioimidodiphosphoric acids,Bis(dithiohydrazidodiphosphoric Acids), and —NH—NH—derivatives forPoly(dithioimidodiphosphoric Acids), dithiohydrazidodiphosphoric acids,where R, Poly(dithiohydrazidodiphosphoric Acids), R′, R″, and R′″represent H, NH₂ or any and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—Sorganic functional group wherein the number of Tridentates, S—STetradentates) carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. SValence Stabilizer #15:(RR′—N—)(R″R′″—N—)P(═S)—NH—P(═S)(—N—R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′)Dithioimidodiphosphoramides, for dithioimidophosphoramides, andDithiohydrazidodiphosphoramides,(RR′—N—)(R″R′″—N—)P(═S)—NH—NH—P(═S)(—N—R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′)Bis(dithioimidodiphosphoramides), forBis(dithiohydrazidodiphosphoramides), anddithiohydrazidodiphosphoramides, where R, R′,Poly(dithioimidodiphosphoramides), R″, R′″, R″″, R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′represent Poly(dithiohydrazidodiphosphoramides) H, NH₂ or any organicfunctional group wherein (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to Tetradentates) 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. SValence Stabilizer #16:(RR′—N—)(R″R′″—N—)P(═S)—S—P(═S)(—N—R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′),Dithiodiphosphoramides, or(RR′—N—)(R″R′″—N—)P(═S)—O—P(═S)(—N—R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′),Bis(dithioiphosphoramides), and where R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″, R″″′,Poly(dithiodiphosphoramides) (S—S R″″″, and R″″″′ represent H, NH₂ orany Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S organic functional group whereinthe number of Tetradentates) carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #17:(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—O—P(═S)(—O—R″)(—O—R′″); Dithiodiphosphoric Acids,(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—O—P(═S)(—O—R″)(—O—R′″); Bis(dithioiphosphoric Acids),(R—O—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—O—P(═S)(—S—R″)(—O—R′″); Poly(dithiodiphosphoricAcids), and (R—O—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—S—P(═S)(—S—R″)(—O—R′″); derivativesthereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S or(R—S—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—S—P(═S)(—S—R″)(—S—R′″), Tridentates, S—STetradentates) where R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″, R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′represent H, NH₂ or any organic functional group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer#18: (O═)P(—S—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″) or (S═)P(—S—R)(—S—R′)(—O—R″),Trithiophosphoric Acids where R, R′, and R″ represent H,(Phosphorotrithioic Acids), NH₂ or any organic functional group whereinBis(trithiophosphoric acids), the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0to Poly(trithiophosphoric acids), and 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—Swater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. SValence Stabilizer #19: (O═)P(—S—R)(—S—R′)(—O—R″) or(S═)P(—S—R)(—O—R′)(—O—R″), Dithiophosphoric Acids (Phosphorodithioicwhere R, R′, and R″ represent H, Acids), Bis(dithiophosphoric acids),NH₂ or any organic functional group wherein Poly(dithiophosphoricacids), and the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to derivativesthereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S 40, optionally having halogen or polarizingor Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #20: (S═)P(—S—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″), where R, R′, andTetrathiophosphoric Acids R″ represent H, NH₂ or any organic functional(Phosphorotetrathioic Acids), group wherein the number of carbon atomsBis(tetrathiophosphoric acids), ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen Poly(tetrathiophosphoric acids), and or polarizing or water-derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #21:(O═)P(—S—S—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″) or (S═)P(—S—S—R)(—S—R′)(—O—R″),Phosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic Acids, where R, R′, and R″Bis[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic represent H, NH₂ or any organicfunctional Acids], group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen Acids], and derivatives thereof (S—S or polarizing orwater- Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Tetradentates) Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O,S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #22: (O═)P(—S—S—R)(—S—R′)(—O—R″) or(S═)P(—S—S—R)(—O—R′)(—O—R″), Phosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic Acids, whereR, R′, and R″ Bis[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic Acids], represent H, NH₂or any organic functional Poly[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic groupwherein the number of carbon atoms Acids], and derivatives thereof (S—Sranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen Bidentates, S—STridentates, S—S or polarizing or water- Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #23:(S═)P(—S—S—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″), where R, R′, andPhosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic Acids, R″ represent H, NH₂ or anyorganic functional Bis[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic group whereinthe number of carbon atoms Acids], ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen Poly[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic or polarizing orwater- Acids], and derivatives thereof (S—S insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or Tetradentates) P atoms. S ValenceStabilizer #24: R—CR′(—SH)—CH₂—C(═S)—R″, where R, R′, andBeta-Mercaptothioketones, Beta- R″ represent H, NH₂ or any organicfunctional Mercaptothioaldehydes, Bis(beta- group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms mercaptothioketones), Bis(beta- ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen mercaptothioaldehydes), Poly(beta- orpolarizing or water- mercaptothioketones), and Poly(beta-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. mercaptothioaldehydes) (S—SBidentates, S—S Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orTridentates, S—S Tetradentates) P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #25:RR′—N—CH(—SH)—NR″—C(═S)—NR′″R″″, where N-(Aminomethylthiol)thioureas [N-R, R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ represent H, NH₂ or(Aminomercaptomethyl)thioureas], Bis[N- any organic functional groupwherein the (aminomethylthiol)thioureas], and Poly[N- number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, (aminomethylthiol)thioureas] (S—S optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Swater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups Tetradentates) attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer#26: RR′—N—C(═S)—C(═S)—N—R″R′″, where R, R′, Dithiooxamides,Bis(dithiooxamides), and R″, and R′″ represent H, NH₂ or any organicPoly(dithiooxamides) (S—S Bidentates, S—S functional group wherein thenumber of carbon Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) atoms ranges from 0 to40, optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #27:RR′—C═C(—S⁻)(—S⁻), where R and R′ represent 1,1-Dithiolates,Bis(1,1-dithiolates), and H, NH₂ or any organic functional group whereinPoly(1,1-dithiolates) (S—S Bidentates and S—S the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to Tetradentates) 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer#28: R—C(═S)(—S—R′) for dithiomonocarboxylic Dithiomonocarboxylic Acids,Tri- and acids, and (R—S—)(S═)C—R′—C(═S)(—S—R″) for tri-Tetrathiodicarboxylic Acids, and tetrathiodicarboxylic acids, where R,R′, Bis(dithiomonocarboxylic Acids), Bis(tri- and R″ represent H, NH₂ orany organic and tetrathiodicarboxylic acids), functional group whereinthe number of carbon Poly(dithiomonocarboxylic acids), Poly(tri- atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having and tetrathiodicarboxylic acids),and halogen or polarizing or water- derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentatesand S—S insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Tetradentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S ValenceStabilizer #29: R—C(═S)(—S—S—R′) for perthiomonocarboxylicPerthiomonocarboxylic Acids, acids, and (R—S—S—)(S═)C—R′—C(═S)(—S—S—R″)Perthiodicarboxylic Acids, for perthiodicarboxylic acids, where R, R′,and Bis(perthiomonocarboxylic acids), R″ represent H, NH₂ or any organicfunctional Bis(perthiodicarboxylic acids), group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms Poly(perthiomonocarboxylic acids), ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen Poly(perthiodicarboxylic acids), and orpolarizing or water- derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates and S—Sinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Tetradentates) Ligand canalso contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #30:R—S—C(═S)—O—R′ or R—S—C(═O)—S—R′ for Dithiocarbonates,Trithiocarbonates, dithiocarbonates, R—S—C(═S)—S—R′ forPerthiocarbonates, Bis(dithiocarbonates), trithiocarbonates, andR—S—S—C(═S)—S—R′ for Bis(trithiocarbonates), and perthiocarbonates,where R, and R′ represent H, Bis(perthiocarbonates) (S—S Bidentates andNH₂ or any organic functional group wherein S—S Tetradentates) thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer#31: RR′N⁺═C(SH)(SH), where R and R′ represent Dithiocarbamates,Bis(dithiocarbamates), H, OH, SH, OR″ (R″ = C₁-C₃₀ alkyl or aryl), andPoly(dithiocarbamates) (including N- SR″ (R″ = C₁-C₃₀ alkyl or aryl),NH₂ or any hydroxydithiocarbamates and N- organic functional groupwherein the number of mercaptodithiocarbamates) (S—S carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, and S—S havinghalogen or polarizing or water- Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #32:RR′N—NR″—C(═S)(SH), where R and R′ Dithiocarbazates (Dithiocarbazides),represent H, NH₂ or any organic functional Bis(dithiocarbazates), andgroup wherein the number of carbon atoms Poly(dithiocarbazates) (S—SBidentates, S—S ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTridentates, and S—S Tetradentates; or or polarizing or water- possiblyN—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. and N—S Tetradentates) Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer #1:RR′—N—C(═NH)—S—S—C(═NH)—NR″R′″, where Diformamidine Disulfides R, R′,R″, and R′″ represent H, NH₂, or any (Thioperoxydicarbonimidic Diamidesor organic functional group wherein the number of Dihydrazides),Thioperoxytricarbonimidic carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyDiamides or Dihydrazides, having halogen or polarizing or water-Thioperoxytetracarbonimidic Diamides or insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Dihydrazides, Bis(diformamidine Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or disulfides), and Poly(diformamidine P atoms.disulfides) (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates) N—SValence Stabilizer #2: RR′—N—C(═NH)—S—CS—NR″R′″, where R, R′,S-Amidinodithiocarbamates, Bis(S- R″, and R′″ represent H, NH₂ or anyorganic amidinodithiocarbamates), and Poly(S- functional group whereinthe number of carbon amidinodithiocarbamates) (N—S Bidentates atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having and N—S Tetradentates) halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer#3: RR′—N—C(═NH)—O—CS—NR″R′″, where R, R′, O-Amidinothiocarbamates,Bis(O- R″, and R′″ represent H, NH₂ or any organicamidinothiocarbamates), and Poly(O- functional group wherein the numberof carbon amidinothiocarbamates) (N—S Bidentates atoms ranges from 0 to40, optionally having and N—S Tetradentates) halogen or polarizing orwater- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer #4:RR′—N—C(═NH)—S—S—CS—NR″R′″, where R, R′, S-Amidinoperoxythiocarbamates,Bis(S- R″, and R′″ represent H, NH₂ or any organicamidinoperoxythiocarbamates), and functional group wherein the number ofcarbon Poly(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamates) (N—S atoms ranges from 0 to40, optionally having Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer#5: (NH═)P(—SR)(—OR′)(—OR″) for Phosphorimidothioic Acid;phosphorimidothioic acid, (NH═)P(—SR)(—SR′)(—OR″) PhosphorimidodithioicAcid; for phosphorimidodithioic acid, Phosphorimidotrithioic Acid;(NH═)P(—SR)(—SR′)(—SR″) for Bis(Phosphorimidothioic Acid);phosphorimidotrithioic acid, where R, R′, and Bis(PhosphorimidodithioicAcid); R″ represent H, NH₂ or any organic functionalBis(Phosphorimidotrithioic Acid); group wherein the number of carbonatoms Poly(Phosphorimidothioic Acid); ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen Poly(Phosphorimidodithioic Acid); or polarizing or water-Poly(Phosphorimidotrithioic Acid); and insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. derivatives thereof (N—S Bidentates and N—S Ligand canalso contain nonbinding N, O, S, or Tetradentates) P atoms. N—S ValenceStabilizer #6: (S═)P(—NRR′)(—NR″R′″)(—NR″″R″″′), where R,Phosphorothioic Triamides, R′, R″, R′″, R″″ and R″″′ represent H, NH₂ orBis(phosphorothioic triamides), and any organic functional group whereinthe Poly(phosphorothioic triamides) (N—S number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates) optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—SValence Stabilizer #7: (S═)P(—NRR′)(—SR″)(—SR′″) forPhosphoramidotrithioic Acid, phosphoramidotrithioic acid, and(S═)P(—NRR′)(—NR″R′″)(—SR″″) Phosphorodiamidodithioic Acid, forBis(phosphoramidotrithioic acid), phosphorodiamidodithioic acid, whereR, R′, Bis(phosphorodiamidodithioic acid), R″, R′″, and R″″ represent H,NH₂ or any poly(phosphoramidotrithioic acid), organic functional groupwherein the number of poly(phosphorodiamidodithioic acid), and carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally derivatives thereof (N—SBidentates and N—S having halogen or polarizing or water- Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer #8:(O═)P(—NRR′)(—SR″)(—OR′″) or (S═)P(—NRR′)(—OR″)(—OR′″)Phosphoramidothioic Acid, for phosphoramidothioic PhosphoramidodithioicAcid, acid; (O═)P(—NRR′)(—SR″)(—SR′″) or (S═)P(—NRR′)(—SR″)(—OR′″)Phosphorodiamidothioic Acid, for phosphoramidodithioic acid;Bis(Phosphoramidothioic Acid), (O═)P(—NRR′)(—NR″R′″)(—SR″″) or(S═)P(—NRR′)(—NR″R′″)(—OR″″) Bis(Phosphoramidodithioic Acid), forphosphorodiamidothioic acid, where Bis(Phosphorodiamidothioic Acid), R,R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ represent H, NH₂ or Poly(Phosphoramidothioic Acid),any organic functional group wherein the Poly(PhosphoramidodithioicAcid), and number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Poly(Phosphorodiamidothioic Acid) (N—S optionally having halogen orpolarizing or Bidentates and N—S Tetradentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer #9:R′—C(═S)—N═C(—R)(—NHR″), where R is an N-Thioacyl7-Aminobenzylidenimines (N—S aromatic derivative (i.e. —C₆H₅), and R′and R″ Bidentates or N—S Tetradentates) represent H, NH₂, or any organicfunctional group wherein the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer #10:R—C(═S)—NR′—OH or R—C(—SH)═N—OH, where Thiohydroxamates(Thiohydroxylamines), R and R′ represent H, NH₂, or any organicBis(thiohydroxamates), and functional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(thiohydroxamates) (N—S Bidentates, atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer#11: R—CH(—NHR′)—C(═S)(—OH) or R—CH(—NHR′)—C(═S)(—SH) Alpha- orortho-Aminothiocarboxylic for aminothiocarboxylic acids, and Acids, andalpha- or ortho- (HO—)(S═)C—CH(—NHR)—R′—CH(—NHR″)—C(═S)(—OH)Aminothiodicarboxylic Acids, and or(HS—)(S═)C—CH(—NHR)—R′—CH(—NHR″)—C(═S)(—SH) derivatives thereof (N—SBidentates, N—S for Tridentates, and N—S Tetradentates)aminothiodicarboxylic acids, where R, R′, and R″ represent any organicfunctional group wherein the number of carbon atoms ranges from 1 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer #12:RR′—N—C(═S)—NR″—N═CR′″R″″, where R, R′, Thiosemicarbazones, R″, R′″, andR″″ represent H, or any organic Bis(thiosemicarbazones), and functionalgroup wherein the number of carbon Poly(thiosemicarbazones) (N—SBidentates, atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having N—STetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer #13:R—C(═S)—NR′—N═CR″R′″, where R, R′, R″, and Thioacyl hydrazones,Bis(thioacyl R′″ represent H, or any organic functional hydrazones), andPoly(thioacyl hydrazones) group wherein the number of carbon atoms (N—SBidentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—S ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen Hexadentates) or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer #14:R—N═N—C(═S)—NR′—NR″R′″, where R, R′, R″, Thiocarbazones(Diazenecarbothioic and R′″ represent H, or any organic functionalhydrazides), Bis(thiocarbazones), and group wherein the number of carbonatoms Poly(thiocarbazones) (N—S Bidentates, N—S ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer#15: R—N═N—R′ for azo compounds, R—N═N—NH—R′ Azo compounds includingtriazenes with for triazenes, where R, and R′ represent H or thiol ormercapto or thiocarbonyl any organic functional group wherein thesubstitution at the ortho- (for aryl) or alpha- number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, or beta- (for alkyl) positions, Bis[o-(HS—)optionally having halogen or polarizing or or alpha- or beta-(HS—)azocompounds], or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups Poly[o-(HS—) oralpha- or beta-(HS—)azo attached. (Must include ortho-thio, mercapto, orcompounds) (N—S Bidentates, N—S thiocarbonyl substituted aryl azocompounds, Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, or N—S and alpha- orbeta-thio, mercapto, or Hexadentates) thiocarbonyl alkyl azo compounds.)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S ValenceStabilizer #16: R—N═N—C(═S)—NR′R″ for Diazeneformothioamides,diazeneformothioamides, and R—N═N—CR′R″—C(═S)—NR′″R″″Diazeneacetothioamides, for diazeneacetothioamides,Bis(diazeneformothioamides), where R, R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ represent H,Bis(diazeneacetothioamides), NH₂, or any organic functional groupwherein Poly(diazeneformothioamides), and the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to Poly(diazeneacetothioamides) (N—S 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or Bidentates, N—S Tetradentates, and N—Swater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups Hexadentates) attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer#17: R—N═N—C(═S)—O—R′ or R—N═N—CR′R″—C(═S)—O—R′″ Diazenecarbothioicacids, for diazenecarbothioic acids, and R—N═N—C(═S)—S—R′Diazenecarbodithioic acids, or R—N═N—CR′R″—C(═S)—S—R′″Bis(diazenecarbothioic acids), for diazenecarbodithoic acids, where R,R′, Bis(diazenecarbodithioic acids), R″, and R′″ represent H, NH₂, orany organic Poly(diazenecarbothioic acids), functional group wherein thenumber of carbon Poly(diazenecarbodithioic acids) and atoms ranges from0 to 40, optionally having derivatives thereof (N—S Bidentates, N—Shalogen or polarizing or water- Tetradentates, N—S Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer #18:R—N═N—C(═S)—R′ for Diazeneformothioaldehydes, diazeneformothioaldehydes,and R—N═N—CR′R″—C(═S)—R′″ Diazeneacetothioaldehydes, forBis(diazeneformothioaldehydes), diazeneacetothioaldehydes, where R, R′,R″, Bis(diazeneacetothioaldehydes), and R′″ represent H, NH₂, or anyorganic Poly(diazeneformothioaldehydes), and functional group whereinthe number of carbon Poly(diazeneacetothioaldehydes) (N—S atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having Bidentates, N—S Tetradentates and N—Shalogen or polarizing or water- Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer #19:RR′—N—C(═S)—N═N—C(═S)—NR″R′″ or RR′—N—C(═S)—N═N—C(═O)—NR″R′″Diazenediformothioamides, for diazenediformothioamides, andDiazenediacetothioamides,RR′—N—C(═S)—CR″R′″—N═N—CR″″R″″′—C(═S)—NR″″″R″″″′Bis(diazenediformothioamides), or Bis(diazenediacetothioamides),RR′—N—C(═S)—CR″R′″—N═N—CR″″R″″′—C(═O)—NR″″″R″″″′Poly(diazenediformothioamides), and for diazenediacetothioamides,Poly(diazenediacetothioamides) (N—S where R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″, R″″′,R″″″, and Tridentates and N—S Hexadentates) R″″″′ represent H, NH₂, orany organic functional group wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer #20:R—O—C(═S)—N═N—C(═S)—O—R′, Diazenedicarbothioic acids,R—O—C(═S)—CR′R″—N═N—CR′″R″″—C(═S)—O—R″″′, Diazenedicarbodithioic acids,R—O—C(═S)—N═N—C(═O)—O—R′, or Bis(diazenedicarbothioic acids),R—O—C(═S)—CR′R″—N═N—CR′″R″″—C(═O)—O—R″″′ for Bis(diazenedicarbodithioicacids), diazenedicarbothioic acids, and R—S—C(═S)—N═N—C(═S)—S—R′Poly(diazenedicarbothioic acids), orR—S—C(═S)—CR′R″—N═N—CR′″R″″—C(═S)—S—R″″′ Poly(diazenedicarbodithioicacids) and for derivatives thereof (N—S Tridentates and N—Sdiazenedicarbodithoic acids, where R, R′, R″, Hexadentates) R′″, R″″,and R″″′ represent H, NH₂, or any organic functional group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer#21: RC(═S)—N═N—C(═S)—R′ or RC(═S)—N═N—C(═O)—R′Diazenediformothioaldehydes, for diazenediformothioaldehydes,Diazenediacetothioaldehydes, and RC(═S)—CR′R″—N═N—CR′″R″″—C(═S)—R″″′Bis(diazenediformothioaldehydes), or RC(═S)—CR′R″—N═N—CR′″R″″—C(═O)—R″″′Bis(diazenediacetothioaldehydes), for diazenediacetothioaldehydes, whereR, R′, Poly(diazenediformothioaldehydes), and R″, R′″, R″″, and R″″′represent H, NH₂, or any Poly(diazenediacetothioaldehydes) (N—S organicfunctional group wherein the number of Tridentates and N—S Hexadentates)carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer#22: R—N═N—CR′═N—NR″R′″, where R, R′, R″, and Ortho-thio (or -mercapto)Substituted R′″ represent H, or any organic functional Formazans,Bis(o-thio or -mercapto group wherein the number of carbon atomssubstituted formazans), and Poly(o-thio or - ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen mercapto substituted formazans) (N—S orpolarizing or water- Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—Sinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Tetradentates, and N—SHexadentates) (Must include ortho-thio or mercapto substituted aryl Rderivatives, and beta-thio or mercapto substituted alkyl R derivatives.)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S ValenceStabilizer #23: RR′C═N—N═CR″R′″ or RR′C═N—NR″R′″ (for Ortho-thio (or-mercapto) Substituted ketazines), where R, R′, R″, and R′″ representAzines (including ketazines), Bis(o-thio or H, or any organic functionalgroup wherein the mercapto substituted azines), and Poly(o- number ofcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, thio or mercapto substituted azines)(N—S optionally having halogen or polarizing or Bidentates, N—STridentates, N—S water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups Tetradentates,and N—S Hexadentates) attached. (Must include ortho-thio or mercaptosubstituted aryl R derivatives, and beta-thio or mercapto substitutedalkyl R derivatives.) Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or Patoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer #24: RR′C═N—R″, where R, R′, and R″represent H, Schiff Bases with one Imine (C═N) Group or any organicfunctional group wherein the and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-thio ornumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, mercapto or thiocarbonylsubstitution (N—S optionally having halogen or polarizing or Bidentates,N—S Tridentates, N—S water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsTetradentates, N—S Pentadentates, or N—S attached. (Must contain ortho-or alpha- or beta- Hexadentates). Also includes Schiff Bases thio ormercapto or thiocarbonyl substitution.) derived from the reaction ofcarbonyl Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or compounds withdithiocarbazates, and P atoms. hydrazones with ortho-S substitution. N—SValence Stabilizer #25: RR′C═N—R″—N═CR′″R″″ or R—N═C—R′—C═N—R′ SchiffBases with two Imine (C═N) Groups or RC═N—R′—N═CR″, where R, R′, R″,R′″, and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-thio or and R″″ represent H, orany organic functional mercapto or thiocarbonyl substitution (N—S groupwherein the number of carbon atoms Tridentates, N—S Tetradentates, N—Sranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen Pentadentates, or N—SHexadentates). Also or polarizing or water- includes Schiff Basesderived from the insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. reactionof carbonyl compounds with (Must contain ortho- or alpha- or beta-thioor dithiocarbazates, and hydrazones with mercapto or thiocarbonylsubstitution.) Ligand ortho-S substitution. can also contain nonbindingN, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer #26: N(—R—N═CR′R″)₃, whereR, R′, and R″ Schiff Bases with three Imine (C═N) represent H, or anyorganic functional group Groups and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-wherein the number of carbon atoms ranges thio or mercapto orthiocarbonyl from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen or substitution(N—S Tetradentates, N—S polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizingPentadentates, or N—S Hexadentates). Also groups attached. (Must containortho- or alpha- includes Schiff Bases derived from the or beta-thio ormercapto or thiocarbonyl reaction of carbonyl compounds withsubstitution.) Ligand can also contain dithiocarbazates, and hydrazoneswith nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. ortho-S substitution. N—S ValenceStabilizer #27: [R—CR′(—NR″R′″)]_(x)—R″″—[C(—SR″″′)R″″″R″″″′]_(y),Thioalkyl Amines (Aminothiols or[R—CR′(—NR″R′″)]_(x)—R″″—[C(—S—S—R″″′)R″″″R″″″′]_(y), Aminodisulfides)and Thioalkyl Imines or [R—CR′(—NR″R′″)]_(x)—R″″—[C(═S)R″″′]_(y)(Iminothiols or Iminodisulfides) (N—S for thioalkyl Bidentates, N—STridentates, N—S amines; and [R—C(═NR′)]_(x)—R″—[C(—SR′″)R″″R″″′]_(y),Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates)[R—C(═NR′)]_(x)—R″—[C(—S—SR′″)R″″R″″′]_(y), or[R—C(═NR′)]_(x)—R″—[C(═S)R′″]_(y) for thioalkyl imines, where R, R′, R″,R′″, R″″, R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′ represent H, NH₂, or any organicfunctional group wherein the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached, and x and y = 1-6.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S ValenceStabilizer #28: [R(—NR′R″)(—SR′″)], [R(—NR′R″)(—S—S—R′″)], ThioarylAmines and Thioaryl Imines (N—S [R(—NR′R″)(—C(═S)R′″],[R(—NR′R″)_(x)]₂S, [R(—NR′R″)_(x)]₂₋₃R′″(—SR″″)_(y), Bidentates, N—STridentates, N—S [R(—SR′)_(x)]₂₋₃R″(—NR′″R″″)_(y), Tetradentates, andN—S Hexadentates) [R(—NR′R″)_(x)]₂S₂, and[R(—NR′R″)_(x)]₂R′″(C(═S))_(y)R″″ for thioaryl amines; and[R(—SR′)_(x)]₂NH or [R(—SR′)_(x)]₂NHNH for thioaryl imines, where R, R′,R″, R′″, and R″″ represent H, NH₂, or any organic functional groupwherein the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached, and x = 0-2 and y = 1-4. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer #29: Fivemembered heterocyclic ring(s) containing Five-Membered HeterocyclicRings one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms. In containing One, Two,Three, or Four addition, ligand contains additional sulfur- NitrogenAtoms at least one additional containing substituents (usually thiols,Sulfur Atom Binding Site not in a Ring (N—S mercaptans, disulfides, orthiocarbonyls) that Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S constitute Sbinding sites. Can include other Tetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates)ring systems bound to the heterocyclic ring or to the S-containingsubstituent, but they do not coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or P atoms. This5-membered ring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/or S-containing substituent(s) may or may not have halogen or polarizing orwater- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. N—S ValenceStabilizer #30: Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Rings one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms.In containing One, Two, Three, or Four addition, ligand containsadditional sulfur- Nitrogen Atoms at least one additional containingsubstituents (usually thiols, Sulfur Atom Binding Site not in a Ring(N—S mercaptans, disulfides, or thiocarbonyls) that Bidentates, N—STridentates, N—S constitute S binding sites. Can include otherTetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates) ring systems bound to theheterocyclic ring or to the S-containing substituent, but they do notcoordinate with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) can alsocontain O, S, or P atoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings and/or S- containing substituent(s) may or may nothave halogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. N—S Valence Stabilizer #31: Five membered heterocyclic ring(s)containing Five-Membered Heterocyclic Rings one or two sulfur atoms. Inaddition, ligand containing One or Two Sulfur Atoms at containsadditional nitrogen-containing least one additional Nitrogen AtomBinding substituents (usually amines, imines, or Site not in a Ring (N—SBidentates, N—S hydrazides) that constitute N binding sites. CanTridentates, N—S Tetradentates, or N—S include other ring systems boundto the Hexadentates) heterocyclic ring or to the N-containingsubstituent, but they do not coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or P atoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/orN-containing substituent(s) may or may not have halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. N—S ValenceStabilizer #32: Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Rings one or two sulfur atoms. In addition,ligand containing One or Two Sulfur Atoms at contains additionalnitrogen-containing least one additional Nitrogen Atom Bindingsubstituents (usually amines, imines, or Site not in a Ring (N—SBidentates, N—S hydrazides) that constitute N binding sites. CanTridentates, N—S Tetradentates, or N—S include other ring systems boundto the Hexadentates) heterocyclic ring or to the N-containingsubstituent, but they do not coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or P atoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/orN-containing substituent(s) may or may not have halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. N—S ValenceStabilizer #33: Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Rings one, two, three, or four nitrogenatoms. In containing One, Two, Three, or Four addition, ligand containsadditional sulfur- Nitrogen Atoms at least one additional containingrings that constitute S binding sites. Sulfur Atom Binding Site in aSeparate Can include other ring systems bound to the N- Ring (N—SBidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S or S-containing heterocyclic rings, butthey do Tetradentates) not coordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or P atoms. This 5-memberedring(s) and/or additional S-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. N—S Valence Stabilizer #34:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containing Six-Membered HeterocyclicRings one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms. In containing One, Two,Three, or Four addition, ligand contains additional sulfur- NitrogenAtoms at least one additional containing rings that constitute S bindingsites. Sulfur Atom Binding Site in a Separate Can include other ringsystems bound to the N- Ring (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S orS-containing heterocyclic rings, but they do Tetradentates) notcoordinate with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) can alsocontain O, S, or P atoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/or additionalS-containing ring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. N—S Valence Stabilizer #35: Macrocyclic ligandscontaining two, three, four, Two-, Three-, Four-, Six-, Eight-, and Ten-six, eight, or ten binding sites composed of Membered Macrocyclics,Macrobicyclics, nitrogen and sulfur to valence stabilize the andMacropolycyclics (including central metal ion. Can include otherCatapinands, Cryptands, Cyclidenes, and hydrocarbon or ring systemsbound to this Sepulchrates) wherein all Binding Sites are macrocyclicligand, but they do not coordinate composed of Nitrogen (usually amineor with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. imine groups) or Sulfur(usually thiols, This ligand and/or attached, uncoordinating mercaptans,or thiocarbonyls) and are not hydrocarbons/rings may or may not havecontained in Component Heterocyclic halogen or polarizing or water-Rings (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) N—S ValenceStabilizer #36: Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four, Four-,Six-, Eight-, or Ten-Membered six, eight, or ten heterocyclic ringscontaining Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, and nitrogen or sulfur bindingsites. Can include Macropolycyclics (including Catapinands, otherhydrocarbon/ring systems bound to this Cryptands, Cyclidenes, andSepulchrates) macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinate wherein allBinding Sites are composed of with the stabilized, high valence metalion. Nitrogen or Sulfur and are contained in This ligand and/orattached, uncoordinating Component Heterocyclic Rings (N—Shydrocarbon/rings may or may not have Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—Shalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing Tetradentates, or N—SHexadentates) groups attached. N—S Valence Stabilizer #37: Macrocyclicligands containing at least one Four-, Six-, Eight-, or Ten-Memberedheterocyclic ring. These heterocyclic rings Macrocyclics,Macrobicyclics, and provide nitrogen or sulfur binding sites toMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands, valence stabilize the centralmetal ion. Other Cryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) amine, imine,thiol, mercapto, or thiocarbonyl wherein all Binding Sites are composedof binding sites can also be included in the Nitrogen or Sulfur and arecontained in a macrocyclic ligand, so long as the total numberCombination of Heterocyclic Rings and of binding sites is four, six,eight, or ten. Can Amine, Imine, Thiol, Mercapto, or include otherhydrocarbon/ring systems bound Thiocarbonyl Groups (N—S Bidentates, N—Sto this macrocyclic ligand, but they do not Tridentates, N—STetradentates, or N—S coordinate with the stabilized, high valenceHexadentates) metal ion. This ligand and/or attached, uncoordinatinghydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached. N—O Valence Stabilizer #1:R′—N(—OH)—C(—R)═N—R″, where R, R′, and R″ N-Hydroxy(orN,N′-dihydroxy)amidines represent H or any organic functional group andN-Hydroxy(or N,N′- wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesdihydroxy)diamidines (N—O Bidentates, N—O from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or Tridentates, or N—O Tetradentates) polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #2:RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—CO—NR′″R″″ for Guanylureas, Guanidinoureas,guanylureas, and RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—NH—CO—NR′″R″″ Bis(guanylureas),Bis(guanidinoureas), for guanidinoureas, where R, R′, Poly(guanylureas),and R″, R′″, and R″″ represent H, NH₂, or any Poly(guanidinoureas) (N—OBidentates and organic functional group wherein the number of N—OTetradentates) carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—OValence Stabilizer #3: RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—CO—R′″ for N- Amidinoamides,Guanidinoamides, amidinoamides, or RR′—N—C(═NH)—CR″R′″—CO—N—R″″R″″′Bis(amidinoamides), for 2-amidinoacetamides, and Bis(guanidinoamides),RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—NH—CO—R′″ for Poly(amidinoamides), and guanidinoamides,where R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″, Poly(guanidinoamides) (including both N- andR″″′ represent H, NH₂, or any organic amidinoamides and2-amidinoacetamides) functional group wherein the number of carbon (N—OBidentates and N—O Tetradentates) atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #4: R—C(═NH)—NR′—CO—R″, where R, R′, and R″,Imidoylamides, Bis(imidoylamides), and represent H or any organicfunctional group Poly(imidoylamides) (N—O Bidentates and wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges N—O Tetradentates) from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #5:RR′—N—C(═NH)—O—CO—NR″R′″, where R, R′, O-Amidinocarbamates, Bis(O- R″,and R′″ represent H, NH₂, or any organic amidinocarbamates), and Poly(O-functional group wherein the number of carbon amidinocarbamates) (N—OBidentates and atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having N—OTetradentates) halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #6:RR′—N—C(═NH)—S—CO—NR″R′″, where R, R′, S-Amidinothiocarbamates, Bis(S-R″, and R′″ represent H, NH₂, or any organic amidinothiocarbamates), andPoly(S- functional group wherein the number of carbonamidinothiocarbamates) (N—O Bidentates atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having and N—O Tetradentates) halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #7:(NH═)(NH═)P(OR)(OR′), where R, R′, and R″ Diimidosulfuric Acid,Bis(diimidosulfuric represent H, NH₂, or any organic functional acid),and derivatives thereof (N—O group wherein the number of carbon atomsBidentates and N—O Tetradentates) ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—OValence Stabilizer #8: (NH═)P(—OR)(—OR′)(—OR″), where R, R′, andPhosphorimidic Acid, Bis(phosphorimidic R″ represent H, NH₂, or anyorganic functional acid); and Poly(phosphorimidic acid), and groupwherein the number of carbon atoms derivatives thereof (N—O Bidentates)ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #9:(O═)P(—NRR′)(—NR″R′″)(—NR″″R″″′), where Phosphoric Triamides,Bis(phosphoric R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″, and R″″′ represent H, NH₂,triamides), and Poly(phosphoric triamides) or any organic functionalgroup wherein the (N—O Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) number ofcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer#10: (O═)P(—NRR′)(—OR″)(—OR′″) for Phosphoramidic Acid,Phosphorodiamidic phosphoramidic acid and (O═)P(—NRR′)(—NR″R′″)(—OR″″)Acid, Bis(phosphoramidic acid), for phosphorodiamidic acid,Bis(phosphorodiamidic acid), where R, R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ represent H,Poly(phosphoramidic acid), NH₂, or any organic functional group whereinPoly(phosphorodiamidic acid), and the number of carbon atoms ranges from0 to derivatives thereof (N—O Bidentates and N—O 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or Tetradentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #11:R′—C(═O)—N═C(—R)(—NHR″), where R is an N-Acyl 7-Aminobenzylidenimines(N—O aromatic derivative (i.e. —C₆H₅), and R′ and R″ Bidentates or N—OTetradentates) represent H, NH₂, or any organic functional group whereinthe number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—OValence Stabilizer #12: R—C(═NOH)—R′ for oximes, andR—C(═NOH)—C(═NOH)—R′ Oximes, Dioximes, and Poly(oximes) (N—O fordioximes, where R and R′ Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, and N—O representH, NH₂, or any organic functional Tetradentates) group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer#13: R—C(═O)—C(═NOH)—R′, where R and R′ Carbonyl oximes, Bis(carbonyloximes), represent H, NH₂, or any organic functional and Poly(carbonyloximes) (N—O group wherein the number of carbon atoms Bidentates, N—OTridentates, and N—O ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTetradentates) or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #14: R—C(═N—R″)—C(═NOH)—R′, where R, R′, andImine oximes, Bis(imine oximes), and R″ represent H, NH₂, or any organicfunctional Poly(imine oximes) (including 2-nitrogen group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms heterocyclic oximes) (N—O Bidentates, N—O rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates,and N—O or polarizing or water- Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #15:R—CH(—OH)—C(═NOH)—R′, where R, R′, and R″ Hydroxy oximes, Bis(hydroxyoximes), and represent H, NH₂, or any organic functional Poly(hydroxyoximes) (including 2-oxygen group wherein the number of carbon atomsheterocyclic oximes) (N—O Bidentates, N—O ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O orpolarizing or water- Hexadentates) insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—OValence Stabilizer #16: RR′—C(—NH—R″)—C(═NOH)—R′″, where R, R′, Aminooximes, Bis(amino oximes), and R″, and R′″ represent H, NH₂, or anyorganic Poly(amino oximes) (N—O Bidentates, N—O functional group whereinthe number of carbon Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having Hexadentates) halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer#17: RR′—N—C(═NOH)—R″, where R, R′, and R″ Amido oximes, Bis(amidooximes), and represent H, NH₂, or any organic functional Poly(amidooximes) (N—O Bidentates, N—O group wherein the number of carbon atomsTridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen Hexadentates) or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #18:R—N═N—C(═NOH)—R′ or RR′C═N—NR″—C(═NOH)—R′″, Azo oximes, Bis(azo oximes),and where R, R′, R″, and R′″ Poly(azo oximes) (N—O Bidentates, N—Orepresent H, NH₂, or any organic functional Tridentates, N—OTetradentates, and N—O group wherein the number of carbon atomsHexadentates). Also includes hydrazone ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen oximes. or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. (R is typically an arylgroup.) Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—OValence Stabilizer #19: o-(ON—)(HO—)Ar, where Ar represents an2-Nitrosophenols (o-Quinone monoximes) aromatic group or heterocyclicwherein the (N—O Bidentates) number of carbon atoms ranges from 6 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #20:o-(O₂N—)(HO—)Ar, where Ar represents an 2-Nitrophenols (N—O Bidentates)aromatic group or heterocyclic wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 6 to 40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #21:R—C(═O)—NR′—OH or R—C(—OH)═N—OH, where Hydroxamates (Hydroxylamines), Rand R′ represent H, NH₂, or any organic Bis(hydroxamates), andfunctional group wherein the number of carbon Poly(hydroxamates) (N—OBidentates, N—O atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingTetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #22: R—N(—NO)—OH,where R represents any organic N-Nitrosohydroxylamines, Bis(N-functional group wherein the number of carbon nitrosohydroxylamines),and Poly(N- atoms ranges from 1 to 40, optionally havingnitrosohydroxylamines) (N—O Bidentates, halogen or polarizing or water-N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. (R is typically an aryl or heterocyclic group.) Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer#23: R—CH(—NHR′)—C(═O)(—OH) for amino acids and ortho-aminocarboxylicacids, Amino Acids and ortho-Aminocarboxylic andR—CH(—NHR′)—C(═O)—(NR″—)CH(—R′″)—C(═O)(—OH) Acids, Peptides,Polypeptides, and Proteins for peptides, where R, R′, R″, and R′″represent [N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, and N—O any organicfunctional group wherein the Tetradentates; possibly S—O dentates fornumber of carbon atoms ranges from 1 to 40, sulfur-contg. examples suchas optionally having halogen or polarizing or penicillamine and cystine]water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #24:RCONR′R″, where R, R′, and R″ represent H, Amides, Bis(amides), andPoly(amides), NH₂, or any organic functional group wherein includinglactams (N—O Bidentates, N—O the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toTridentates, and N—O Tetradentates) 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O ValenceStabilizer #25: RR′—N—C(═O)—NR″—N═CR′″R″″, where R, R′, Semicarbazones,Bis(semicarbazones), and R″, R′″, and R″″ represent H, or any organicPoly(semicarbazones) (N—O Bidentates, N—O functional group wherein thenumber of carbon Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) atoms ranges from0 to 40, optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #26:R—C(═O)—NR′—N═CR″R′″, where R, R′, R″, Acyl hydrazones, Bis(acylhydrazones), and and R′″ represent H, or any organic functionalPoly(acyl hydrazones) (N—O Bidentates, N—O group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #27:R—N═N—C(═O)—NR′—N—R″R′″, where R, R′, R″, Carbazones (Diazenecarboxylicand R′″ represent H, or any organic functional hydrazides),Bis(carbazones), and group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(carbazones) (N—O Bidentates, N—O ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) or polarizing orwater- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #28:R—N═N—R′ for azo compounds, R—N═N—NH—R′ Azo compounds includingtriazenes with for triazenes, where R, and R′ represent H or hydroxyl orcarboxy or carbonyl any organic functional group wherein thesubstitution at the ortho- (for aryl) or alpha- number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, or beta- (for alkyl) positions, Bis[o-(HO—)optionally having halogen or polarizing or or alpha- or beta- (HO—)azocompounds], or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups Poly[o-(HO—) oralpha- or beta- (HO—)azo attached. (Must include ortho-hydroxy orcompounds) (N—O Bidentates, N—O carboxy or carbonyl substituted aryl azoTridentates, N—O Tetradentates, or N—O compounds, and alpha- orbeta-hydroxy or Hexadentates) carboxy or carbonyl alkyl azo compounds.)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O ValenceStabilizer #29: R—N═N—C(═O)—NR′R″ for diazeneformamides,Diazeneformamides, Diazeneacetamides, and R—N═N—CR′R″—C(═O)—NR′″R″″ forBis(diazeneformamides), diazeneacetamides, where R, R′, R″, R′″, andBis(diazeneacetamides), R″″ represent H, NH₂, or any organic functionalPoly(diazeneformamides), and group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(diazeneacetamides) (N—O Bidentates, ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) or polarizing orwater- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #30:R—N═N—C(═O)—O—R′ for diazeneformic acid, Diazeneformic acids,Diazeneacetic acids, and R—N═N—CR′R″—C(═O)—O—R′″ for Bis(diazeneformicacids), Bis(diazeneacetic diazeneacetic acid, where R, R′, R″, and R′″acids), Poly(diazeneformic acids), represent H, NH₂, or any organicfunctional Poly(diazeneacetic acids), and derivatives group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms thereof (N—O Bidentates, N—O ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen Tetradentates, N—O Hexadentates) or polarizingor water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #31:R—N═N—C(═O)—R′ for diazeneformaldehydes, Diazeneformaldehydes, andR—N═N—CR′R″—C(═O)—R′″ for Diazeneacetaldehydes, diazeneacetaldehydes,where R, R′, R″, and R′″ Bis(diazeneformaldehydes), represent H, NH₂, orany organic functional Bis(diazeneacetaldehydes), group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms Poly(diazeneformaldehydes), and ranges from 0 to40, optionally having halogen Poly(diazeneacetaldehydes) (N—O orpolarizing or water- Bidentates, N—O Tetradentates and N—Oinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Hexadentates) Ligand canalso contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #32:RR′—N—C(═O)—N═N—C(═O)—NR″R′″ for Diazenediformamides,diazenediformamides, andRR′—N—C(═O)—CR″R′″—N═N—CR″″R″″′—C(═O)—NR″″″R″″″′ Diazenediacetamides,for diazenediacetamides, where R, R′, R″, R′″, Bis(diazenediformamides),R″″, R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′ represent H, NH₂, Bis(diazenediacetamides),or any organic functional group wherein the Poly(diazenediformamides),and number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Poly(diazenediacetamides) (N—O optionally having halogen or polarizingor Tridentates and N—O Hexadentates) water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #33: R—O—C(═O)—N═N—C(═O)—O—R′ for Diazenediformicacids, Diazenediacetic diazenediformic acid, andR—O—C(═O)—CR′R″—N═N—CR′″R″″—C(═O)—O—R″″′ acids, Bis(diazenediformicacids), for Bis(diazenediacetic acids), diazenediacetic acid, where R,R′, R″, R′″, R″″, Poly(diazenediformic acids), and R″″′ represent H,NH₂, or any organic Poly(diazenediacetic acids) and derivativesfunctional group wherein the number of carbon thereof (N—O Tridentatesand N—O atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having Hexadentates)halogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—OValence Stabilizer #34: RC(═O)—N═N—C(═O)—R′ for Diazenediformaldehydes,diazenediformaldehydes, and RC(═O)—CR′R″—N═N—CR′″R″″—C(═O)—R″″′Diazenediacetaldehydes, for Bis(diazenediformaldehydes),diazenediacetaldehydes, where R, R′, R″, R′″,Bis(diazenediacetaldehydes), R″″, and R″″′ represent H, NH₂, or anyorganic Poly(diazenediformaldehydes), and functional group wherein thenumber of carbon Poly(diazenediacetaldehydes) (N—O atoms ranges from 0to 40, optionally having Tridentates and N—O Hexadentates) halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer#35: R—N═N—CR′═N—NR″R′″, where R, R′, R″, and Ortho-hydroxy (or-carboxy) Substituted R′″ represent H, or any organic functionalFormazans, Bis(o-hydroxy or -carboxy group wherein the number of carbonatoms substituted formazans), and Poly(o-hydroxy ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or -carboxy substituted formazans) (N—O orpolarizing or water- Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—Oinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Tetradentates, and N—OHexadentates) (Must include ortho-hydroxy or carboxy substituted aryl Rderivatives, and beta-hydroxy or carboxy substituted alkyl Rderivatives.) Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #36: RR′C═N—N═CR″R′″ or RR′C═N—NR″R′″ (forOrtho-hydroxy (or -carboxy) Substituted ketazines), where R, R′, R″, andR′″ represent Azines (including ketazines), Bis(o- H, or any organicfunctional group wherein the hydroxy or carboxy substituted azines), andnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, Poly(o-hydroxy or carboxysubstituted optionally having halogen or polarizing or azines) (N—OBidentates, N—O Tridentates, water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsN—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) attached. (Must includeortho-hydroxy or carboxy substituted aryl R derivatives, and beta-hydroxy or carboxy substituted alkyl R derivatives.) Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #37:RR′C═N—R″, where R, R′, and R″ represent H, Schiff Bases with one Imine(C═N) Group or any organic functional group wherein the and with ortho-or alpha- or beta-hydroxy number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, orcarboxy or carbonyl substitution (N—O optionally having halogen orpolarizing or Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—Owater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups Tetradentates, N—OPentadentates, or N—O attached. (Must contain ortho- or alpha- or beta-Hexadentates). Also includes hydrazones hydroxy or carboxy or carbonylsubstitution.) with ortho-O substitution. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #38:RR′C═N—R″—N═CR′″R″″ or R—N═C—R′—C═N—R′ Schiff Bases with two Imine (C═N)Groups or RC═N—R′—N═CR″, where R, R′, R″, R′″, and with ortho- or alpha-or beta-hydroxy and R″″ represent H, or any organic functional orcarboxy or carbonyl substitution (N—O group wherein the number of carbonatoms Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, N—O ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen Pentadentates, or N—O Hexadentates). Also orpolarizing or water- includes hydrazones with ortho-Oinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. substitution. (Must containortho- or alpha- or beta-hydroxy or carboxy or carbonyl substitution.)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O ValenceStabilizer #39: N(—R—N═CR′R″)₃, where R, R′, and R″ Schiff Bases withthree Imine (C═N) represent H, or any organic functional group Groupsand with ortho- or alpha- or beta- wherein the number of carbon atomsranges hydroxy or carboxy or carbonyl substitution from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or (N—O Tetradentates, N—O Pentadentates, orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing N—O Hexadentates). Alsoincludes groups attached. (Must contain ortho- or alpha- hydrazones withortho-O substitution. or beta-hydroxy or carboxy or carbonylsubstitution.) Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #40:[R—C(NR′R″)]_(x)—R″—[Si(—OR′″)_(z)R″″_(3−z)]_(y) where R,Silylaminoalcohols (N—O Bidentates, N—O R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ representH, NH₂, or any Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates, and N—O organicfunctional group wherein the number of Hexadentates) carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached, and x and y = 1-6, z = 1-3.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O ValenceStabilizer #41: [R—C(═NR′)]_(x)—R″—[C(—OR′″)R″″R″″′]_(y) or[R—C(═NR′)]_(x)—R″—[C(═O)R′″]_(y), Hydroxyalkyl Imines (Imino Alcohols)(N—O where R, R′, R″, Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O R′″, R″″, andR″″′ represent H, NH₂, or any Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates)organic functional group wherein the number of carbon atoms ranges from0 to 40, optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached, and x and y = 1-6. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer#42: [R(—NR′R″)(—OR′″)], [R(—NR′R″)(—C(═O)R′″], Hydroxyaryl Amines andHydroxyaryl [R(—NR′R″)_(x)]₂O, [R(—NR′R″)_(x)]₂₋₃R′″(—OR″″)_(y), Imines(N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, [R(—OR′)_(x)]₂₋₃R″(—NR′″R″″)_(y), and[R(—NR′R″)_(x)]₂R′″(C(═O))_(y)R″″ N—O Tetradentates, and N—OHexadentates) for hydroxyaryl amines; and [R(—OR′)_(x)]₂NH or[R(—OR′)_(x)]₂NHNH for hydroxyaryl imines, where R, R′, R″, R′″, and R″″represent H, NH₂, or any organic functional group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached, and x =0-2 and y = 1-4. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—O Valence Stabilizer #43: Five membered heterocyclic ring(s)containing Five-Membered Heterocyclic Rings one, two, three, or fournitrogen atoms. In containing One, Two, Three, or Four addition, ligandcontains additional oxygen- Nitrogen Atoms at least one additionalcontaining substituents (usually hydroxy, Oxygen Atom Binding Site notin a Ring carboxy or carbonyl groups) that constitute O (N—O Bidentates,N—O Tridentates, N—O binding sites. Can include other ring systemsTetradentates, or N—O Hexadentates) bound to the heterocyclic ring or tothe O- containing substituent, but they do not coordinate with thestabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or Patoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating ringsand/or O- containing substituent(s) may or may not have halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. N—OValence Stabilizer #44: Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Rings one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms.In containing One, Two, Three, or Four addition, ligand containsadditional oxygen- Nitrogen Atoms at least one additional containingsubstituents (usually hydroxy, Oxygen Atom Binding Site not in a Ringcarboxy, or carbonyl groups) that constitute O (N—O Bidentates, N—OTridentates, N—O binding sites. Can include other ring systemsTetradentates, or N—O Hexadentates) bound to the heterocyclic ring or tothe O- containing substituent, but they do not coordinate with thestabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or Patoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating ringsand/or O- containing substituent(s) may or may not have halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. N—OValence Stabilizer #45: Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Rings one or two oxygen atoms. In addition,ligand containing One or Two Oxygen Atoms at contains additionalnitrogen-containing least one additional Nitrogen Atom Bindingsubstituents (usually amines, imines, or Site not in a Ring (N—OBidentates, N—O hydrazides) that constitute N binding sites. CanTridentates, N—O Tetradentates, or N—O include other ring systems boundto the Hexadentates) heterocyclic ring or to the N-containingsubstituent, but they do not coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or P atoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/orN-containing substituent(s) may or may not have halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. N—O ValenceStabilizer #46: Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Rings one or two oxygen atoms. In addition,ligand containing One or Two Oxygen Atoms at contains additionalnitrogen-containing least one additional Nitrogen Atom Bindingsubstituents (usually amines, imines, or Site not in a Ring (N—OBidentates, N—O hydrazides) that constitute N binding sites. CanTridentates, N—O Tetradentates, or N—O include other ring systems boundto the Hexadentates) heterocyclic ring or to the N-containingsubstituent, but they do not coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or P atoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/orN-containing substituent(s) may or may not have halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. N—O ValenceStabilizer #47: Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Rings one, two, three, or four nitrogenatoms. In containing One, Two, Three, or Four addition, ligand containsadditional oxygen- Nitrogen Atoms at least one additional containingrings that constitute O binding sites. Oxygen Atom Binding Site in aSeparate Can include other ring systems bound to the N- Ring (N—OBidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O or O-containing heterocyclic rings, butthey do Tetradentates) not coordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or P atoms. This 5-memberedring(s) and/or additional O-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. N—O Valence Stabilizer #48:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containing Six-Membered HeterocyclicRings one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms. In containing One, Two,Three, or Four addition, ligand contains additional oxygen- NitrogenAtoms at least one additional containing rings that constitute O bindingsites. Oxygen Atom Binding Site in a Separate Can include other ringsystems bound to the N- Ring (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—O orO-containing heterocyclic rings, but they do Tetradentates) notcoordinate with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) can alsocontain O, S, or P atoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/or additionalO-containing ring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. N—O Valence Stabilizer #49: Macrocyclic ligandscontaining two, three, four, Two-, Three-, Four-, Six-, Eight-, and Ten-six, eight, or ten binding sites composed of Membered Macrocyclics,Macrobicyclics, nitrogen and oxygen to valence stabilize the andMacropolycyclics (including central metal ion. Can include otherCatapinands, Cryptands, Cyclidenes, and hydrocarbon or ring systemsbound to this Sepulchrates) wherein all Binding Sites are macrocyclicligand, but they do not coordinate composed of Nitrogen (usually amineor with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. imine groups) or Oxygen(usually hydroxy, This ligand and/or attached, uncoordinating carboxy,or carbonyl groupss) and are not hydrocarbons/rings may or may not havecontained in Component Heterocyclic halogen or polarizing or water-Rings (N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. N—O Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) N—O ValenceStabilizer #50: Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four, Four-,Six-, Eight-, or Ten-Membered six, eight, or ten heterocyclic ringscontaining Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, and nitrogen or oxygen bindingsites. Can include Macropolycyclics (including Catapinands, otherhydrocarbon/ring systems bound to this Cryptands, Cyclidenes, andSepulchrates) macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinate wherein allBinding Sites are composed of with the stabilized, high valence metalion. Nitrogen or Oxygen and are contained in This ligand and/orattached, uncoordinating Component Heterocyclic Rings (N—Ohydrocarbon/rings may or may not have Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, N—Ohalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing Tetradentates, or N—OHexadentates) groups attached. N—O Valence Stabilizer #51: Macrocyclicligands containing at least one Four-, Six-, Eight-, or Ten-Memberedheterocyclic ring. These heterocyclic rings Macrocyclics,Macrobicyclics, and provide nitrogen or oxygen binding sites toMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands, valence stabilize the centralmetal ion. Other Cryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) amine, imine,hydroxy, carboxy, or carbonyl wherein all Binding Sites are composed ofbinding sites can also be included in the Nitrogen or Oxygen and arecontained in a macrocyclic ligand, so long as the total numberCombination of Heterocyclic Rings and of binding sites is four, six,eight, or ten. Can Amine, Imine, Hydroxy, Carboxy, or include otherhydrocarbon/ring systems bound Carbonyl Groups (N—O Bidentates, N—O tothis macrocyclic ligand, but they do not Tridentates, N—O Tetradentates,or N—O coordinate with the stabilized, high valence Hexadentates) metalion. This ligand and/or attached, uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings mayor may not have halogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing groupsattached. S—O Valence Stabilizer #1: R—C(═S)—CR′R″—C(═O)—R′″ where R,R′, R″, 1,3-Monothioketones (Monothio-beta- and R′″ represent H, NH₂, orany organic ketonates), 1,3,5-Monothioketones, 1,3,5- functional groupwherein the number of carbon Dithioketones, Bis(1,3-Monothioketones),atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having andPoly(1,3-Monothioketones) (S—O halogen or polarizing or water-Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Tetradentates) Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer #2: RR′—N—C(═S)—CR″R′″—C(═O)—N—R″″R″″′Thiomalonamides (Thiomalonodiamides), where R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″, andR″″′ represent Bis(thiomalonamides), and H, NH₂, or any organicfunctional group Polythiomalonamides (S—O Bidentates, S—O wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) from 0 to40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer #3:RR′—N—C(═O)—CR″R′″—C(═S)—R″″ for 2- 2-Thioacylacetamides, 2-thioacylacetamides, and RR′—N—C(═S)—CR″R′″—C(═O)—R″″ Acylthioacetamides,Bis(2- for 2-acylthioacetamides, where R, thioacylacetamides), R′, R″,R′″, and R″″ represent H, NH₂, or any Bis(2acylthioacetamides), Poly(2-organic functional group wherein the number of thioacylacetamides), andPoly(2- carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally Acylthioacetamides)(S—O Bidentates, S—O having halogen or polarizing or water- Tridentates,S—O Tetradentates) insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer#4: RR′—N—C(═S)—S—C(═O)—N—R″R′″ where R, R′, Dithiodicarbonic Diamides,R″, and R′″ represent H, NH₂ or any organic Bis(dithiodicarbonicdiamides), and functional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(dithiodicarbonic diamides) (S—O atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O halogen or polarizingor water- Tetradentates) insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O ValenceStabilizer #5: (R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—P(═O)(—O—R″)(—O—R′″);Monothiohypophosphoric Acids, (R—O—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—P(═O)(—S—R″)(—O—R′″);or Bis(monothiohypophosphoric acids), and(R—S—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—P(═O)(—S—R″)(—S—R′″), Poly(monothiohypophosphoricacids), and where R, R′, R″, and R′″ represent H, NH₂ or derivativesthereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O any organic functional group wherein theTridentates, S—O Tetradentates) number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. Note: these ligands are not tobe confused with hypophosphorous acid derivatives (hypophosphites)(R—O—)R″R′″P(═O) which are very reducing and therefore unacceptable forstabilization of high valence states in metal ions. S—O ValenceStabilizer #6: (RR′—N—)(R″R′″—N—)P(═S)—P(═O)(—N—R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′),Monothiohypophosphoramides, where R, R′, R″, R′″,Bis(monothiohypophosphoramides), and R″″, R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′represent H, NH₂ or Poly(monothiohypophosphoramides) (S—O any organicfunctional group wherein the Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O number ofcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, Tetradentates) optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. Note:these ligands are not to be confused with hypophosphorous acidderivatives (hypophosphites) (R—O—)R″R′″P(═O) which are very reducingand therefore unacceptable for stabilization of high valence states inmetal ions. S—O Valence Stabilizer #7:(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—NH—P(═O)(—O—R″)(—O—R′″); MonothioimidodiphosphoricAcids, (R—O—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—NH—P(═O)(—S—R″)(—O—R′″);Monothiohydrazidodiphosphoric Acids, or(R—S—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—NH—P(═O)(—S—R′)(—S—R′″) Bis(monothioimidodiphosphoricAcids), for monothioimidodiphosphoric Bis(monothiohydrazidodiphosphoricacids, and —NH—NH—derivatives for Acids), Poly(monothioimidodiphosphoricmonothiohydrazidodiphosphoric acids, where Acid), R, R′, R″, and R′″represent H, NH₂ or any Poly(monothiohydrazidodiphosphoric organicfunctional group wherein the number of Acids), and derivatives thereof(S—O carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally Bidentates, S—OTridentates, S—O having halogen or polarizing or water- Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer #8:(RR′—N—)(R″R′″—N—)P(═S)—NH—P(═O)(—N—R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′)Monothioimidodiphosphoramides, for Monothiohydrazidodiphosphoramides,monothioimidodiphosphoramides, and —NH—NH—Bis(monothioimidodiphosphoramides), derivatives forBis(monothiohydrazidodiphosphoramides),monothiohydrazidodiphosphoramides, where R,Poly(monothioimidodiphosphoramides), R′, R″, R′″, R″″, R″″′, R″″″, andR″″″′ and represent H, NH₂ or any organic functionalPoly(monothiohydrazidodiphosphoramides) group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen Tetradentates) or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer #9:(RR′—N—)(R″R′″—N—)P(═S)—S—P(═O)(—N—R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′),Monothiodiphosphoramides, or(RR′—N—)(R″R′″—N—)P(═S)—O—P(═O)(—N—R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′),Bis(monothioiphosphoramides), and where R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″, R″″′,Poly(monothiodiphosphoramides) (S—O R″″″, and R″″″′ represent H, NH₂ orany Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O organic functional group whereinthe number of Tetradentates) carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer #10:(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—O—P(═O)(—O—R″)(—O—R′″); Monothiodiphosphoric Acids,(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—S—P(═O)(—O—R″)(—O—R′″); Bis(monothioiphosphoricAcids), (R—O—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—O—P(═O)(—S—R″)(—O—R′″);Poly(monothiodiphosphoric Acids), and(R—O—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—S—P(═O)(—S—R″)(—O—R′″); derivatives thereof (S—OBidentates, S—O or (R—S—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—S—P(═O)(—S—R″)(—S—R′″),Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) where R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″, R″″′, R″″″,and R″″″′ represent H, NH₂ or any organic functional group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer#11: RR′N⁺═C(OH)(SH), where R and R′ represent Monothiocarbamates, H,OH, SH, OR″ (R″═C₁-C₃₀ alkyl or aryl), SR″ Bis(monothiocarbamates), and(R″═C₁-C₃₀ alkyl or aryl), NH₂ or any organic Poly(monothiocarbamates)(including N- functional group wherein the number of carbonhydroxymonothiocarbamates and N- atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving mercaptomonothiocarbamates) (S—O halogen or polarizing or water-Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, and S—O insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Tetradentates) Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms.N Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of monoamines (N monodentates) thatmeet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers forCo⁺³ include, but are not limited to: ammonia; ethylamine;n-dodecylamine; octylamine; phenylamine; cyclohexylamine; diethylamine;dioctylamine; diphenylamine; dicyclohexylamine; azetidine;hexamethylenetetramine (Urotropin); aziridine; azepine; pyrrolidine;benzopyrrolidine; dibenzopyrrolidine; naphthopyrrolidine; piperidine;benzopiperidine; dibenzopiperidine; naphthopiperidine; azacycloheptane(hexamethyleneimine); aminonorbornane; adamantanamine; aniline;benzylamine; toluidine; phenethylamine; xylidine; cumidine;naphthylamine; polyalkylamines; polyanilines; and fluorenediamine.N Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of diamines (N-N bidentates) that meetthe requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: hydrazine; phenyihydrazine;1,1-diphenyihydrazine; 1,2-diphenylhydrazine (hydrazobenzene);methanediamine; ethylenediamine (1 ,2-ethanediamine, en);trimethylenediamine (1,3-propanediamine); putrescine(1,4-butanediamine); cadaverine (1,5-pentanediamine);hexamethylenediamine (1,6-hexanediamine); 2,3-diaminobutane;stilbenediamine (1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethanediamine);cyclohexane-1,2-diamine; cyclopentane-1,2-diamine;1,3-diazacyclopentane; 1,3-diazacyclohexane; piperazine;benzopiperazine; dibenzopiperazine; naphthopiperazine; diazepine;thiadiazepine; oxodiazepine; sparteine (lupinidine);2-(aminomethyl)azacyclohexane; 2-(aminomethyl)piperidine;2-(aminomethyl)pyrrolidine; 2-(aminomethyl)azetidine;2-(2-aminoethyl)aziridine; 1,2-diaminobenzene; benzidine;bis(2,2′-piperazino)-1,2-ethene; 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;naphthylethylenediamine; and 1,2-dianilinoethane.N Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of triamines (N-N bidentates or N-Ntridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (dien, 2,2-tri); N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine (2,3-tri); N-(3aminopropyl)- 1,3-propanediamine(3,3-tri, dpt); N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine (3,4-tri,spermidine); N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,4-butanediamine (2,4-tri);N-(6-hexyl)-1,6-hexanediamine (6,6-tri); 1,3,5-triaminocyclohexane(tach); 2-(aminomethyl)-1,3-propanediamine (tamm);2-(aniinomethyl)-2-methyl- 1,3-propanediamine (tame);2-(aminomethyl)-2-ethyl- 1,3-propanediamine (tamp);1,2,3-tniaminopropane (tap); 2,3-(2-aminoethyl)aziridine;2,4-(aminomethyl)azetidine; 2,5-(aminomethyl)pyrrolidine;2,6-(aminomethyl)pipenidine; di(2-aminobenzyl)amine;hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine; hexahydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,5-triazine; and1,3,5-tris(aminomethyl)benzene.N Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of tetramines (N-N bidentates, N-Ntridentates, or N-N tetnadentates) that meet the requirements for use as“wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: N,N′-(2-aminoethyl)- 1,2-ethanediamine (2,2,2-tet, trien(triethylenetetramine)); N,N′-(2-aminoethyl)- 1,3-propanediamine(2,3,2-tet, entnen); N,N′-(3-aminopropyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (3,2,3-tet,tnentn); N-(2-aminoethyl)-N′-(3-aminopropyl)- 1,2-ethanediamine(2,2,3-tet); N-(2-aminoethyl)-N′-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine(3,3,2-tet); N,N′-(3-aminopropyl)- 1,3-propanediamine (3,3,3-tet);N,N′-(3-aminopropyl)- 1,4-butanediamine (3,4,3-tet, spermine);tri(aminomethyl)amine (tren); tri(2-aminoethyl)amine (trtn);tni(3-aminopropyl)amine (trbn); 2,2-aminomethyl-1,3-propanediamine(tam); 1,2,3,4-tetraaminobutane (tab); N,N′-(2-aminophenyl)-1,2-ethanediamine; and N,N′-(2-aminophenyl)- 1,3-propanediamine.N Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of pentamines (N-N bidentates, N-Ntnidentates, or N-N tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: N-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl]-N′-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-thanediamine (2,2,2,2-pent, tetren);N-[N-(3-aminopropyl)-2-aminoethyl]-N′-(3-aminopropyl)1,2-ethanediamine(3,2,2,3-pent); N-[N-(3-aminopropyl)-3-aminopropyl]-N′-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine (3,3,3,3-pent, caldopentamine);N-[N-(2-aminobenzyl)-2-aminoethyl]-N′-(2-aminopropyl)-1,2-ethanediamine;N-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl]-N,N-(2-aminoethyl)amine (trenen); andN-[N-(2-aminopropyl)-2-aminoethyl]-N,N-(2-aminoethyl)amine(4-Me-trenen).N Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of hexamines (N-N bidentates, N-Ntridentates, N-N tetradentates, or N-N-N-N-N-N hexadentates) that meetthe requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺3include, but are not limited to:N,N′-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl]-1,2-ethanediamine (2,2,2,2,2-hex,linpen); N,N′-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl]-1,2-ethanediamine(2,3,2,3,2-hex); N,N,N′,N′-(2-aminoethyl)- 1,2-ethanediamine (penten,ten); N,N,N′,N′-(2-aminoethyl)-1-methyl-1,2-ethanediamine (tpn,R-5-Me-penten); N,N,N′,N′-(2-aminoethyl)- 1,3-propanediamine (ttn);N,N,N′,N′-(2-aminoethyl)- 1,4-butanediamine (tbn);N,N,N′,N′-(2-aminoethyl)- 1,3-dimethyl- 1,3-propanediamine (R,R-tptn,R,S-tptn); N-(2-aminoethyl)-2,2-[N-(2-aminoethyl)aminomethyl-1-propaneamine (sen); andN-(3-aminopropyl)-2,2-[N-(3-aminopropyl)aminomethyl-1-propaneamine(stn).N Valence Stabilizer #7a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one nitrogen atom (N monodentates) that meet the requirementsfor use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺3 include, but are notlimited to: 1-pyrroline, 2-pyrroline, 3-pyrroline, pyrrole, oxazole,isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, azaphosphole, benzopyrroline,benzopyrrole (indole), benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole,benzisothiazole, benzazaphosphole, dibenzopyrroline, dibenzopyrrole(carbazole), dibenzoxazole, dibenzisoxazole, dibenzothiazole,dibenzisothiazole, naphthopyrroline, naphthopyrrole, naphthoxazole,naphthisoxazole, naphthothiazole, naphthisothiazole, naphthazaphosphole,and polypyrroles.N Valence Stabilizer #7b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining two nitrogen atoms (N monodentates or N-N bidentates) thatmeet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers forCo⁺³ include, but are not limited to: pyrazoline, imidazoline, imidazole(ia), pyrazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, diazaphosphole,benzopyrazoline, benzimidazoline, benzimidazole (azindole)(bia)(bz),benzopyrazole (indazole), benzothiadiazole (piazthiole), benzoxadiazole(benzofurazan), naphthopyrazoline, naphthimidazoline, naphthimidazole,naphthopyrazole, naphthoxadiazole, naphthothiadiazole,polybenzimidazole, and polyimidazoles (e.g. polyvinylimidazole (pvi)).N Valence Stabilizer #7c: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining three nitrogen atoms (N monodentates, N-N bidentates) thatmeet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers forCo⁺³ include, but are not limited to: triazole, oxatriazole,thiatriazole, benzotriazole (bta), tolyltriazole (tt), naphthotriazole,and triazolophthalazine.N Valence Stabilizer #7d: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining four nitrogen atoms (N monodentates or N-N bidentates) thatmeet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers forCo⁺³ include, but are not limited to: tetrazole.N Valence Stabilizer #8a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one nitrogen atom (N monodentates) that meet the requirementsfor use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: pyridine, picoline, lutidine, y-collidine, oxazine,thiazine, azaphosphorin, quinoline, isoquinoline, benzoxazine,benzothiazine, benzazaphosphorin, acridine, phenanthridine,phenothiazine (dibenzothiazine), dibenzoxazine, dibenzazaphosphorin,benzoquinoline (naphthopyridine), naphthoxazine, naphthothiazine,naphthazaphosphorin, and polypyridines.N Valence Stabilizer #8b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining two nitrogen atoms (N monodentates or N-N bidentates) thatmeet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers forCo⁺³ include, but are not limited to: pyrazine, pyridazine, pyrimidine,oxadiazine, thiadi azine, diazaphosphorin, quinoxaline (benzopyrazine),cinnoline (benzo[c]pyridazine), quinazoline (benzopyrimidine),phthalazine (benzo[d]pyridazine), benzoxadiazine, benzothi adiazine,phenazine (dibenzopyrazine), dibenzopyridazine, naphthopyrazine,naphthopyridazine, naphthopyrimidine, naphthoxadiazine,naphthothiadiazine, and polyquinoxalines.N Valence Stabilizer #8c: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining three nitrogen atoms (N monodentates or N-N bidentates) thatmeet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers forCo⁺³ include, but are not limited to: 1,3,5-triazine, 1,2,3-triazine,benzo1-1,2,3-triazine, naphtho-1,2,3-triazine, oxatriazine,thiatriazine, melamine, and cyanuric acid.N Valence Stabilizer #8d: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining four nitrogen atoms (N monodentates or N-N bidentates) thatmeet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers forCo⁺³ include, but are not limited to: tetrazine.N Valence Stabilizer #9a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one nitrogen atom and having at least one additional nitrogenatom binding site not contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N-NBidentates, N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates, or N-N Hexadentates)that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: 2-(aminomethyl)-3-pyrroline;2,5-(aminomethyl)-3-pyrroline; 2-(aminomethyl)pyrrole;2,5-(aminomethyl)pyrrole; 3-(aminomethyl)isoxazole;2-(aminomethyl)thiazole; 3-(aminomethyl)isothiazole;2-(aminomethyl)indole; 2-aminobenzoxazole; 2-aminobenzothiazole (abt);1,8-diaminocarbazole; 2-amino-6-methyl-benzothiazole (amebt);2-amino-6-methoxybenzothiazole (ameobt), and 1,3-diiminoisoindoline.N Valence Stabilizer #9b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining two nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atombinding site not contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N-N Bidentates,N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates, or N-N Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 2-aminoimidazoline;1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazoline; 2-aminoimidazole;1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole; 4-(2-aminoethyl)imidazole [histamine];1-alkyl-4-(2-aminoethyl)imidazole; 3-(2-aminoethyl)pyrazole;3,5-(2-aminoethyl)pyrazole; 1-(aminomethyl)pyrazole;2-aminobenzimidazole; 7-(2-aminoethyl)benzimidazole; 1-(3-aminopropyl)benzimidazole; 3-(2- aminoethyl)indazole;3,7-(2-aminoethyl)indazole; 1-(aminomethyl)indazole;7-aminobenzothiadiazole; 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzothiadiazole;7-aminobenzoxadiazole; 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzoxadiazole;ethylenediaminetetra(1 -pyrazolylmethane) [edtp];methylenenitrilotris(2-(1-methyl)benzimidazole) [mntb] [tris(1-methyl-2-benzimidazolylmethane)amine]; bis(alkyl-1-pyrazolylmethane)amine;bis(alkyl-2-(1-pyrazolyl)ethane)amine;bis(N,N-(2-benzimidazolyl)-2-aminoethane)(2-benzimidazolylmethane)amine;bis(1-(3,5-dimethyl)pyrazolylmethane)phenylamine; tris(2-(1-(3,5-dimethyl)pyrazolyl)ethane)amine; 5-(dimethylamino)pyrazole;5-(dimethylaminomethyl)pyrazole; 2-amino-l,3,4-thiadiazole; andl-(2-aminoethyl)imidazoline.N Valence Stabilizer #9c: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining three nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atombinding site not contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N-N Bidentates,N-N-N Tridentates, N-N-N-N Tetradentates, or N-N-N-N-N-N Hexadentates)that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (ata);3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole (dat); 5-amino-1,2,4-triazole;3-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2,4-triazole; 5-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2,4-triazole;3,5-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2,4-triazole; 1-(aminomethyl)- 1,2,4-triazole;3,5-(aminomethyl)-4-amino-1,2,4-triazole;4-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2,3-triazole; 5-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2,3-triazole;7-aminobenzotriazole; 1-(aminomethyl)-1,2,3-triazole;1-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2,3-triazole; 4-(3-aminopropyl)benzotriazole;N-(benzotriazolylalkyl)amine; dibenzotriazole-1-ylalkylamine;bis(5-amino-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl); bis(5-amino-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)alkanes;and 1-(aminomethyl)benzotriazole.N Valence Stabilizer #9d: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining four nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atombinding site not contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N-N Bidentates,N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates, or N-N Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 5-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-tetrazole;1-(aminomethyl)-1H-tetrazole; and 1-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-tetrazole.N Valence Stabilizer #10a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one nitrogen atom and having at least one additional nitrogenatom binding site not contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N-NBidentates, N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates, or N-N Hexadentates)that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: 2-aminopyridine;2,6-diaminopyridine; 2-(aminomethyl)pyridine; 2,6-(aminomethyl)pyridine;2,6-(aminoethyl)pyridine; 2-amino-4-picoline; 2,6-diamino-4-picoline;2-amino-3,5-lutidine; 2-aminoquinoline; 8-aminoquinoline;2-aminoisoquinoline; acriflavine; 4-aminophenanthridine;4,5-(aminomethyl)phenothiazine; 4,5-(aminomethyl)dibenzoxazine;10-amino-7,8-benzoquinoline; bis(2-pyridylmethane)amine;tris(2-pyridyl)amine; bis(4-(2-pyridyl)-3-azabutane)amine;bis(N,N-(2-(2-pyridyl)ethane)aminomethane)amine;4-(N,N-dialkylaminomethyl)morpholine; 6-aminonicotinic acid;8-aminoacridine; and 2-hydrazinopyridine.N Valence Stabilizer #10b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining two nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atombinding site not contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N-N Bidentates,N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates, or N-N Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 2-aminopyrazine; 2,6-diaminopyrazine;2-(aminomethyl)pyrazine; 2,6-(aminomethyl)pyrazine;3-(aminomethyl)pyridazine; 3,6-(aminomethyl)pyridazine;3,6-(2-aminoethyl)pyridazine; 1-aminopyridazine;1-(aminomethyl)pyridazine; 2-aminopyrimidine;1-(2-aminoethyl)pyrimidine; 2-aminoquinoxaline; 2,3-diaminoquinoxaline;2-aminocinnoline; 3-aminocinnoline; 3-(2-aminoethyl)cinnoline;3,8-(2-aminoethyl)cinnoline; 2-aminoquinazoline;1-(2-aminoethyl)quinazoline; 1-aminophthalazine;1,4-(2-aminoethyl)phthalazine; 1,8-(aminomethyl)phenazine;2-amino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine (admp); dihydralazine; and hydralazine.N Valence Stabilizer #10c: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining three nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atombinding site not contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N-N Bidentates,N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates, or N-N Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 2-amino-1,3,5-triazine;2-(aminomethyl)-1,3,5-triazine; 2,6-(aminomethyl)- 1,3,5-triazine;1-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3,5-triazine; 1,5-(3-aminopropyl)- 1,3,5-triazine,polymelamines; melamine; and altretamine.N Valence Stabilizer #10d: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining four nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atombinding site not contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N-N Bidentates,N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates, or N-N Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 3,6-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine;3,6-(1,3-diamino-2-propyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine; and4,6-(aminomethyl)-1,2,3,5-tetrazine.N Valence Stabilizer #11a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one nitrogen atom and having at least one additional nitrogenatom binding site contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N-N Bidentates,N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: 2,2′-bi-3-pyrroline; 2,2′-bi-2-pyrroline; 2,2′-bi-1-pyrroline;2,2′-bipyrrole; 2,2′,2″-tripyrrole; 3,3′-biisoxazole; 2,2′-bioxazole;3,3′-biisothiazole; 2,2′-bithiazole; 2,2′-biindole; 2,2′-bibenzoxazole;2,2′-bibenzothiazole; bilirubin; biliverdine; and 7-azaindole.N Valence Stabilizer #11b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining two nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atombinding site contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N-N Bidentates, N-NTridentates, N-N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: 2,2′-bi-2-imidazoline [2,2′-bi-2-imidazolinyl] [bimd];2,2′-biimidazole [2,2′-biimidazolyl] [biimH2]; 5,5′-bipyrazole;3,3′-bipyrazole; 4,4′-bipyrazole [4,4′-bipyrazolyl] [bpz];2,2′-bioxadiazole; 2,2′-bithiadiazole; 2,2′-bibenzimidazole;7,7′-biindazole; 5,5′-bibenzofurazan; 5,5′-bibenzothiadiazole;bis-1,2-(2-benzimidazole)ethane; bis(2-benzimidazole)methane;1,2-(2-imidazolyl)benzene; 2-(2-thiazolyl)benzimidazole;2-(2-imidazolyl)benzimidazole; benzimidazotriazine; 4-azabenzimidazole;and 2,6-bis(2-benzimidazolyl)pyridine.N Valence Stabilizer #11c: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining three nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atombinding site contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N-N Bidentates, N-NTridentates, N-N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: 5,5′-bi-1,2,4-triazole [btrz]; 3,3′-bi-1,2,4-triazole;1,1′-bi-1,2,4-triazole; 1,1′-bi-1,2,3-triazole; 5,5′-bi-1,2,3-triazole;7,7′-bibenzotriazole; 1,1′-bibenzotriazole; bis(pyridyl)aminotriazole(pat); and 8-azaadenine.N Valence Stabilizer #11d: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining four nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atombinding site contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N-N Bidentates, N-NTridentates, N-N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: 5,5′-bi-1H-tetrazole; and 1,1′-bi-1H-tetrazole.N Valence Stabilizer #12a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one nitrogen atom and having at least one additional nitrogenatom binding site contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N-N Bidentates,N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: 2,2′-bipyridine [bipy]; 2,2′,2″-tripyridine [terpyridine] [terpy];2,2′,2″,2′″-tetrapyridine [tetrapy]; 6,6′-bi-2-picoline;6,6′-bi-3-picoline; 6,6′-bi-4-picoline; 6,6′-bi-2,3-lutidine;6,6′-bi-2,4-lutidine; 6,6′-bi-3,4-lutidine; 6,6′-bi-2,3,4-collidine;2,2′-biquinoline; 2,2′-biisoquinoline; 3,3′-bibenzoxazine;3,3′-bibenzothiazine; 1,10-phenanthroline [phen]; 1,8-naphthyridine;bis-1,2-(6-(2,2′-bipyridyl))ethane; bis-1,3-(6-(2,2′-bipyridyl))propane;3,5-bis(3-pyridyl)pyrazole; 3,5-bis(2-pyridyl)triazole;1,3-bis(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine;1,3-bis(2-pyridyl)-5-(3-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine;2,7-(N,N′-di-2-pyridyl)diaminobenzopyrroline;2,7-(N,N′-di-2-pyridyl)diaminophthalazine;2,6-di-(2-benzothiazolyl)pyridine; triazolopyrimidine;2-(2-pyridyl)imidazoline; 7-azaindole; 1-(2-pyridyl)pyrazole;(1-imidazolyl)(2-pyridyl)methane;4,5-bis(N,N′-(2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl)iminomethyl)imidazole;bathophenanthroline; 4-(2-benzimidazolyl)quinoline;1,2-bis(2-pyridyl)ethane; 4,4′-diphenyl-2,2′-dipyridyl; neocuproine;nicotine; and nornicotine.N Valence Stabilizer #12b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining two nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atombinding site contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N-N Bidentates, N-NTridentates, N-N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: 2,2′-bipyrazine; 2,2′,2″-tripyrazine; 6,6′-bipyridazine;bis(3-pyridazinyl)methane; 1,2-bis(3-pyridazinyl)ethane;2,2′-bipyrimidine; 2,2′-biquinoxaline; 8,8′-biquinoxaline;bis(3-cinnolinyl)methane; bis(3-cinnolinyl)ethane; 8,8′-bicinnoline;2,2′-biquinazoline; 4,4′-biquinazoline; 8,8′-biquinazoline;2,2′-biphthalazine; 1,1′-biphthalazine; 2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole;8-azapurine; purine; adenine; guanine; hypoxanthine;2,6-bis(N,N′-(2-(4-imidazolyl)ethyl)iminomethyl)pyridine; 2-(N-(2-(4-5imidazolyl)ethyl)iminomethyl)pyridine; adenine (aminopurine); purine;and 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine.N Valence Stabilizer #12c: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining three nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atombinding site contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N-N Bidentates, N-NTridentates, N-N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: 2,2′-bi-1,3,5-triazine; 2,2′,2″-tri-1,3,5-triazine;4,4′-bi-1,2,3-triazine; and 4,4′-bibenzo-1,2,3-triazine;2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine; and benzimidazotriazines.N Valence Stabilizer #12d: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining four nitrogen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atombinding site contained in a ring (N Monodentates, N-N Bidentates, N-NTridentates, N-N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: 3,3′-bi-l,2,4,5-tetrazine; and 4,4′-bi-1,2,3,5-tetrazine.N Valence Stabilizer #13a: Examples of two-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein both binding sites are composed ofnitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) and are not contained incomponent heterocyclic rings (N-N Bidentates) that meet the requirementsfor use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: diazacyclobutane ([4]aneN₂); diazacyclopentane ([5]aneN₂);diazacyclohexane ([6]aneN₂); diazacycloheptane ([7]aneN₂);diazacyclooctane ([8]aneN₂); piperazine; benzopiperazine;diazacyclobutene ([4]eneN₂); diazacyclopentene ([5]eneN₂);diazacyclohexene ([6]eneN₂); diazacycloheptene ([7]eneN₂);diazacyclooctene ([8]eneN₂); diazacyclobutadiene ([4]dieneN₂);diazacyclopentadiene ([5]dieneN₂); diazacyclohexadiene ([6]dieneN₂);diazacycloheptadiene ([7]dieneN₂); and diazacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneN₂).N Valence Stabilizer #13b: Examples of three-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofnitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) and are not contained incomponent heterocyclic rings (N-N Tridentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: triazacyclohexane (includinghexahydro1-1,3,5-triazine)([6]aneN₃); triazacycloheptane ([7]aneN₃);triazacyclooctane ([8]aneN₃); triazacyclononane ([9]aneN₃);triazacyclodecane ([10]aneN₃); triazacycloundecane ([11]aneN₃);triazacyclododecane ([12]aneN₃); triazacyclohexene ([6]eneN₃);triazacycloheptene ([7]eneN₃); triazacyclooctene ([8]eneN₃);triazacyclononene ([9]eneN₃); triazacyclodecene ([10]eneN₃);triazacycloundecene ([11]eneN₃); triazacyclododecene ([12]eneN₃);triazacyclohexatriene ([6]trieneN₃); triazacycloheptatriene([7]trieneN₃); triazacyclooctatriene ([8]trieneN₃);triazacyclononatriene ([9]trieneN₃); triazacyclodecatriene([10]trieneN₃); triazacycloundecatriene ([11]trieneN₃); andtriazacyclododecatriene ([12]trieneN₃).N Valence Stabilizer #13c: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulcbrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofnitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) and are not contained incomponent heterocyclic rings (N-N Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: tetraazacyclooctane ([8]aneN₄);tetraazacyclononane ([9]aneN₄); tetraazacyclodecane ([10]aneN₄);tetraazacycloundecane ([11]aneN₄); tetraazacyclododecane ([12]aneN₄);tetraazacyclotridecane ([13]aneN₄); tetraazacyclotetradecane([14]aneN₄); tetraazacyclopentadecane ([15]aneN₄);tetraazacyclohexadecane ([16]aneN₄); tetraazacycloheptadecane([17]aneN₄); tetraazacyclooctadecane ([18]aneN₄);tetraazacyclononadecane ([19]aneN₄); tetraazacycloeicosane ([20]aneN₄);tetraazacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneN₄); tetraazacyclononadiene([9]dieneN₄); tetraazacyclodecadiene ([10]dieneN₄);tetraazacycloundecadiene ([11]dieneN₄); tetraazacyclododecadiene([12]dieneN₄); tetraazacycl otridecadiene ([13]dieneN₄);tetraazacyclotetradecadiene ([14]dieneN₄); tetraazacyclopentadecadiene([15]dieneN₄); tetraazacyclohexadecadiene ([16]dieneN₄);tetraazacycloheptadecadiene ([17]dieneN₄); tetraazacyclooctadecadiene([18]dieneN₄); tetraazacyclononadecadiene ([19]dieneN₄);tetraazacycloeicosadiene ([20]dieneN₄); tetraazacyclooctatetradiene([8]tetradieneN₄); tetraazacyclononatetradiene ([9]tetradieneN₄);tetraazacyclodecatetradiene ([10]tetradieneN₄);tetraazacycloundecatetradiene ([11]tetradieneN₄);tetraazacyclododecatetradiene ([12]tetradieneN₄);tetraazacyclotridecatetradiene ([13]tetradieneN₄);tetraazacyclotetradecatetradiene ([14]tetradieneN₄);tetraazacyclopentadecatetradiene ([15]tetradieneN₄);tetraazacyclohexadecatetradiene ([16]tetradieneN₄);tetraazacycloheptadecatetradiene ([17]tetradieneN4);tetraazacyclooctadecatetradiene ([18]tetradieneN₄);tetraazacyclononadecatetradiene ([19]tetradieneN₄); andtetraazacycloeicosatetradiene ([20]tetradieneN₄).N Valence Stabilizer #13d: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofnitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) and are not contained incomponent heterocyclic rings (N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates, or N-NHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:hexaazacyclododecane ([12]aneN₆); hexaazacyclotridecane ([13]aneN₆);hexaazacyclotetradecane ([14]aneN₆); hexaazacyclopentadecane([15]aneN₆); hexaazacyclohexadecane ([16]aneN₆); hexaazacycloheptadecane([17]aneN₆); hexaazacyclooctadecane ([18]aneN₆); hexaazacyclononadecane([19]aneN₆); hexaazacycloeicosane ([20]aneN₆); hexaazacycloheneicosane([21]aneN₆); hexaazacyclodocosane ([22]aneN₆); hexaazacyclotricosane([23]aneN₆); hexaazacyclotetracosane ([24]aneN₆);hexaazacyclododecatriene ([12]trieneN₆); hexaazacyclotridecatriene([13]trieneN₆); hexaazacyclotetradecatriene ([14]trieneN₆);hexaazacyclopentadecatriene ([15]trieneN₆); hexaazacyclohexadecatriene([16]trieneN₆); hexaazacycloheptadecatriene ([17]trieneN₆);hexaazacyclooctadecatriene ([18]trieneN₆); hexaazacyclononadecatriene([19]trieneN₆); hexaazacycloeicosatriene ([20]trieneN₆);hexaazacycloheneicosatriene ([21]trieneN₆); hexaazacyclodocosatriene([22]trieneN₆); hexaazacyclotricosatriene ([23]trieneN₆); andhexaazacyclotetracosatriene ([24]trieneN₆).N Valence Stabilizer #13e: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofnitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) and are not contained incomponent heterocyclic rings (N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates, or N-NHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:octaazacyclohexadecane ([16]aneN₈); octaazacycloheptadecane ([17]aneN₈);octaazacyclooctadecane ([18]aneN₈); octaazacyclononadecane ([19]aneN₈);octaazacycloeicosane ([20]aneN₈); octaazacycloheneicosane ([21]aneN₈);octaazacyclodocosane ([22]aneN₈); octaazacyclotricosane ([23]aneN₈);octaazacyclotetracosane ([24]aneN₈); octaazacyclohexadecatetradiene([16]tetradieneN₈); octaazacycloheptadecatetradiene ([17]tetradieneN₈);octaazacyclooctadecatetradiene ([18]tetradieneN₈);octaazacyclononadecatetradiene ([19]tetradieneN₈);octaazacycloeicosatetradiene ([20]tetradieneN₈);octaazacycloheneicosatetradiene ([2l]tetradieneN₈);octaazacyclodocosatetradiene ([22]tetradieneN₈);octaazacyclotricosatetradiene ([23]tetradieneN₈); andoctaazacyclotetracosatetradiene ([24]tetradieneN₈).N Valence Stabilizer #13f: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofnitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) and are not contained incomponent heterocyclic rings (N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates, or N-NHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:decaazacycloeicosane ([20]aneN₁₀); decaazacycloheneicosane ([21]aneN₁₀);decaazacyclodocosane ([22]aneN₁₀); decaazacyclotricosane ([23]aneN₁₀);decaazacyclotetracosane ([24]aneN₁₀); decaazacyclopentacosane([25]aneN₁₀); decaazacyclohexacosane ([26]aneN₁₀);decaazacycloheptacosane ([27]aneN₁₀); decaazacyclooctacosane([28]aneN₁₀); decaazacyclononacosane ([29]aneN₁₀);decaazacyclotriacontane ([30]aneN₁₀); decaazacycloeicosapentadiene([20]pentadieneN₁₀); decaazacycloheneicosapentadiene([21]pentadieneN₁₀); decaazacyclodocosapentadiene ([22]pentadieneN₁₀);decaazacyclotricosapentadiene ([23]pentadieneN₁₀);decaazacyclotetracosapentadiene ([24]pentadieneN₁₀);decaazacyclopentacosapentadiene ([25]pentadieneN₁₀);decaazacyclohexacosapentadiene ([26]pentadieneN₁₀);decaazacycloheptacosapentadiene ([27]pentadieneN₁₀);decaazacyclooctacosapentadiene ([28]pentadieneN₁₀);decaazacyclononacosapentadiene ([29]pentadieneN₁₀); anddecaazacyclotriacontapentadiene ([30]pentadieneN₁₀).N Valence Stabilizer #14a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites arecomposed of nitrogen and are contained in component 5-memberedheterocyclic rings (N-N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: porphyrins (including tetraphenylporphine (tpp); “picketfence” porphyrins, “picket tail” porphyrins, “bispocket” porphyrins,“capped” porphyrins, cyclophane porphyrins, “pagoda” porphyrins,“pocket” porphyrins, “pocket tail” porphyrins, cofacial diporphyrins,“strapped” porphyrins, “hanging base” porphyrins, bridged porphyrins,chelated mesoporphyrins, homoporphyrins, chiorophylls, and pheophytins);porphodimethanes; porphyrinogens; chlorins; bacteriochiorins;isobacteriochlorins; corroles; corrins and corrinoids; didehydrocorrins;tetradehydrocorrins; hexadehydrocorrins; octadehydrocorrins;tetraoxazoles; tetraisooxazoles; tetrathiazoles; tetraisothiazoles;tetraazaphospholes; tetraimidazoles; tetrapyrazoles; tetraoxadiazoles;tetrathiadiazoles; tetradiazaphospholes; tetratriazoles;tetraoxatriazoles; tetrathiatriazoles; coproporphyrin; etioporphyrin;and hematoporphyrin.N Valence Stabilizer #14b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composedof nitrogen and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings(N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates, or N-N Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: hexaphyrins (hexapyrroles);hexaoxazoles; hexaisooxazoles; hexathiazoles; hexaisothiazoles;hexaazaphospholes; hexaimidazoles; hexapyrazoles; hexaoxadiazoles;hexathiadiazoles; hexadiazaphospholes; hexatriazoles; hexaoxatriazoles;and hexathiatriazoles.N Valence Stabilizer #14c: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites arecomposed of nitrogen and are contained in component 5-memberedheterocyclic rings (N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates, or N-NHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: octaphyrins(octapyrroles); octaoxazoles; octaisooxazoles; octathiazoles;octaisothiazoles; octaazaphospholes; octaimidazoles; octapyrazoles;octaoxadiazoles; octathiadiazoles; octadiazaphospholes; octatriazoles;octaoxatriazoles; and octathiatriazoles.N Valence Stabilizer #14d: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all ten binding sites are composedof nitrogen and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings(N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates, or N-N Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: decaphyrins (decapyrroles);decaoxazoles; decaisooxazoles; decathiazoles; decaisothiazoles;decaazaphospholes; decaimidazoles; decapyrazoles; decaoxadiazoles;decathiadiazoles; decadiazaphospholes; decatriazoles; decaoxatriazoles;and decathiatriazoles.N Valence Stabilizer #15a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites arecomposed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 5-memberedheterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N-N Tetradentates) thatmeet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers forCo⁺³ include, but are not limited to: porphyrazines;octahydrodiazaporphyrins; phthalocyanines; naphthalocyanines;anthracocyanines; and tetraazaporphyrinsN Valence Stabilizer #15b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composedof nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 5-memberedheterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N-N Tridentates, N-NTetradentates, or N-N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: diazahexaphyrins; tetraazahexaphyrins; hexaazahexaphyrins;diazahexapyrazoles; tetraazahexapyrazoles; hexaazahexapyrazoles;diazahexaimidazoles; tetraazahexaimidazoles; and hexaazahexaimidazoles.N Valence Stabilizer #15c: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites arecomposed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 5-memberedheterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N-N Tridentates, N-NTetradentates, or N-N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: diazaoctaphyrins; tetraazaoctaphyrins; hexaazaoctaphyrins;octaazaoctaphyrins; diazaoctapyrazoles; tetraazaoctapyrazoles;hexaazaoctapyrazoles; octaazaoctapyrazoles; diazaoctaimidazoles;tetraazaoctaimidazoles; hexaazaoctaimidazoles; andoctaazaoctaimidazoles.N Valence Stabilizer #15d: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all ten binding sites are composedof nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 5-memberedheterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N-N Tridentates, N-NTetradentates, or N-N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: diazadecaphyrins; tetraazadecaphyrins; hexaazadecaphyrins;octaazadecaphyrins; decaazadecaphyrins; diazadecapyrazoles;tetraazadecapyrazoles; hexaazadecapyrazoles; octaazadecapyrazoles;decaazadecapyrazoles; diazadecaimidazoles; tetraazadecaimidazoles;hexaazadecaimidazoles; octaazadecaimidazoles; and decaazadecaimidazoles.N Valence Stabilizer #16a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites arecomposed of nitrogen and are contained in component 6-memberedheterocyclic rings (N-N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: cyclotetrapyridines; cyclotetraoxazines;cyclotetrathiazines; cyclotetraphosphorins; cyclotetraquinolines;cyclotetrapyrazines; cyclotetrapyridazines; cyclotetrapyrimidines;cyclotetraoxadiazines; cyclotetrathiadiazines;cyclotetradiazaphosphorins; cyclotetraquinoxalines; cyclotetratriazines;cyclotetrathiatriazines; and cyclotetraoxatriazines.N Valence Stabilizer #16b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composedof nitrogen and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings(N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates, or N-N Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: cyclosexipyridines; cyclosexioxazines;cyclosexithiazines; cyclosexiphosphorins; cyclosexiquinolines;cyclosexipyrazines; cyclosexipyridazines; cyclosexipyrimidines;cyclosexioxadiazines; cyclosexithiadiazines; cyclosexidiazaphosphorinscyclosexiquinoxalines; cyclosexitriazines; cyclosexithiatriazines; andcyclosexioxatriazines.N Valence Stabilizer #16c: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composedof nitrogen and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings(N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates, or N-N Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: cyclooctapyridines; cyclooctaoxazines;cyclooctathiazines; cyclooctaphosphorins; cyclooctaquinolines;cyclooctapyrazines; cyclooctapyridazines; cyclooctapyrimidines;cyclooctaoxadiazines; cyclooctathiadiazines; cyclooctadiazaphosphorins;cyclooctaquinoxalines; cyclooctatriazines; cyclooctathiatriazines; andcyclooctaoxatriazines.N Valence Stabilizer #6d: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composedof nitrogen and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings(N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates, or N-N Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: cyclodecapyridines; cyclodecaoxazines;cyclodecathi azines; cyclodecaphosphorins; cyclodecaquinolines;cyclodecapyrazines; cyclodecapyridazines; cyclodecapyrimidines;cyclodecaoxadiazines; cyclodecathiadiazines; cyclodecadiazaphosphorins;cyclodecaquinoxalines; cyclodecatriazines; cyclodecathiatriazines; andcyclodecaoxatriazines.N Valence Stabilizer #17a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites arecomposed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 6-memberedheterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N-N Tetradentates) thatmeet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers forCo⁺³ include, but are not limited to: diazacyclotetrapyridines;tetraazacyclotetrapyridines; diazacyclotetraquinolines;tetraazacyclotetraquinolines; diazacyclotetrapyrazines;tetraazacyclotetrapyrazines; diazacyclotetrapyridazines;tetraazacyclotetrapyridazines; diazacyclotetrapyrimidines;tetraazacyclotetrapyrimidines; diazacyclotetratriazines; andtetraazacyclotetratriazines.N Valence Stabilizer #17b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composedof nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 6-memberedheterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N-N Tridentates, N-NTetradentates, or N-N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: diazacyclosexipyridines; triazacyclosexipyridines;diazacyclosexiquinolines; triazacyclosexiquinolines;diazacyclosexipyrazines; triazacyclosexipyrazines;diazacyclosexipyridazines; triazacyclosexipyridazines;diazacyclosexipyrimidines; triazacyclosexipyrimidines;diazacyclosexitriazines; and triazacyclosexitriazines.N Valence Stabilizer #17c: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites arecomposed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 6-memberedheterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N-N Tridentates, N-NTetradentates, or N-N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: diazacyclooctapyridines; tetraazacyclooctapyridines;diazacyclooctaquinolines; tetraazacyclooctaquinolines;diazacyclooctapyrazines; tetraazacyclooctapyrazines;diazacyclooctapyridazines; tetraazacyclooctapyridazines;diazacyclooctapyrimidines; tetraazacyclooctapyrimidines;diazacyclooctatriazines; and tetraazacyclooctatriazines.N Valence Stabilizer #17d: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all ten binding sites are composedof nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 6-memberedheterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N-N Tridentates, N-NTetradentates, or N-N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: diazacyclodecapyridines; pentaazacyclodecapyridines;diazacyclodecaquinolines; pentaazacyclodecaquinolines; diazacyclodecapyrazines; pentaazacyclodecapyrazines; diazacyclodecapyridazines;pentaazacyclodecapyridazines; diazacyclodecapyrimidines;pentaazacyclodecapyrimidines; diazacyclodecatriazines; andpentaazacyclodecatriazines.N Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of amidines and diamidines (N-Nbidentates or N-N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: N,N′-dimethylformamidine; N,N′-diethylformamidine;N,N′-diisopropylformamidine; N,N′-dibutylformamidine;N,N′-diphenylformamidine; N,N′-dibenzylformamidine;N,N′-dinaphthylformamidine; N,N′-dicyclohexylformamidine;N,N′-dinorbornylformamidine; N,N′-diadamantylformamidine;N,N′-dianthraquinonylfomiamidine; N,N′-dimethylacetamidine;N,N′-diethylacetamidine; N,N′-diisopropylacetamidine;N,N′-dibutylacetamidine; N,N′-diphenylacetamidine;N,N′-dibenzylacetamidine; N,N′-dinaphthylacetamidine;N,N′-dicyclohexylacetamidine; N,N′-dinorbomylacetamidine;N,N′-diadamantylacetamidine; N,N′-dimethylbenzamidine;N,N′-diethylbenzamidine; N,N′-diisopropylbenzamidine;N,N′-dibutylbenzamidine; N,N′-diphenylbenzamidine;N,N′-dibenzylbenzamidine; N,N′-dinaphthylbenzamidine;N,N′-dicyclohexylbenzamidine; N,N′-dinorbornylbenzamidine;N,N′-diadamantylbenzamidine; N,N′-dimethyltoluamidine;N,N′-diethyltoluamidine; N,N′-diisopropyltoluamidine;N,N′-dibutyltoluamidine; N,N′-diphenyltoluamidine;N,N′-dibenzyltoluamidine; N,N′-dinaphthyltoluamidine;N,N′-dicyclohexyltoluamidine; N,N′-dinorbomyltoluamidine;N,N′-diadamantyltoluamidine; oxalic diamidine; malonic diamidine;succinic diamidine; glutaric diamidine; adipic diamidine; pimelicdiamidine; suberic diamidine; phthalic diamidine; terephthalicdiamidine; isophthalic diamidine; piperazine diamidine;2-iminopyrrolidine; 2-iminopiperidine; amidinobenzamide; benzamidine;chioroazodin; and debrisoquin.N Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of biguanides (imidodicarbonimidicdiamides), biguanidines, imidotricarbonimidic diamides,imidotetracarbonimidic diamides, dibiguanides, bis(biguanidines),polybiguanides, and poly(biguanidines) (N-N bidentates, N-N tridentates,N-N tetradentates, and N-N hexadentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: biguanide (bigH); biguanidine, methylbiguanide;ethylbiguanide; isopropylbiguanide; butylbiguanide; benzylbiguanide;phenylbiguanide; tolylbiguanide; naphthylbiguanide; cyclohexylbiguanide;norbornylbiguanide; adamantylbiguanide; dimethylbiguanide;diethylbiguanide; diisopropylbiguanide; dibutylbiguanide;dibenzylbiguanide; diphenylbiguanide; ditolylbiguanide;dinaphthylbiguanide; dicyclohexylbiguanide; dinorbomylbiguanide;diadamantylbiguanide; ethylenedibiguanide; propylenedibiguanide;tetramethylenedibiguanide; pentamethylenedibiguanide;hexamethylenedibiguanide; heptamethylenedibiguanide;octamethylenedibiguanide; phenylenedibiguanide; piperazinedibiguanide;oxalyldibiguanide; malonyldibiguanide; succinyldibiguanide;glutaryldibiguanide; adipyldibiguanide; pimelyldibiguanide;suberyldibiguanide; phthalyldibiguanide; paludrine; polyhexamethylenebiguanide; 2-guanidinothiazole; 2-guartidinooxazole;2-guanidinoimidazole; 3-guanidinopyrazole; 3-guanidino-1,2,4-triazole;5-guanidinotetrazole; alexidine; buformin; and moroxydine.N Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of diamidinomethanes,bis(diamidinomethanes), and poly(diamidinomethanes) (N-N bidentates, N-Ntridentates, N-N tetradentates, and N-N hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: diamidinomethane;N-methyldiamidinomethane; N-ethyldiamidinomethane;N-isopropyldiamidinomethane; N-butyldiamidinomethane;N-benzyldiamidinomethane; N-phenyldiamidinomethane;N-tolyldiamidinomethane; N-naphthyldiamidinomethane;N-cyclohexyldiamidinomethane; N-norbomyldiamidinomethane;N-adamantyldiamidinomethane; dimethyldiamidinomethane;diethyldiamidinomethane; diisopropyldiamidinomethane;dibutyldiamidinomethane; dibenzyldiamidinomethane;diphenyldiamidinomethane; ditolyldiamidinomethane;dinaphthyldiamidinomethane; dicyclohexyldiamidinomethane;dinorbornyldiamidinomethane; diadamantyldiamidinomethane;ethylenebisdiamidinomethane; propylenebisdiamidinomethane;tetramethylenebisdiamidinomethane; pentamethylenebisdiamidinomethane;hexamethylenebisdiamidinomethane; heptamethylenebisdiamidinomethane;octamethylenebisdiamidinomethane; phenylenebisdiamidinomethane;piperazinebisdiamidinomethane; oxalylbisdiamidinomethane;malonylbisdiamidinomethane; succinylbisdiamidinomethane;glutarylbisdiamidinomethane; phthalylbisdiamidinomethane;2-amidinomethyithiazole; 2-amidinomethyloxazole;2-amidinomethylimidazole; 3-amidinomethylpyrazole;3-amidinomethyl-1,2,4-triazole; and 5-amidinomethyltetrazole.N Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of imidoylguanidines,amidinoguanidines, bis(imidoylguanidines), bis(amidinoguanidines),poly(imidoylguanidines), and poly(amidinoguanidines) (N-N bidentates,N-N tridentates, N-N tetradentates, and N-N hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: acetimidoylguanidine; amidinoguanidine,benzimidoylguanidine; cyclohexylimidoylguanidine;pentafluorobenzimidoylgiianidine; 2-N-imidoylaminothiazole;2-N-imidoylaminooxazole; 2-N-imidoylaminoimidazole;3-N-imidoylaminopyrazole; 3-N-imidoylamino-1,2,4-triazole; and5-N-imidoylaminotetrazole.N Valence Stabilizer #22: Examples of diformamidine oxides(dicarbonimidic diamides), tricarbonimidic diamides, tetracarbommidicdiamides, bis(diformamidine oxides), and poly(diformamidine oxides) (N-Nbidentates, N-N tridentates, or N-N tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺3include, but are not limited to: diformamidine oxide;methyldiformamidine oxide; ethyldiformamidine oxide;isopropyldiformamidine oxide; butyldiformamidine oxide;benzyldiformamidine oxide; phenyldiformamidine oxide; tolyldiformamidineoxide; naphthyldiformamidine oxide; cyclohexyldiformamidine oxide;norbornyldiformamidine oxide; adamantyldiformamidine oxide;dimethyldiformamidine oxide; diethyldiformamidine oxide;diisopropyldiformamidine oxide; dibutyldiformamidine oxide;dibenzyldiformamidine oxide; diphenyldiformamidine oxide;ditolyldifonnamidine oxide; dinaphthyldiformamidine oxide;dicyclohexyldiformamidine oxide; dinorbomyldiformamidine oxide;diadamantyldiformamidine oxide; 2-O-amidinohydroxytbiazole;2-O-amidinohydroxyoxazole; 2-O-amidinohydroxyimidazole;3-O-amidinohydroxypyrazole; 3-O-amidinohydroxy-1,2,4-triazole; and5-O-amidinohydroxytetrazole.N Valence Stabilizer #23: Examples of diformamidine sulfides(thiodicarbonimidic diamides), thiotricarbonimidic diamides,thiotetracarbonimidic diamides, bis(diformamidine sulfides), andpoly(diformamidine sulfides) (N-N bidentates, N-N tridentates, or N-Ntetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: diformamidinesulfide; methyldiformamidine sulfide; ethyldiformamidine sulfide;isopropyldiformamidine sulfide; butyldiformamidine sulfide;benzyldiformamidine sulfide; phenyldiformamidine sulfide;tolyldiformamidine sulfide; naphthyldiformamidine sulfide;cyclohexyldiformamidine sulfide; norbornyldiformamidine sulfide;adamantyldiformamidine sulfide; dimethyldiformamidine sulfide;diethyldiformamidine sulfide; diisopropyldiformamidine sulfide;dibutyldiformamidine sulfide; dibenzyldiformamidine sulfide;diphenyldiformamidine sulfide; ditolyldiformamidine sulfide;dinaphthyldiformamidine sulfide; dicyclohexyldiformamidine sulfide;dinorbornyldiformamidine sulfide; diadamantyldiformamidine sulfide;phenyithiobisformamidine; 2-S-amidinomercaptothiazole;2-S-amidinomercaptooxazole; 2-S-amidinomercaptoimidazole;3-S-amidinomercaptopyrazole; 3-S-amidinomercapto- 1,2,4-triazole; and5-S-amidinomercaptotetrazole.N Valence Stabilizer #24: Examples of imidodicarbonimidic acids,diimidodicarbonimidic acids, imidotricarbonimidic acids,imidotetracarbonimidic acids, and derivatives thereof (N-N Bidentates,N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates, and N-N Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: imidodicarbonimidic acid,diimidodicarbonimidic acid, imidotricarbonimidic acid,imidotetracarbonimidic acid; O-methylimidodicarbonimidic acid;O-ethylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-isopropylimidodicarbonimidic acid;O-phenylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-benzylimidodicarbonimidic acid;O-cyclohexylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-naphthylimidodicarbonimidicacid; O-norbornylimidodicarbonimidic acid;O-adamantylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-dimethylimidodicarbonimidicacid; O,O′-diethylimidodicarbonimidic acid;O,O′-diisopropylimidodicarbonimidic acid;O,O′-diphenylimidodicarbonimidic acid; O,O′-dibenzylimidodicarbonimidicacid; O,O′-dicyclohexylimidodicarbonimidic acid;O,O′-dinaphthylimidodicarbonimidic acid;O,O′-dinorbornylimidodicarbonimidic acid; andO,O′-diadamantylimidodicarbonimidic acid.N Valence Stabilizer #25: Examples of thioimidodicarbonimidic acids,thiodiimidodicarbonimidic acids, thioimidotricarbonimidic acids,thioimidotetracarbonimidic acids, and derivatives thereof (N-NBidentates, N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates, and N-N Hexadentates)that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: thioimidodicarbonimidic acid,thiodiimidodicarbonimidic acid, thioimidotricarbonimidic acid,thioimidotetracarbonimidic acid; O-methylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid;O-ethylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; O-isopropylthioimidodicarbonimiclicacid; O-phenylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid;O-benzylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid;O-cyclohexylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid;O-naphthylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid;O-norbornylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid;O-adamantylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid;O,O′-dimethylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid;O,O′-diethylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid;O,O′-diisopropylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid;O,O′-diphenylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid;O,O′-dibenzylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid;O,O′-dicyclohexylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid;O,O′-dinaphthylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid;O,O′-dinorbomylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid; andO,O′-diadamantylthioimidodicarbonimidic acid.N Valence Stabilizer #26: Examples of diimidoylimines,diimidoylhydrazides, bis(diimidoylimines), bis(diimidoylhydrazides),poly(diimidoylimines), and poly(diimidoylhydrazides) (N-N Tridentatesand N-N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:diacetimidoylimine; dibenzimidoylimine; and dicyclohexylimidoylimine.N Valence Stabilizer #27: Examples of imidosulfamides,diimidosulfamides, bis(imidosulfamides), bis(diimidosulfamides),poly(imidosulfamides), and poly(diimidosulfamides) (N-N Bidentates, N-NTridentates, N-N Tetradentates, and N-N Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: imidosulfamidic acid, diimidosulfamidicacid; O-phenylimidosulfamide; O-benzylimidosulfamide;N-phenylimidosulfamide; N-benzylimidosulfamide;O-phenyldiimidosulfamide; O-benzyldiimidosulfamide;N-phenyldiimidosulfamide; and N-benzyldiimidosulfamide.N Valence Stabilizer #28: Examples of phosphoramidimidic triamides,bis(phosphoramidimidic triamides), and poly(phosphoramidimidictriamides) and derivatives thereof (N-N Bidentates, N-N 15 Tridentates,N-N Tetradentates, and N-N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: phosphoramidimidic triamide; N-phenylphosphoramidimidictriamide; N-benzylphosphoramidimidic triamide;N-naphthylphosphoramidimidic triamide; N-cyclohexylphosphoramidimidictriamide; N-norbornyiphosphoramidimidic triamide;N,N′-diphenyiphosphoramidimidic triamide;N,N′-dibenzylphosphoramidimidic triamide;N,N′-dinaphthylphosphoramidimidic triamide;N,N′-dicyclohexyiphosphoramidimidic triamide; andN,N′-dinorbornyiphosphoramidimidic triamide.N Valence Stabilizer #29: Examples of phosphoramidimidic acid,phosphorodiamidimidic acid, bis(phosphoramidimidic acid),bis(phosphorodiamidimidic acid), poly(phosphoramidimidic acid),poly(phosphorodiamidimidic acid), and derivatives thereof (N-NBidentates, N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates, and N-N Hexadentates)that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: phosphoramidimidic acid,phosphorodiamidimidic acid, O-phenyiphosphoramidimidic acid;O-benzylphosphoramidimidic acid; O-naphthylphosphoramidimidic acid;O-cyclohexyiphosphoramidimidic acid; O-norbornyiphosphoramidimidic acid;O,O′-diphenylphosphoramidimidic acid; O,O′-dibenzylphosphoramidimidicacid; O,O′-dinaphthylphosphoramidimidic acid;O,O′-dicyclohexyiphosphoramidimidic acid; andO,O′-dinorbornyiphosphoramidimidic acid.N Valence Stabilizer #30: Examples of phosphoramidimidodithioic acid,phosphorodiamidimidothioic acid, bis(phosphoramidimidodithioic acid),bis(phosphorodiamidimidothioic acid), poly(phosphoramidimidodithioicacid), poly(phosphorodiamidimidothioic acid), and derivatives thereof(N-N Bidentates, N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates, and N-NHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:phosphoramidimidodithioic acid, phosphorodiamidimidothioic acid,S-phenylphosphoramidimidodithioic acid; S-benzylphosphoramidimidodithoicacid; S-naphthylphosphoramidimidodithioic acid;S-cyclohexylphosphoramidimidodithioic acid;S-norbomylphosphoramidimidodithioic acid;S,S′-diphenylphosphoramidimidodithioic acid;S,S′-dibenzylphosphoramidimidodithioic acid;S,S′-dinaphthylphosphoramidimidodithioic acid;S,S′-dicyclohexylphosphoramidimidodithioic acid; andS,S′-dinorbomylphosphoramidimidodithioic acid.N Valence Stabilizer #31: Examples of azo compounds with amino, imino,oximo, diazeno, or hydrazido substitution at the ortho- (for aryl) oralpha- or beta- (for alkyl) positions, bis[o-(H₂N-) or alpha-orbeta-(H₂N-)azo compounds], or poly[o-(H₂N-) or alpha- orbeta-(H₂N-)azocompounds) (N-N Bidentates, N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates, or N-NHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: o-aminoazobenzene;o,o′-diaminoazobenzene; (2-pyridine)azobenzene;1-phenylazo-2-naphthylamine; pyridineazo-2-naphthol (PAN);pyridineazoresorcinol (PAR);o-hydroxy-o′-(beta-aminoethylamino)azobenzene; Benzopurpurin 4B; CongoRed; Fat Brown RR; benzopurpurin; Congo Red; Direct Red 75; MordantBrown 48; Nitro Red; 2-imidazolylazobenzene; 2-benzimidazolylazobenzene;3-pyrazolylazobenzene; 3-(1,2,4-triazolyl)azobenzene;2-pyridylazobenzene; 2-pyrazinylazobenzene; and 2-pyrimidinylazobenzene.N Valence Stabilizer #32: Examples of diazeneformimidamides(diazeneamidines), diazeneacetimidamides(diazene-alpha-amidinoalkanes(alkenes)), bis(diazeneformimidamides),bis(diazeneacetimidamides), poly(diazeneformimidamides), andpoly(diazeneacetimidamides) (N-N Bidentates, N-N Tetradentates, and N-NHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:diazeneformimidamide (diazeneamidine); diazeneacetimidamide(diazene-alpha-amidinomethane); phenyldiazeneformimidamide;triphenyldiazeneformimidamide; phenyldiazeneacetimidamide; andtriphenyldiazeneacetimidamide.N Valence Stabilizer #33: Examples of diazeneformimidic acid,diazeneacetimidic acid, bis(diazeneformimidic acid),bis(diazeneacetimidic acid), poly(diazeneformimidic acid),poly(diazeneacetimidic acid), and derivatives thereof (N-N Bidentates,N-N Tetradentates, and N-N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: diazeneformimidic acid, diazeneacetimidic acid,phenyldiazeneformimidic acid, diphenyldiazeneformimidic acid,phenyldiazeneacetimidic acid, and diphenyldiazeneacetimidic acid.N Valence Stabilizer #34: Examples of diazeneformimidothioic acid,diazeneacetimidothioic acid, bis(diazeneforinimidothioic acid),bis(diazeneacetimidothioic acid), poly(diazeneformimidothioic acid),poly(diazeneacetimidothioic acid), and derivatives thereof (N-NBidentates, N-N Tetradentates, and N-N Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: diazeneformimidothioic acid,diazeneacetimidothioic acid, phenyldiazeneformimidothioic acid,diphenyldiazeneformimidothioic acid, phenyldiazeneacetimidothioic acid,and diphenyldiazeneacetimidothioic acid.N Valence Stabilizer 190 35: Examples of imidoyldiazenes,bis(imidoyldiazenes), and poly(imidoyldiazenes), (N-N Tridentates andN-N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:acetimidoyldiazene; benzimidoyldiazene; and cyclohexylimidoyldiazene.N Valence Stabilizer #36: Examples of diazenediformimidamides(1,2-diazenediamidines), diazenediacetimidamides(1,2-diazene-di-alpha-amidinoalkanes(alkenes)),bis(diazenediformimidamides), bis(diazenediacetimidamides),poly(diazenediformimidamides), and poly(diazenediacetimidamides) (N-NTridentates and N-N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as“wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: diazenediformimidamide (1,2-diazenediamidine),diazenediacetimidamide (1,2-diazene-di-alpha-amidinomethane);diphenyldiazenediforinimidamide; tetraphenyldiazenediformimidamide;diphenyldiazenediacetimidamide; and tetraphenyldiazenediacetimidamide.N Valence Stabilizer #37: Examples of diazenediformimidic acid,diazenediacetimidic acid, bis(diazenediformimidic acid),bis(diazenediacetimidic acid), poly(diazenediformimidic acid), andpoly(diazenediacetimidic acid), and derivatives thereof (N-N Tridentatesand N-N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:diazenediformimidic acid, diazenediacetimidic acid,diphenyldiazenediformimidic acid, and diphenyldiazenediacetimidic acid.N Valence Stabilizer #38: Examples of diazenediformimidothioic acid,diazenediacetimidothioic acid, bis(diazenediformimidothioic acid),bis(diazenediacetimidothioic acid), poly(diazenediformimidothioic acid),and poly(diazenediacetimidothioic acid), and derivatives thereof (N-NTridentates and N-N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as“wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: diazenediformimidothioic acid, diazenediacetimidothioic acid,diphenyldiazenediformimidothioic acid, anddiphenyldiazenediacetimidothioic acid.N Valence Stabilizer #39: Examples of diimidoyldiazenes,bis(diimidoyldiazenes), and poly(diimidoyldiazenes), (N-N Tridentatesand N-N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:diacetimidoyldiazene; dibenzimidoyldiazene; anddicyclohexylimidoyldiazene.N Valence Stabilizer #40: Examples of ortho-amino (or -hydrazido)substituted formazans, bis(o-amino or -hydrazido substituted formazans),and poly(o-amino or -hydrazido substituted formazans) (N-N Bidentates,N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates, and N-N Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 1-(2-aminophenyl)-3,5-diphenylformazan;and 1,5-bis(2-aminophenyl)-3-phenylformazan.N Valence Stabilizer #41: Examples of ortho-amino (or-hydrazido)substituted azines (including ketazines), bis(o-amino or hydrazidosubstituted azines), and poly(o-amino or hydrazido substituted azines)(N-N Bidentates, N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates, and N-NHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:2-amino-1-benzalazine; 2-amino-1-naphthalazine; and2-amino-1-cyclohexanonazine.N Valence Stabilizer #42: Examples of Schiff Bases with one Imine (C═N)Group and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-amino or imino or oximo ordiazeno or hydrazido substitution (N-N Bidentates, N-N Tridentates, N-NTetradentates, N-N Pentadentates, or N-N Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: N-(2-Aminobenzaldehydo)isopropylamine;N-(2-Pyridinecarboxaldehydo)isopropylamine;N-(2-Pyrrolecarboxaldehydo)isopropylamine;N-(2-Acetylpyridino)isopropylamine; N-(2-Acetylpyrrolo)isopropyiamine;N-(2-Aminoacetophenono)isopropyiamine;N-(2-Aminobenzaidehydo)cyclohexylamine;N-(2-Pyridinecarboxaidehydo)cyclohexyiamine;N-(2-Pyrrolecarboxaldehydo)cyclohexylamine;N-(2-Acetylpyridino)cyclohexylamine; N-(2-Acetylpyrroio)cyciohexylamine;N-(2-Aminoacetophenono)cyclohexylamine; N-(2-Aminobenzaldehydo)aniline;N-(2-Pyridinecarboxaldehydo)aniiine; N-(2-Pyrroiecarboxaidehydo)aniline;N-(2-Acetylpyridino)aniline; N-(2-Acetylpyrrolo)aniline;N-(2-Aminoacetophenono)aniline; N-(2-Aminobenzaldehydo)aminonorbornane;N-(2-Pyridinecarboxaldehydo)aminonorbomane;N-(2-Pyrrolecarboxaldehydo)aminonorbomane;N-(2-Acetylpyridino)aminonorbornane; N-(2-Acetylpyrrolo)aminonorbornane;N-(2-Aminoacetophenono)aminonorbornane; 2-pyrroiecarboxaldehydephenyihydrazone; 2-pyrrolecarboxaldehyde 2-pyridyl hydrazone;2-aminobenzaldehyde phenyihydrazone (nitrin); and 2-aminobenzaldehyde2-pyridyl hydrazone. Also includes hydrazones with ortho-N substitution.N Valence Stabilizer #43: Examples of Schiff Bases with two Imine (C═N)Groups and without ortho- (for aryl constituents) or alpha- or beta-(for aikyl constituents) hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, thiol, mercapto,thiocarbonyl, amino, imino, oximo, diazeno, or hydrazido substitution(N-N Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:N,N′-(Glyoxalo)diisopropyiamine; N,N′-(Glyoxalo)dicyclohexylamine;N,N′-(Glyoxaio)dianiline; N,N′-(Giyoxalo)di-aminonorbornane;N,N′-(Maiondialdehydo)diisopropyiamine;N,N′-(Malondiaidehydo)dicyciohexylamine;N,N′-(Malondialdehydo)dianiline;N,N′-(Maiondialdehydo)di-aminonorbornane;N,N′-(Phthalicdialdehydo)diisopropylamine;N,N′-(Phthalicdialdehydo)dicyclohexyiamine;N,N′-(Phthalicdialdehydo)dianiline;N,N′-(Phthalicdialdehydo)di-aminonorbornane;N,N′-(Formylcamphoro)diisopropylamine;N,N′-(Formyicamphoro)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(Formyicamphoro)dianiiine;N,N′-(Formylcamphoro)di-aminonorbornane;N,N′-(Acetyiacetonato)diisopropylamine;N,N′-(Acetylacetonato)dicyclohexylamine;N,N′-(Acetylacetonato)dianiline;N,N′-(Acetyiacetonato)di-aminonorbornane; N,N′-(Diacetyibenzeno)diisopropyiamine; N,N′-(Diacetylbenzeno)dicyclohexylamine;N,N′-(Diacetylbenzeno)dianiline;N,N′-(Diacetylbenzeno)di-aminonorbornane;N,N′-(1,2-Cyclohexanono)diisopropylamine;N,N′-(1,2-Cyciohexanono)dicyclohexyiamine;N,N′-(1,2-Cyclohexanono)dianiline;N,N′-(1,2-Cyclohexanono)di-aminonorbornane;N,N′-(Camphorquinono)diisopropylamine; N,N′-(Camphorquinono)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(Camphorquinono)dianiline;N,N′-(Camphorquinono)di-aminonorbornane;N,N′-(Benzaldehydo)ethylenediamine;N,N′-(Naphthaldehydo)ethylenediamine;N,N′-(Acetophenono)ethylenediamine;N,N′-(Benzaldehydo)trimethylenediamine;N,N′-(Naphthaldehydo)trimethylenediamine;N,N′-(Acetophenono)trimethylenediamine; ;N,N′-(Benzaldehydo)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine;N,N′-(Naphthaldehydo)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine;N,N′-(Acetophenono)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine;N,N′-(Benzaldehydo)-1,2-diaminobenzene;N,N′-(Naphthaldehydo)-1,2-diaminobenzene;N,N′-(Acetophenono)-1,2-diaminobenzene;N,N′-(Acetylacetonato)ethylenediamine;N,N′-(Acetylacetonato)-1,2-cyclohexylenediamine;N,N′-(Acetylacetonato)-1,2-propylenediamine;N,N′-(Glyoxalo)-o-phenylenediamine; and N,N′-(Glyoxalo)ethylenediamine.Also includes dihydrazones.N Valence Stabilizer #44: Examples of Schiff Bases with two Imine (C═N)Groups and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-amino or imino or oximo ordiazeno or hydrazido substitution (N-N Bidentates, N-N Tridentates, N-NTetradentates, N-N Pentadentates, or N-N Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to:N,N′-(2,6-Pyridinedicarboxaldehydo)diisopropylamine;N,N′-(2,6-Pyridinedicarboxaldehydo)dicyclohexylamine;N,N′-(2,6-Pyridinedicarboxaldehydo)dianiline;N,N′-(2,6-Pyridinedicarboxaldehydo)di-aminonorbornane;N,N′-(2,5-Pyrroledicarboxaldehydo)diisopropylamine;N,N′-(2,5-Pyrroledicarboxaldehydo)dicyclohexylamine;N,N′-(2,5-Pyrroledicarboxaldehydo)dianiline;N,N′-(2,5-Pyrroledicarboxaldehydo)di-aminonorbornane;N,N′-(o-Aminophthalicdialdehydo)diisopropylamine;N,N′-(o-Aminophthalicdialdehydo)dicyclohexylamineN,N′-(o-Aminophthalicdialdehydo)dianiline;N,N′-(o-Aminophthalicdialdehydo)di-aminonorbornane;N,N′-(o-Aminoformylcamphoro)diisopropylamineN,N′-(o-Aminoformylcamphoro)dicyclohexylamine;N,N′-(o-Aminoformylcamphoro)dianiline;N,N′-(o-Aminoformylcamphoro)di-aminonorbornane;N,N′-(2,6-Diacetylpyridino)diisopropylamine;N,N′-(2,6-Diacetylpyridino)dicyclohexylamine;N,N′-(2,6-Diacetylpyridino)dianiline;N,N′-(2,6-Diacetylpyridino)di-aminonorbornane;N,N′-(o-Aminodiacetylbenzeno)diisopropylamine;N,N′-(o-Aminodiacetylbenzeno)dicyclohexylamine;N,N′-(o-Aminodiacetylbenzeno)dianiline;N,N′-(o-Aminodiacetylbenzeno)di-aminonorbomane;N,N′-(3,6-Diamino-1,2-cyclohexanono)diisopropylamine;N,N′-(3,6-Diamino-1,2-cyclohexanono)dicyclohexylamine;N,N′-(3,6-Diamino-1,2-cyclohexanono)dianiline;N,N′-(3,6-Diamino-1,2-cyclohexanono)di-aminonorbornane;N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylpyrrolo)diisopropylamine;N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylpyrrolo)dicyclohexylamine;N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylpyrrolo)dianiline;N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylpyrrolo)di-aminonorbornane;N,N′-(o-Aminobenzaldehydo)ethylenediamine;N,N′-(o-Aminonaphthaldehydo)ethylenediamine;N,N′-(o-Aminoacetophenono)ethylenediamine;N,N′-(o-Aminobenzaldehydo)trimethylenediamine;N,N′-(o-Aminonaphthaldehydo)trimethylenediamine;N,N′-(o-Aminoacetophenono)trimethylenediamine;N,N′-(o-Aminobenzaldehydo)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine;N,N′-(o-Aminonaphthaldehydo)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine;N,N′-(o-Aminoacetophenono)cyclohexane 1,2-diamine;N,N′-(o-Aminobenzaldehydo)-1,2-diaminobenzene;N,N′-(o-Aminonaphthaldehydo)-1,2-diaminobenzene; andN,N′-(o-Aminoacetophenono)- 1,2-diaminobenzene. Also includes hydrazoneswith ortho-N substitution.N Valence Stabilizer #45: Examples of Schiff Bases with three Imine(C═N) Groups and without ortho- (for aryl constituents) or alpha- orbeta- (for alkyl constituents) hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, thiol,mercapto, thiocarbonyl, amino, imino, oximo, diazeno, or hydrazidosubstitution (N-N Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as“wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: N,N′,N″-(Benzaldehydo)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine;N,N′,N″-(Naphthaldehydo)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine; andN,N′,N″-(Acetophenono)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine. Also includestrihydrazones.N Valence Stabilizer #46: Examples of Schiff Bases with three Imine(C═N) Groups and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-amino or imino or oximoor diazeno or hydrazido substitution (N-N Tridentates, N-NTetradentates, N-N Pentadentates, or N-N Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to:N,N′,N″-(o-Aminobenzaldehydo)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine;N,N′,N″-Aminonaphthaldehydo)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine; andN,N′,N″-(o-Aminoacetophenono)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine.S Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of macrocyclic, macrobicyclic, andmacropolycyclic oligothioketones (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofthioketones (especially in the beta position) (S-S Bidentates, S-STetradentates, and S-S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: hexathioketocyclotetracosane ([24]ane(═S)₆);hexathioketocycloheneicosane ([21]ane(═S)₆); hexathioketocyclooctadecane([18]ane(═S)₆); hexathioketocyclopentadecane ([15]ane(═S)₆);tetrathioketocycloeicosane ([20]ane(═S)₄); tetrathioketocyclooctadecane([18]ane(═S)₄); tetrathioketocyclohexadecane ([16]ane(═S)₄);tetrathioketocyclotetradecane ([14]ane(═S)₄); tetrathioketocyclododecane([12]ane(═S)₄); dithioketocyclohexadecane ([16]ane(═S)₂);dithioketocyclotetraadecane ([14]ane(═S)₂); dithioketocyclododecane([12]ane(═S)₂); dithioketocyclodecane ([10]ane(═S)₂); anddithioketocyclooctane ([8]ane(═S)₂).S Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples ofmacrocyclic, macrobicyclic, andmacropolycyclic dithiolenes (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofalpha-, alpha-dithiolenes (meaning two thiol groups on a single carbonatom in the ring) (S-S Bidentates, S-S Tetradentates, and S-SHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:hexathiolocyclotetracosane ([24]ane(—SH)₆); hexathiolocycloheneicosane([21]ane(—SH)₆); hexathiolocyclooctadecane ([18]ane(—SH)₆);hexathiolocyclopentadecane ([15]ane(—SH)₆); tetrathiolocycloeicosane([20]ane(—SH)₄); tetrathiolocyclooctadecane ([18]ane(—SH)₄);tetrathiolocyclohexadecane ([16]ane(—SH)₄); tetrathiolocyclotetradecane([14]ane(—SH)₄); tetrathiolocyclododecane ([12]ane(—SH)₄);dithiolocyclohexadecane ([16]ane(—SH)₂); dithiolocyclotetraadecane([14]ane(—SH)₂); dithiolocyclododecane ([12]ane(—SH)₂);dithiolocyclodecane ([10]ane(—SH)₂); and dithiolocyclooctane([8]ane(—SH)₂).S Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of dithioimidodialdehydes,dithiohydrazidodialdehydes (thioacyl thiohydrazides),bis(dithioimidodialdehydes), bis(dithiohydrazidodialdehydes),poly(dithioimidodialdehydes), and poly(dithiohydrazidodialdehydes) (S-SBidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: dithiodiacetamide, dithiodipropanamide,dithiodibutanamide, dithiodibenzamide, and dithiodicyclohexamide.S Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of dithioimidodicarbonic acids,dithiohydrazidodicarbonic acids, bis(dithioimidodicarbonic acids),bis(dithiohydrazidodicarbonic acids), poly(dithioimidodicarbonic acids),poly(dithiohydrazidodicarbonic acids) and derivatives thereof (S-SBidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: dithioimidodicarbonic acid,dithiohydrazidodicarbonic acid, O-phenyldithioimidodicarbonic acid,O-benzyldithioimidodicarbonic acid, O-cyclohexyldithioimidodicarbonicacid, O-norbomyldithioimidodicarbonic acid,O,O′-diphenyldithioimidodicarbonic acid,O,O′-dibenzyldithioimidodicarbonic acid,O,O′-dicyclohexyldithioimidodicarbonic acid, andO,O′-norbornyldithioimidodicarbonic acid.S Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of 1,3-dithioketones(dithio-beta-ketonates), 1,3,5-trithioketones, bis(1,3-dithioketones),and poly(1,3-dithioketones) (S-S Bidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-STetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:hexafluoropentanedithione; 1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanedithione;thiobenzoylthiopinacolone; dithiocyclohexoylmethane;diphenylpentanetrithionate; tetramethylnonanetrithionate;hexafluoroheptanetrithionate; trifluoroheptanetrithionate;1-(2-thienyl)-1,3-butanedithione, 1-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-butanedithione,trifluorothioacetylthiocamphor; and 1,3-indandithione.S Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of 1,2-dithioketones (dithiolenes,dithio-alpha-ketonates), 1,2,3-trithioketones, dithiotropolonates,o-dithioquinones, bis(1,2-dithioketones), and poly(1,2-dithioketones)(S-S Bidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: dithiotropolone; 1,2-dithiobenzoquinone(o-dithioquinone)(o-benzenedithiolate)(bdt);di-tert-butyl-1,2-dithiobenzoquinone; hexafluoro-1,2-dithiobenzoquinone;1,2-dithionaphthoquinone; 9,10-dithiophenanthroquinone;ethylenedithiolene (edt); maleonitriledithiolene (mnt);trifluoromethyldithiolene (tfd); carbomethoxydithiolene (cmt);trithionedithiolene (dmit); toluenedithiolate (tdt); dithiomanaldehyde(propenethionethiolate)(ptt); dithioacetylacetonate (SacSac);dijulolidinedithiolene; 2,3-piperazinedithiolate;di(4-aminophenyl)dithiolene; dimercaptoisotrithione (dmit);(4-octylphenyl)dithiolene; benzenetetrathiol; tetrathiosquaric acid;trithiodeltic acid; pentathiocroconic acid; dithiocroconic acid;hexathiorhodizonic acid; dithiorhodizonic acid; ethylenetetrathiol;trans-butadienetetrathiolate; tetrathiooxalic acid; 1,2-indanditbione;naphthothioquinone; acenapthenethioquinone; aceanthrenethioquinone; andindole-2,3-dithione (thioisatin).S Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of dithiomalonamides(dithiomalonodiamides), bis(dithiomalonamides), andpolydithiomalonamides (S-S Bidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-STetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: dithiomalonamide,N-phenyldithiomalonamide, N-benzyldithiomalonamide,N-pentafluorophenyldithiomalonamide, N-cyclohexyldithiomalonamide,N-norbomyldithiomalonamide, N,N′-diphenyldithiomalonamide,N,N′-dibenzyldithiomalonamide, N,N′-dipentafluorophenyldithiomalonamide,N,N′-dicyclohexyldithiomalonamide, and N,N′-norbornyldithiomalonamide.S Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of 2-thioacylthioacetamides,bis(2-thioacylthioacetamides), and poly(2-thioacylthioacetamides) (S-SBidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 2-thioacetothioacetamide,N-phenyl-2-thioacetothioacetamide,N-pentafluorophenyl-2-thioacetothioacetamide,N-benzyl-2-thioacetothioacetamide,N-cyclohexyl-2-thioacetothioacetamide,N-norbornyl-2-thioacetothioacetamide, N-phenyl-2-thiobenzothioacetamide,N-pentafluorophenyl-2-pentafluorothiobenzothioacetamide, andN-cyclohexyl-2-thiocyclohexothioacetamide.S Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of dithioacyl sulfides, bis(dithioacylsulfides), and poly(dithioacyl sulfides), (S-S Bidentates, S-STridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: dithioacetyl sulfide; dithiopropanoyl sulfide; dithiobenzoylsulfide; and dithiopentafluorobenzoyl sulfide.S Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of trithiodicarbonic diamides,bis(trithiodicarbonic diamides), and poly(trithiodicarbonic diamides)(S-S Bidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: trithiodicarbonic diamide;N-phenyltrithiodicarbonic diamide; N-pentafluorophenyltrithiodicarbonicdiamide; N-benzyltrithiodicarbonic diamide;N-cyclohexyltrithiodicarbonic diamide; N-norbornyltrithiodicarbonicdiamide; N,N′diphenyltrithiodicarbonic diamide;N,N′-dipentafluorophenyltrithiodicarbonic diamide;N,N′-dibenzyltrithiodicarbonic diamide;N,N′-dicyclohexyltrithiodicarbonic diamide; andN,N′-dinorbomyltrithiodicarbonic diamide.S Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of pentathio-, tetrathio-, ortrithiodicarbonic acids, bis(pentathio-, tetrathio-, ortrithiodicarbonic acids), poly(pentathio-, tetrathio-, ortrithiodicarbonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S-S Bidentates, S-STridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: pentathiodicarbonic acid, tetrathiodicarbonic acid,trithiodicarbonic acid, O-phenyltrithiodicarbonic acid,O-benzyltrithiodicarbonic acid, O-cyclohexyltrithiodicarbonic acid,O-norbornyltrithiodicarbonic acid, O,O′-diphenyltrithiodicarbonic acid,O,O′-dibenzyltrithiodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dicyclohexyltrithiodicarbonicacid, and O,O′-dinorbornyltrithiodicarbonic acid.S Valence Stabilizer #12: Examples of dithiohypophosphoric acids,bis(dithiohypophosphoric acids), poly(dithiohypophosphoric acids), andderivatives thereof (S-S Bidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates)that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: dithiohypophosphoric acid,methyldithiohypophosphoric acid, isopropyldithiohypophosphoric acid,tert-butyldithiohypophosphoric acid, phenyldithiohypophosphoric acid,pentafluorophenyldithiohypophosphoric acid, benzyldithiohypophosphoricacid, cyclohexyldithiohypophosphoric acid, norbornyldithiohypophosphoricacid, dimethyldithiohypophosphoric acid,diisopropyldiothiohypophosphoric acid, di-tert-butyldithiohypophosphoricacid, diphenyldithiohypophosphoric acid,di-pentafluorophenyldithiohypophosphoric acid,dibenzyldithiohypophosphoric acid, di cyclohexyldithiohypophosphoricacid, and dinorbomyldithiohypophosphoric acid.S Valence Stabilizer #13: Examples of dithiohypophosphoramides,bis(dithiohypophosphoramides), and poly(dithiohypophosphoramides) (S-SBidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: dithiohypophosphoramide,N-methyldithiohypophosphoramide, N-isopropyldithiohypophosphoramide,N-tert-butyldithiohypophosphoramide, N-phenyldithiohypophosphoramide,N-pentafluorophenyldithiohypophosphoramide,N-benzyldithiohypophosphoramide, N-cyclohexyldithiohypophosphoramide,N-norbornyldithiohypophosphoramide,N,N′″-dimethyldithiohypophosphoramide,N,N′″-diisopropyldithiohypophosphoramide,N,N′″-di-tert-butyldithiohypophosphoramide,N,N′″-diphenyldithiohypophosphoramide,N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldithiohypophosphommide,N,N′″-dibenzyldithiohypophosphoramide,N,N′″-dicyclohexyldithiohypophosphoramide, andN,N′″-dinorbornyldithiohypophosphoramide.S Valence Stabilizer #14: Examples of dithioimidodiphosphoric acids,dithiohydrazidodiphosphoric acids, bis(dithioimidodiphosphoric acids),bis(dithiohydrazidodiphosphoric acids), poly(dithioimidodiphosphoricacids), poly(dithiohydrazidodiphosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof(S-S Bidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: dithioimidodiphosphoric acid,methyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, isopropyldithioimidodiphosphoricacid, tert-butyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid,phenyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid,pentafluorophenyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid,benzyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, cyclohexyldithioimidodiphosphoricacid, norbornyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid,dimethyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid,diisopropyldiothioimidodiphosphoric acid,di-tert-butyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid,diphenyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid,di-pentafluorophenyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid,dibenzyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid,dicyclohexyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid, anddinorbornyldithioimidodiphosphoric acid.S Valence Stabilizer #15: Examples of dithioimidodiphosphoramides,dithiohydrazidodiphosphoramides, bis(dithioimidodiphosphoramides),bis(dithiohydrazidodiphosphoramides), poly(dithioimidodiphosphoramides),and poly(dithiohydrazidodiphosphoramides) (S-S Bidentates, S-STridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: dithioimidodiphosphoramide, N-methyldithioimidodiphosphoramide,N-isopropyldithioimidodiphosphoramide,N-tert-butyldithioimidodiphosphoramide,N-phenyldithioimidodiphosphoramide,N-pentafluorophenyldithioimidodiphosphoramide,N-benzyldithioimidodiphosphoramide,N-cyclohexyldithioimidodiphosphoramide,N-norbomyldithioimidodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-dimethyldithioimidodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-diisopropyldithioimidodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-di-tert-butyldithioimidodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-diphenyldithioimidodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldithioimidodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-dibenzyldithioimidodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-dicyclohexyldithioimidodiphosphoramide, andN,N′″-dinorbornyldithioimidodiphosphoramide.S Valence Stabilizer #16: Examples ofdithiodiphosphoramides,bis(dithiodiphosphoramides), and poly(dithiodiphosphoramides) (S-SBidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: dithiodiphosphoramide,N-methyldithiodiphosphoramide, N-isopropyldithiodiphosphoramide,N-tert-butyldithiodiphosphoramide, N-phenyldithiodiphosphoramide,N-pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphoramide, N-benzyldithiodiphosphoramide,N-cyclohexyldithiodiphosphoramide, N-norbornyldithiodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-dimethyldithiodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-diisopropyldithiodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-di-tert-butyldithiodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-diphenyldithiodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-dibenzyldithiodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-dicyclohexyldithiodiphosphoramide, andN,N′″-dinorbornyldithiodiphosphoramide.S Valence Stabilizer #17: Examples of dithiodiphosphoric acids,bis(dithiodiphosphoric acids), poly(dithiodiphosphoric acids), andderivatives thereof (S-S Bidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates)that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: dithiodiphosphoric acid,methyldithiodiphosphoric acid, isopropyldithiodiphosphoric acid,tert-butyldithiodiphosphoric acid, phenyldithiodiphosphoric acid,pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphoric acid, benzyldithiodiphosphoric acid,cyclohexyldithiodiphosphoric acid, norbornyldithiodiphosphoric acid,dimethyldithiodiphosphoric acid, diisopropyldiothiodiphosphoric acid,di-tert-butyldithiodiphosphoric acid, diphenyldithiodiphosphoric acid,di-pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphoric acid, dibenzyldithiodiphosphoricacid, dicyclohexyldithiodiphosphoric acid, anddinorbornyldithiodiphosphoric acid.S Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of trithiophosphoric acids(phosphorotrithioic acids), bis(trithiophosphoric acids),poly(trithiophosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S-S Bidentates,S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: trithiophosphoric acid, O-phenyltrithiophosphoric acid,O-benzyltrithiophosphoric acid, O-cyclohexyltrithiophosphoric acid,O-norbornyltrithiophosphoric acid, O,S-diphenyltrithiophosphoric acid,O,S-dibenzyltrithiophosphoric acid, O,S-dicyclohexyltrithiophosphoricacid, and O,S-dinorbornyltrithiophosphoric acid.S Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of dithiophosphoric acids(phosphorodithioic acids), bis(dithiophosphoric acids),poly(dithiophosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S-S Bidentates,S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: dithiophosphoric acid, O-phenyldithiophosphoric acid,O-benzyldithiophosphoric acid, O-cyclohexyldithiophosphoric acid,O-norbornyldithiophosphoric acid, O,O-diphenyldithiophosphoric acid,O,O-dibenzyldithiophosphoric acid, O,O-dicyclohexyldithiophosphoricacid, and O,O-dinorbornyldithiophosphoric acid.S Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of tetrathiophosphoric acids(phosphorotetrathioic acids), bis(tetrathiophosphoric acids),poly(tetrathiophosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S-SBidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: tetrathiophosphoric acid,S-phenyltetrathiophosphoric acid, S-benzyltetrathiophosphoric acid,S-cyclohexyltetrathiophosphoric acid, S-norbomyltetrathiophosphoricacid, S,S-diphenyltetrathiophosphoric acid,S,S-dibenzyltetrathiophosphoric acid,S,S-dicyclohexyltetrathiophosphoric acid, andS,S-dinorbornyltetrathiophosphoric acid.S Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of phosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioicacids, bis[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acids],poly[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acids], and derivatives thereof(S-S Bidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: phosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid,O-phenylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid,O-benzylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid,O-cyclohexylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid,O-norbornylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid,O,S-diphenylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid,O,S-dibenzylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid,O,S-dicyclohexylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, andO,S-dinorbornylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid.S Valence Stabilizer #22: Examples of phosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioicacids, bis[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acids],poly[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acids], and derivatives thereof (S-SBidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: phosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acid,O-phenylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acid,O-benzylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acid,O-cyclohexylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acid,O-norbornylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acid,O,S-diphenylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acid,O,S-dibenzylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acid,O,S-dicyclohexylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, andO,S-dinorbornylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)thioic acid.S Valence Stabilizer #23: Examples of phosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioicacids, bis[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acids],poly[phosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acids], and derivatives thereof(S-S Bidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: phosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acid,O-phenylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acid,O-benzylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acid,O-cyclohexylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acid,O-norbomylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acid,O,S-diphenylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acid,O,S-dibenzylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acid,O,S-dicyclohexylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)trithioic acid, andO,S-dinorbornylphosphoro(dithioperoxo)tnthioic acid.S Valence Stabilizer #24: Examples of beta-mercaptothioketones,beta-mercaptothioaldehydes, bis(beta-mercaptothioketones),bis(beta-mercaptothioaldehydes), poly(beta-mercaptothioketones), andpoly(beta-mercaptothioaldehydes) (S-S Bidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-STetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:4-mercaptopentan-2-thione; 1,3-diphenyl-3-mercaptopropanethioaldehyde;1,3-dibenzyl-3-mercaptopropanethioaldehyde;1,3-dicyclohexyl-3-mercaptopropanethioaldehyde;1,3-dinorbornyl-3-mercaptopropanethioaldehyde;1,3-di(2-thienyl)-3-mercaptopropanethioaldehyde;1,3-di(2-furyl)-3-mercaptopropanethioaldehyde;o-mercaptothioacetophenone; 5-mercapto-1,4-dithionaphthoquinone;1-mercaptothioacridone; 1-mercaptodithioanthraquinone;1,8-dimercaptodithioanthraquinone; and beta-mercaptothiobenzophenone.S Valence Stabilizer #25: Examples of N-(aminomethylthiol)thioureas[N-(aminomercaptomethyl)thioureas], bis [N-(aminomethylthiol)thioureas],and poly[N-(aminomethylthiol)thioureas] (S-S Bidentates, S-STridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)thiourea;N,N″-dimethyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)thiourea;N,N′-diethyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)thiourea;N,N′-isopropyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)thiourea;N,N″-diphenyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)thiourea;N,N″-dibenzyl-N′-(aminonercaptomethyl)thiourea;N,N″-dicyclohexyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)thiourea; andN,N″-dinorbornyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)thiourea.S Valence Stabilizer #26: Examples of dithiooxamides,bis(dithiooxamides), and poly(dithiooxamides) (S-S Bidentates, S-STridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: dithiooxamide (rubeanic acid), N-methyldithiooxamide;N-ethyldithiooxamide; N-isopropyldithiooxamide; N-phenyldithiooxamide;N-benzyldithiooxamide; N-cyclohexyldithiooxamide;N-norbornyldithiooxamide; N,N′-dimethyldithiooxamide;N,N′-diethyldithiooxamide; N,N′-diisopropyldithiooxamide;N,N′-diphenyldithiooxamide; N,N′-dibenzyldithiooxamide;N,N′-dicyclohexyldithiooxamide; and N,N′-dinorbornyldithiooxamide.S Valence Stabilizer #27: Examples of 1,1-dithiolates,bis(1,1-dithiolates), and poly(1,1-dithiolates) (S-S Bidentates and S-STetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:1,1-dicyano-2,2-ethylene dithiolate (i-mnt);1,1-dicarboalkoxy-2,2-ethylene dithiolate (DED);1,1-di(trifluoromethyl)-2,2-ethylene dithiolate;1,1-di(pentafluorophenyl)-2,2-ethylene dithiolate;1-pentamethylene-2,2-ethylene dithiolate; and 1-nitroethylenedithiolate.S Valence Stabilizer #28: Examples of dithiomonocarboxylic acids, tri-and tetrathiodicarboxylic Acids, bis(dithiomonocarboxylic acids),bis(tri- and tetrathiodicarboxylic acids), poly(dithiomonocarboxylicacids), poly(tri- and tetrathiodicarboxylic acids), and derivativesthereof (S-S Bidentates and S-S Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: dithioacetic acid; dithiopropionicacid; dithiobenzoic acid (dtb); dithiophenylacetic acid (dtpa);dithiocyclohexanoic acid; dithiofuroic acid; dithionaphthoic acid;phenyl dithioacetate; phenyl dithiopropionate; phenyl dithiobenzoate;phenyl dithiocyclohexanoate; phenyl dithiofuroate; phenyldithionaphthoate; tetrathiooxalic acid; tetrathiomalome acid;tetrathiosuccinic acid; tnthiooxalic acid; trithiomalonic acid;trithiosuccinic acid; diphenyl tetrathiooxalate; diphenyltetrathiomalonate; diphenyl tetrathiosuccinate; diphenyl ththiooxalate;diphenyl trithiomalonate; diphenyl trithiosuccinate; pyridinedithiocarboxylic acid; pyrrole dithiocarboxylic acid; thiophenedithiocarboxylic acid; dithionaphthoic acid; and tetrathiocamphonicacid.S Valence Stabilizer #29: Examples of perthiomonocarboxylic acids,perthiodicarboxylic acids, bis(perthiomonocarboxylic acids),bis(perthiodicarboxylic acids), poly(perthiomonocarboxylic acids),poly(perthiodicarboxylic acids), and derivatives thereof (S-S Bidentatesand S-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:perthioacetic acid; perthiopropionic acid; perthiobenzoic acid;perthiophenylacetic acid; perthiocyclohexanoic acid; perthiofuroic acid;perthionaphthoic acid; phenyl penthioacetate; phenyl perthiopropionate;phenyl perthiobenzoate; phenyl perthiocyclohexanoate; phenylperthiofuroate; phenyl perthionaphthoate; perthiooxalic acid;perthiomalonic acid; perthiosuccinic acid; diphenyl penthiooxalate;diphenyl penthiomalonate; diphenyl perthiosuccinate; dithiole-3-thione(dithione-3-thione); and benzodithiole-3-thione(benzodithione-3-thione).S Valence Stabilizer #30: Examples of dithiocarbonates,trithiocarbonates, perthiocarbonates, bis(dithiocarbonates),bis(trithiocarbonates), and bis(perthiocarbonates) (S-S Bidentates andS-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:S,S-diethyldithiocarbonate; S,S-diisopropyldithiocarbonate;S,S-diphenyldithiocarbonate; S,S-dibenzyldithiocarbonate;S,S-dicyclohexyldithiocarbonate; S,S-dinorbornyldithiocarbonate;diethyltrithiocarbonate; diisopropyltrithiocarbonate;diphenyltrithiocarbonate; dibenzyltrithiocarbonate;dicyclohexyltrithiocarbonate; and dinorbornyltnthiocarbonate.S Valence Stabilizer #31: Examples of dithiocarbamates,bis(dithiocarbamates), and poly(dithiocarbamates) (includingN-hydroxydithiocarbamates and N-mercaptodithiocarbamates) (S-SBidentates, S-S Tridentates, and S-S Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: dimethyldithiocarbamate (dmdtc);di(trifluorodimethyl)dithiocarbamate; diethyldithiocarbamate (dedtc);dipropyldithiocarbamate; diisopropyldithiocarbamate;dibutyldithiocarbamate; ditertbutyldithiocarbamate;dicyanamidodithiocarbamate; azidothioformates; diphenyldithiocarbamate;di(pentafluorophenyl)dithiocarbamate; dibenzyldithiocarbamate;dinaphthyldithiocarbamate; dicyclohexyldithiocarbamate;dinorbornyldithiocarbamate; diadamantyldithiocarbamate;pyrrolidinodithiocarbamate (pyrdtc); piperidinodithiocarbamate (pipdtc);morpholinodithiocarbamate (mordtc); thiamorpholinodithiocarbamate;3-pyrrolinodithiocarbamate; pyrrolodithiocarbamate;oxazolodithiocarbamate; isoxazolodithiocarbamate;thiazolodithiocarbamate; isothiazolodithiocarbamate;indolodithiocarbamate; carbazolodithiocarbamate;pyrazolinodithiocarbamate; imidazolinodithiocarbamate;pyrazolodithiocarbamate; imidazolodithiocarbamate;indazolodithiocarbamate; and triazolodithiocarbamate.S Valence Stabilizer #32: Examples of dithiocarbazates(dithiocarbazides), bis(dithiocarbazates), and poly(dithiocarbazates)(S-S Bidentates, S-S Tridentates, and S-S Tetradentates; or possibly N-SBidentates, N-S Tridentates, and N-S Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: N,N′-dimethyldithiocarbazate;N,N′-di(trifluoromethyl)dithiocarbazate; N,N′-diethyldithiocarbazate;N,N′-diphenyldithiocarbazate; N,N′-dibenzyldithiocarbazate;N,N′-di(pentafluorophenyl)dithiocarbazate;N,N′-dicyclohexyldithiocarbazate; and N,N′-dinorbornyldithiocarbazate.N-S Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of diformamidine disulfides(thioperoxydicarbonimidic diamides), thioperoxytricarbonimidic diamides,thioperoxytetracarbonimidic diamides, bis(diformamidine disulfides), andpoly(diformamidine disulfides) (N-S bidentates, N-N-S tridentates, orN-S tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:diformamidine disulfide; methyldiformamidine disulfide;ethyldiformamidine disulfide; isopropyldiformamidine disulfide;butyldiformamidine disulfide; benzyldiformamidine disulfide;phenyldiformamidine disulfide; tolyldiformamidine disulfide;naphthyldiformamidine disulfide; cyclohexyldiformamidine disulfide;norbornyldiformamidine disulfide; adamantyldiformamidine disulfide;dimethyldiformamidine disulfide; diethyldiformamidine disulfide;diisopropyldiformamidine disulfide; dibutyldiformamidine disulfide;dibenzyldiformamidine disulfide; diphenyldiformamidine disulfide;ditolyldiformamidine disulfide; dinaphthyldiformamidine disulfide;dicyclohexyldiformamidine disulfide; dinorbornyldiformamidine disulfide;diadamantyldiformamidine disulfide; 2-S-amidinodisulfidothiazole;2-S-amidinodisulfidooxazole; 2-S-amidinodisulfidoimidazole;3-S-amidinodisulfidopyrazole; 3-S-amidinodisulfido-1,2,4-triazole; and5-S-amidinodisulfidotetrazole.N-S Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of S-amidinodithiocarbamates,bis(S-amidinodithiocarbamates), and poly(S-amidinodithiocarbamates) (N-SBidentates and N-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N-methyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate;N-ethyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N-isopropyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate;N-butyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N-benzyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate;N-phenyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; N-tolyl-S -amidinodithiocarbamate;N-naphthyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate;N-cyclohexyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate;N-norbornyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate;N-adamantyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate;N,N′-dimethyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate;N,N′-diethyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate;N,N′-diisopropyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate;N,N′-dibutyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate;N,N′-dibenzyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate;N,N′-diphenyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate;N,N′-ditolyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate;N,N′-dinaphthyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate;N,N′-dicyclohexyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate;N,N′-dinorbomyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate;N,N′-diadamantyl-S-amidinodithiocarbamate; ethylenebis(S-amidinodithiocarbamate); propylenebis(S-amidinodithiocarbamate);phenylenebis(S-amidinodithiocarbamate);piperazinebis(S-amidinodithiocarbamate);oxalylbis(S-amidinodithiocarbamate);malonylbis(S-amidinodithiocarbamate);succinylbis(S-amidinodithiocarbamate);phthalylbis(S-amidinodithiocarbamate); 2-S-dithiocarbamatothiazole;2-S-dithiocarbamatooxazole; 2-S-dithiocarbamatoimidazole;3-S-dithiocarbamatopyrazole; 3-5-dithiocarbamato-1,2,4-triazole; and5-S-dithiocarbamatotetrazole.N-S Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of O-amidinothiocarbamates,bis(O-amidinothiocarbamates), and poly(O-amidinothiocarbamates) (N-SBidentates and N-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: O-amidinothiocarbamate; N-methyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate;N-ethyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N-isopropyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate;N-butyl-O-amidinothio carbamate; N-benzyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate;N-phenyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N-tolyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate;N-naphthyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N-cyclohexyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate;N-norbornyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate; N-adamantyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate;N,N′-dimethyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate;N,N′-diethyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate;N,N′-diisopropyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate;N,N′-dibutyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate;N,N′-dibenzyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate;N,N′-diphenyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate;N,N′-ditolyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate;N,N′-dinaphthyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate;N,N′-dicyclohexyl-O-midinothiocarbamate;N,N′-dinorbornyl-O-amidinothiocarbamate;N,N′-diadamantyl-O-amidinothiocarbamateethylenebis(O-amidinothiocarbamate);propylenebis(O-amidinothiocarbamate);phenylenebis(O-amidinothiocarbamate);piperazinebis(O-amidinothiocarbamate);oxalylbis(O-amidinothiocarbamate); malonylbis(O-amidinothiocarbamate);succinylbis(O-amidinothiocarbamate);phthalylbis(O-amidinothiocarbamate); 2-O-monothiocarbamatothiazole;2-O-monothiocarbamatooxazole; 2-O-monothiocarbamatoimidazole;3-O-monothiocarbamatopyrazole; 3-O-monothiocarbamato-1,2,4-triazole; and5-0-monothiocarbamatotetrazole.N-S Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamates,bis(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamates), andpoly(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamates) (N-S Bidentates and N-STetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate; N-methyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate;N-ethyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate;N-isopropyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate;N-butyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate;N-benzyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate;N-phenyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate;N-tolyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate;N-naphthyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate;N-cyclohexyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate;N-norbornyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate;N-adamantyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate;N,N′-dimethyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate;N,N′-diethyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate;N,N′-diisopropyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate;N,N′-dibutyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate;N,N′-dibenzyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate;N,N′-diphenyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate;N,N′-ditolyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate;N,N′-dinaphthyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate;N,N′-dicyclohexyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate;N,N′-dinorbornyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocathamate;N,N′-diadamantyl-S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate;ethylenebis(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate);propylenebis(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate);phenylenebis(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate);piperazinebis(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate); oxalylbis(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate); malonylbis(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate);succinylbis(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate); andphthalylbis(S-amidinoperoxythiocarbamate).N-S Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of phosphorimidothioic acid;phosphorimidodithioic acid; phosphorimidotrithioic acid;bis(phosphorimidothioic acid); bis(phosphorimidodithioic acid);bis(phosphorimidotrithioic acid); poly(phosphorimidothioic acid);poly(phosphorimidodithioic acid); poly(phosphorimidotrithioic acid); andderivatives thereof (N-S Bidentates and N-S Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: phosphorimidothioic acid;phosphorimidodithioic acid; phosphorimidotrithioic acid;O-phenylphosphorimidothioic acid; O-benzylphosphorimidothioic acid;O-cyclohexylphosphorimidothioic acid; O-norbomylphosphorimidothioicacid; O,O′-diphenylphosphorimidothioic acid;O,O′-dibenzylphosphorimidothioic acid;O,O′-dicyclohexylphosphorimidothioic acid; andO,O′-dinorbornylphosphorimidothioic acid.N-S Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of phosphorothioic triamides,bis(phosphorothioic triamides), and poly(phosphorothioic triamides) (N-SBidentates and N-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: phosphorothioic triamide; phosphorothioic trihydrazide;phosphoramidothioic dihydrazide; N-phenylphosphorothioic triamide;N-benzylphosphorothioic triamide; N-cyclohexylphosphorothioic triamide;N-norbornylphosphorothioic triamide; N,N′-diphenylphosphorothioictriamide; N,N′-dibenzylphosphorothioic triamide;N,N′-dicyclohexylphosphorothioic triamide; andN,N′-dinorbornylphosphorothioic triamide.N-S Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of phosphoramidotrithioic acid,phosphorodiamidodithioic acid, bis(phosphoramidotrithioic acid),bis(phosphorodiamidodithioic acid), poly(phosphoramidotrithioic acid),poly(phosphorodiamidodithioic acid), and derivatives thereof (N-SBidentates and N-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: phosphoramidotrithioic acid, phosphorodiamidodithioic acid,S-phenylphosphoramidotrithioic acid, S-benzylphosphoramidotrithioicacid, S-cyclohexylphosphoramidotrithioic acid,S-norbornylphosphoramidotrithioic acid,S,S′-diphenylphosphoramidotrithioic acid,S,S′-dibenzylphosphoramidotrithioic acid,S,S′-dicyclohexylphosphoramidotrithioic acid, andS,S′-dinorbornylphosphoramidotrithioic acid.N-S Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of phosphoramidothioic acid,phosphoramidodithioic acid, phosphorodiamidothioic acid,bis(phosphoramidothioic acid), bis(phosphoramidodithioic acid),bis(phosphorodiamidothioic acid), poly(phosphoramidothioic acid),poly(phosphoramidodithioic acid), and poly(phosphorodiamidothioic acid)(N-S Bidentates and N-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: phosphoramidothioic acid, phosphoramidodithioic acid,phosphorodiamidothioic acid, phosphorohydrazidothioic acid,phosphorohydrazidodithioic acid, phosphorodihydrazidothioic acid,phosphoramidohydrazidothioic acid, O-phenylphosphoramidothioic acid,O-benzylphosphoramidothioic acid, O-cyclohexylphosphoramidothioic acid,O-norbornylphosphoramidothioic acid, S-phenylphosphoramidodithioic acid,S-benzylphosphoramidodithioic acid, S-cyclohexylphosphoramidodithioicacid, and S-norbornylphosphoramidodithioic acid.N-S Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of N-thioacyl7-aminobenzylidenimines (N-S Bidentates or N-S Tetradentates) that meetthe requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: N-thioacetyl7-methylaminobenzylidenimine; N-thioacetyl 7-phenylaminobenzylidenimine;N-thiobenzoyl 7-methylaminobenzylidenimine; and N-thiobenzoyl7-phenylaminobenzylidenimine.N-S Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of thiohydroxamates(thiohydroxylamines), bis(thiohydroxamates), and poly(thiohydroxamates)(N-S Bidentates, N-S Tetradentates, and N-S Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: acetothiohydroxamic acid;propianothiohydroxamic acid; butyrothiohydroxamic acid;crotonothiohydroxamic acid; sorbothiohydroxamic acid;benzothiohydroxamic acid; toluicthiohydroxamic acid;salicyithiohydroxamic acid; phenylacetothiohydroxamic acid;anthranilthiohydroxamic acid; nicotinethiohydroxamic acid;picolinethiohydroxamic acid; cyclohexanethiohydroxamic acid; quinoline8-thiohydroxamic acid; cinnamyithiohydroxamic acid; oxaldithiohydroxamicacid; succinylbis-N-phenylthiohydroxamic acid;adipylbis-N-phenylthiohydroxamic acid; glyoxaithiohydroxamic acid;2-thiophenethiocarbohydroxamic acid; thenoylthiohydroxamic acid;N-phenylbenzothiohydroxamic acid; N-tolylbenzothiohydroxamic acid;N-phenylacetothiohydroxamic acid; N-phenyl-2-thenoylthiohydroxamic acid;and N-tolyl-2-thenoylthiohydroxamic acid.N-S Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of alpha- orortho-aminothiocarboxylic acids, and alpha- orortho-aminothiodicarboxylic acids, and derivatives thereof (N-SBidentates, N-S Tridentates, and N-S Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 2-pyridinethiocarboxylic acid(thiopicolinic acid); 2-pyrazinethiocarboxylic acid; o-aminothiobenzoicacid; o-aminothionaphthoic acid; and 3,6-diaminothiophthalic acid.N-S Valence Stabilizer #12: Examples of thiosemicarbazones,bis(thiosemicarbazones), and poly(thiosemicarbazones) (N-S Bidentates,N-S Tetradentates, and N-S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: acetaldehyde thiosemicarbazone; acetone thiosemicarbazone;pinacolone thiosemicarbazone; benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone;naphthaldehyde thiosemicarbazone; norbornanone thiosemicarbazone;camphor thiosemicarbazone; nopinone thiosemicarbazone; 2-pyridinaldehydethiosemicarbazone; salicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone; quinolinaldehydethiosemicarbazone; isatin dithiosemicarbazone; camphorquinonedithiosemicarbazone; camphorquinone dithiosemicarbazone; picolinaldehydethiosemicarbazone; dipyridyl glyoxal dithiosemicarbazone; di-2-pyridylketone thiosemicarbazone; methyl-2-pyridyl ketone thiosemicarbazone;glyoxal dithiosemicarbazone; acetophenone thiosemicarbazone; biacetylmonoxime thiosemicarbazone; acetamidobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone;thymolaldothiosemicarbazone; thiophene-2-aldehyde thiosemicarbazone;phthalaldehyde dithiosemicarbazone; phthalimide dithiosemicarbazone;furaldehyde thiosemicarbazone; naphthoquinone thiosemicarbazone;phenanthrequinone thiosemicarbazone; cyclohexanedionedithiosemicarbazone; ionone thiosemicarbazone; bisthiosemicarbazone ofdiethyl-3,4-dioxadioate; pyridoxal alkyithiosemicarbazones; benzylidenephenyithiosemicarbazones; lawsone thiosemicarbazone; and1-benzoin-4-phenylthiosemicarbazone (bps).N-S Valence Stabilizer #13: Examples of thioacyl hydrazones,bis(thioacyl hydrazones), and poly(thioacyl hydrazones) (N-S Bidentates,N-S Tetradentates, and N-S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: acetaldehyde N-thioformylhydrazone; acetaldehydeN-thiobenzoylhydrazone; acetone N-thioformyihydrazone; acetoneN-thiobenzoylhydrazone; pinacolone N-thioformylhydrazone; pinacoloneN-thiobenzoylhydrazone; benzaldehyde N-thioformylhydrazone; benzaldehydeN-thiobenzoylhydrazone; naphthaldehyde N-thioformyihydrazone;naphthaidehyde N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; norbornanoneN-thioformylhydrazone; norbornanone N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; camphorN-thioformylhydrazone; camphor N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; nopinoneN-thioformyihydrazone; nopinone N-thiobenzoyihydrazone;2-pyridinaldehyde N-thioformyihydrazone; 2-pyridinaldehydeN-thiobenzoylhydrazone; saucylaldehyde N-thioformyihydrazone;salicylaldehyde N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; quinolinaldehydeN-thioformyihydrazone; quinolinaldehyde N-thiobenzoylhydrazone;thiophene-2-aldehyde N-thioformyihydrazone; thiophene-2-aldehydeN-thiobenzoyihydrazone; naphthoquinone N-thioformylhydrazone;naphthoquinone N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; ionone N-thioformylhydrazone;ionone N-thiobenzoylhydrazone; benzaldehyde benzothiazolehydrazone;lawsone N-thioformyihydrazone; and lawsone N-thiobenzoylhydrazone.N-S Valence Stabilizer #14: Examples of thiocarbazones(diazenecarbothioic hydrazides), bis(thiocarbazones), andpoly(thiocarbazones) (N-S Bidentates, N-S Tetradentates, and N-SHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:diphenyithiocarbazone (dithizone); 2-phenyithiocarbazone;dinaphthylthiocarbazone; 2-naphthylthiocarbazone; and ambazone.N-S Valence Stabilizer #15: Examples of azo compounds with thiol ormercapto or thiocarbonyl substitution at the ortho- (for aryl) or alpha-or beta- (for alkyl) positions, Bis[o-(HS-) or alpha- or beta-(HS-)azocompounds], or Poly[o-(HS-) or alpha- or beta-(HS-)azo compounds) (N-SBidentates, N-S Tridentates, N-S Tetradentates, or N-S Hexadentates)that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: 2-thiolazobeazene[1-Qthenylazo)-2-thiophenol]; 2,2′-dithioazobenzene;(2-thiophene)azobenzene; 1-(4-nitrophenylazo)-2-thionaphthol;2-thiazolylazobenzene; and 2-benzothiazolylazoberizene.N-S Valence Stabilizer #16: Examples of diazeneformothioamides,diazeneacetothioamides, bis(diazeneformothioamides),bis(diazeneacetothioamides), poly(diazeneformothioamides), andpoly(diazeneacetothioamides) (N-S Bidentates, N-S Tetradentates, and N-SHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:diazeneformothioamide, diazeneacetothioamide,phenyldiazeneformothioamide, diphenyldiazeneformothioamide,phenyldiazeneacetothioamide, and diphenyldiazeneacetothioamide.N-S Valence Stabilizer #17: Examples of diazenecarbothioic acids,diazenecarbodithioic acids, bis(diazenecarbothioic acids),bis(diazenecarbodithioic acids), poly(diazenecarbothioic acids),poly(diazenecarbodithioic acids) and derivatives thereof (N-SBidentates, N-S Tetradentates, N-S Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: diazeneformothioic acid,diazeneacetothioic acid, phenyldiazeneformothioic acid,diphenyldiazeneformothioic acid, phenyldiazeneacetothioic acid, anddiphenyldiazeneacetothioic acid.N-S Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of diazeneformothioaldehydes,diazeneacetothioaldehydes, bis(diazeneformothioaldehydes),bis(diazeneacetothioaidehydes), poly(diazeneformothioaldehydes), andpoly(diazeneacetothioaldehydes) (N-S Bidentates, N-S Tetradentates andN-S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:diazeneformothioaldehyde, diazeneacetothioaldehyde,phenyldiazeneformothioaldehyde, diphenyldiazeneformothioaldehyde,phenyidiazeneacetothioaldehyde, and diphenyldiazeneacetothioaldehyde.N-S Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of diazenediformothioamides,diazenediacetothioamides, bis(diazenediformothioamides),bis(diazenediacetothioamides), poly(diazenediformothioamides), andpoly(diazenediacetothioamides) (N-S Triclentates and N-S Hexadentates)that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: diazenediformodithioamide,diazenediacetodithioamide, diphenydiazenediformodithioamide,tetraphenyldiazenediformodithioamide, diphenyldiazenediacetodithioamide,and tetraphenyldiazenediacetodithioamide.N-S Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples ofdiazenedicarbothioic acids,diazenedicarbodithioic acids, bis(diazenedicarbothioic acids),bis(diazenedicarbodithioic acids), poly(diazenedicarbothioic acids),poly(diazenedicarbodithioic acids) and derivatives thereof (N-STridentates and N-S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as“wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: diazenediformothioic acid, diazenediacetodithioic acid,phenyldiazenediformothioic acid, diphenyldiazenediformothioic acid,phenyldiazenediacetodithioic acid, and diphenyldiazenediacetodithioicacid.N-S Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of diazenediformothioaldehydes,diazenediacetothioaldehydes, bis(diazenediformothioaldehydes),bis(diazenediacetothioaldehydes), poly(diazenediformothioaldehydes), andpoly(diazenediacetothioaldehydes) (N-S Tridentates and N-S Hexadentates)that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: diazenediformothioaldehyde,diazenediacetothioaldehyde, diphenyldiazenediformothioaldehyde, anddiphenyldiazenediacetothioaldehyde.N-S Valence Stabilizer #22: Examples of ortho-thio (or -mercapto)substituted formazans, bis(o-thio or-mercapto substituted formazans),and poly(o-thio or-mercapto substituted formazans) (N-S Bidentates, N-STridentates, N-S Tetradentates, and N-S Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 1-(2-thiophenyl)-3,5-diphenylformazan;1-(2-methylmercaptophenyl)-3,5-diphenylformazan;1,5-bis(2-thiophenyl)-3-phenylformazan; and5-bis(2-methylmercaptophenyl)-3-phenylformazan.N-S Valence Stabilizer #23: Examples of ortho-thio (or -mercapto)substituted azines (including ketazines), bis(o-thio or mercaptosubstituted azines), and poly(o-thio or mercapto substituted azines)(N-S Bidentates, N-S Tridentates, N-S Tetradentates, and N-SHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:2-mercapto-1-benzalazine; 2-mercapto-1-naphthalazine; and2-mercapto-1-cyclohexanonazine.N-S Valence Stabilizer #24: Examples of Schiff Bases with one Imine(C═N) Group and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-thio or mercapto orthiocarbonyl substitution (N-S Bidentates, N-S Tridentates, N-STetradentates, N-S Pentadentates, or N-S Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: N-(Thiosalicylaldehydo)isopropylamine;N-(2-thiophenecarboxaldehydo)isopropylamine;N-(2-Acetylthiopheno)isopropylamine;N-(2-Thioacetophenono)isopropylamine;N-(Thiosalicylaldehydo)cyclohexylamine;N-(2-Thiophenecarboxaldehydo)cyclohexylamine;N-(2-Acetylthiopheno)cyclohexylamine;N-(2-Thioacetophenono)cyclohexylamine; N(Thiosalicylaldehydo)aniline;N-(2-Thiophenecarboxaldehydo)aniline; N-(2-Acetylthiopheno)aniline;N-(2-Thioacetophenono)aniline; N-(Thiosalicylaldehydo)aminonorbornane;N-(2-Thiocarboxaldehydo)aminonorbornane;N-(2-Acetylthiopheno)aminonorbornane;N-(2-Thioacetophenono)aminonorbornane;4-aminobenzylidene-3-propyl-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole;4-aminocinnamalidene-3-propyl-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (acpmt);4-aminosalicylidene-3-propyl-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (aspmt);4-aminovanillidene-3-propyl-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole;4-aminodimethylaminobenzylidene-3-propyl-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole(adpmt); cinnamylideneaminophenylthiazole;N-(2-mercaptophenyl)salicylidenimine; 2-thiophenecarboxaldehydephenylhydrazone; 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde 2-pyridyl hydrazone;2-mercaptobenzaldehyde phenylhydrazone; and 2-mercaptobenzaldehyde2-pyridyl hydrazone. Also includes SchiffBases derived from the reactionof carbonyl compounds with dithiocarbazates, and hydrazones with ortho-Ssubstitution.N-S Valence Stabilizer #25: Examples of Schiff Bases with two Imine(C═N) Groups and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-thio or mercapto orthiocarbonyl substitution (N-S Tridentates, N-S Tetradentates, N-SPentadentates, or N-S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: N,N′-(2,5-Thiophenedicarboxaldehydo)diisopropylamine;N,N′-(2,5-Thiophenedicarboxaldehydo)dicyclohexylamine;N,N′-(2,5-Thiophenedicarboxaldehydo)dianiline;N,N′-(2,5-Thiophenedicarboxaldehydo)di-aminonorbornane;N,N′-(o-Thiophthalicdialdehydo)diisopropylamine;N,N′-(o-Thiophthalicdialdehydo)dicyclohexylamine;N,N′-(o-Thiophthalicdialdehydo)dianiline;N,N′-(o-Thiophthalicdialdehydo)di-aminonorbornane;N,N′-(o-Thioformy1camphoro)diisopropyIamine;N,N′-(o-Thioformylcamphoro)dicyclohexylamine;N,N′-(o-Thioformylcamphoro)dianiline;N,N′-(o-Thioformylcamphoro)di-aminonorbomane;N,N′-(o-Thiodiacetylbenzeno)diisopropylamine;N,N′-(o-Thiodiacetylbenzeno)dicyclohexylamine;N,N′-(o-Thiodiacetylbenzeno)dianiline;N,N′-(o-Thiodiacetylbenzeno)di-aminonorbornane;N,N′-(3,6-Dithio-1,2-cyclohexanono)diisopropylamine;N,N′-(3,6-Dithio-1,2-cyclohexanono)dicyclohexylamine;N,N′-(3,6-Dithio-1,2-cyclohexanono)dianiline;N,N′-(3,6-Dithio-1,2-cyclohexanono)di-aminonorbornane;N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylthiopheno)diisopropylamine;N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylthiopheno)dicyclohexylamine;N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylthiopheno)dianiline;N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylthiopheno)di-aminonorbornane;N,N′-(Thiosalicylaldehydo)ethylenediamine;N,N′-(o-Thionaphthaldehydo)ethylenediamine;N,N′-(o-Thioacetophenono)ethylenediamine;N,N′-(Thiosalicylaldehydo)trimethylenediamine;N,N′-(o-Thionaphthaldehydo)trimethylenediamine;N,N′-(o-Thioacetophenono)trimethylenediamine;N,N′-(Thiosalicylaldehydo)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine;N,N′-(o-Thionaphthaldehydo)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine;N,N′-(o-Thioacetophenono)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine;N,N′-(Thiosalicylaldehydo)-1,2-diaminobenzene;N,N′-(o-Thionaphthaldehydo)-1,2-diaminobenzene; andN,N′-(o-Thioacetophenono)-1,2-diaminobenzene. Also includes Schiff Basesderived from the reaction of carbonyl compounds with dithiocarbazates,and hydrazones with ortho-S substitution.N-S Valence Stabilizer #26: Examples of Schiff Bases with three Imine(C═N) Groups and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-thio or mercapto orthiocarbonyl substitution (N-S Tetradentates, N-S Pentadentates, or N-SHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:N,N′,N″-(Thiosalicylaldehydo)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine;N,N′,N″-(o-Thionaphthaldehydo)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine; andN,N′,N″-(o-Thioacetophenono)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine. Also includesSchiff Bases derived from the reaction of carbonyl compounds withdithiocarbazates, and hydrazones with ortho-S substitution.N-S Valence Stabilizer #27: Examples of thioalkyl amines (aminothiols oraminodisulfides) and thioalkyl imines (iminothiols or iminodisulfides)(N-S Bidentates, N-S Tridentates, N-S Tetradentates, and N-SHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:2-mercapto-1-aminoethane; 2-methylmercapto-1-aminoethane;3-mercapto-1-aminopropane; 1-mercapto-2-amino-2-methylpropane;2-mercaptocyclohexylamine; 3-mercapto-2-aminonorbornane;1,3-dimercapto-2-aminopropane; 1,5-dimercapto-3-aminopentane;2,2′-diaminodiethyl sulfide; 3,3′-diaminodipropyl sulfide;2,2′-diaminodicyclohexyl sulfide; 1,6-dimercapto-3,4-diaminohexane;1,7-dimercapto-3,5-diaminoheptane; 1,6-diamino-3,4-dimercaptohexane;1,7-diamino-3,5-dimercaptoheptane; tri(mercaptomethyl)amine;tri(2-mercaptoethyl)amine; dithiooxamide (rubeanic acid);2,2′-diaminodiethyl disulfide; 3,3′-diaminodipropyl disulfide;2,2′-diaminodicyclohexyl disulfide;3-amino-1,5-pentanedithioclialdehyde;3,4-diamino-1,6-hexanedithiodialdehyde;3,5-diamino-1,7-heptanedithioclialdehyde; iminobisacetic acid;iminobispropionic acid; and bis(hydroxyethyl)aminoalkyl sulfide.N-S Valence Stabilizer #28: Examples of thioaryl amines and thioarylimines (N-S Bidentates, N-S Tridentates, N-S Tetradentates, and N-SHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: 2-aminothiophenol(2-aminobenzenethiol); 2-aminothiobenzoic acid (thioanthranilic acid);2-aminothioanisole; 2-(methanamine)benzyl mercaptan[(2-aminomethyl)-alpha-toluenethiol][(2-mercaptomethyl)-alpha-aminotoluene]; 1-amino-2-naphthalenethiol;2-amino-1-naphthalenethiol; 2-amino-1-(methyldisulfldo)benzene;2,2′-di(aminomethyl)diphenylthioketone; di(2-amino)phenyl sulfide;di(2-amino)phenyl disulfide (di-ortho-aminophenyl disulfide (doapd));1,3-di(2-amino)phenyl-2-mercaptopropane;1,3-di(3-amino)phenyl-2-mercaptopropane;1,3-di(2-mercapto)phenyl-2-aminopropane;1,3-di(3-mercapto)phenyl-2-aminopropane; 2,2′-dimercaptoiminodibenzyl;2,2′-iminodibenzothioic acid; 2,2′-dimercaptoiminostilbene; andpoly(o-aminothiophenol).N-S Valence Stabilizer #29: Examples of five-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms at least oneadditional sulfur atom binding site not in a ring (N-S Bidentates, N-STridentates, N-S Tetradentates, or N-S Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 2-mercaptopyrrole;2-(methylthio)methylpyrrole; 2,5-(thiomethyl)pyrrole;2,5-(methylthiomethyl)pyrrole; 2,6-(methyldisulfidomethyl)pyrrole;imidazoline-2-thione (2-mercaptoimidazole); 2-mercaptothiazoline;2-mercaptobenzimidazole; 2-mercaptobenzothiazole; 2-mercaptobenzoxazole;2-thiohydantoin; di-2-pyridylthioglyoxal (2,2′-thiopyridil);bis((1-pyrazolyl)methane)sulfide; bis((1-pyrazolyl)methane)disulfide;bis(2-(1-pyrazolyl)ethane)sulfide; bis(2-(1-pyrazolyl)ethane)disulfide;bis(benzimidazolylmethane)sulfide; bis(benzimidazolylethane) sulfide;bis(benzimidazolylmethane) disulfide; bis(benzimidazolylethane)disulfide; tris(imidazolyl) methanethiol;tris(imidazolylmethane)methanethiol;N-thiomethyl-N,N-(benzimidazolylmethane)amine;N-(2-thioethyl)-N,N-(benzimidazolylmethane)amine;N,N′-di(benzimidazolylmethane)-1,3-diamino-2-mercaptopropane;N,N,N′,N″-tetrakis(benzimidazolylmethane)-1,3-diamino-2-mercaptopropane;bis(N,N-((4-imidazolyl)methane)2-amino ethane)sulfide;bis(N,N-((4-imidazolyl)methane)2-aminoethane)disulfide;2-aminobenzothiazole (abt); 2-phenylaminothiazole; thiohydantoin;thioxohydropyrazole; 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (mbt);2-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole; 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole(bismuthiol); 2,5-bis(alkylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole;2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (amt); 5-mercaptotetrazole;1-phenyl-5-mercaptotetrazole (pmt)(5-mptt); 5-mercaptotriazole;3-mercaptotriazole; (2-benzothiazolyl)thioacetic acid;(2-benzothiazolyl)thiopropionic acid; (alkylthio)benzotriazoles;(arylthio)benzotriazoles; 2-mercaptopyrimidine;bis(5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl);bis(5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)alkanes; 2-aminothiazolidine;thiazolidine-2-thione; 2-mercaptothiazolidine;1-(2-mercaptoethyl)imidazoline; imidazolidine-2-thione;4,5-dihydroxyimidazolidine-2-thione; 4-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole;(2-benzimidazolylthio)carboxylic acids; (2-benzoxazolylthio)carboxylicacids; (2-benzothiazolylthio)carboxylic acids;(2-benzimidazolylthio)hydroxyalkyl(aryl)s;(2-benzoxazolylthio)hydroxyalkyl (aryl)s;(2-benzothiazolylthio)hydroxyalkyl(aryl)s;2-(phenylmethylthio)benzothiazole;2,5-bis(hydrocarbyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles;2-(hydrocarbyldithio)-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazoles;bis(dithiobisthiadiazole); benzothiazolethione;3-hydrazino-5-thio-1,2,4-triazole; imidazolidine-2,4-dithione;dimercaptobenzothiazole; 2-aminothiazole (atz); thiadiazole-2-thione;5-mercaptothiadiazole-2-thione; 1,1-thiocarbonyldiimidazole;phosphosphonomethylenethio-1,3-benzothiazole (pmtbt);4,5-dihydroxyimidazolidine-2-thione; imidazolidine-2-thione;1,1′-thiocarbonyldiimidazole; 2,2′-dithiobis(benzothiazole); and5,5′-dithiobis(tetrazole).N-S Valence Stabilizer #30: Examples of six-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms at least oneadditional sulfur atom binding site not in a ring (N-S Bidentates, N-STridentates, N-S Tetradentates, or N-S Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 4-aminomethyl-3-pyridinemethanethiol(including thiopyridoxamine); 2-mercaptopyridine;2-(methylthio)methylpyridine; 2-(2-(methylthio)ethyl)pyridine;2,6-(thiomethyl)pyridine; 2,6-(methylthiomethyl)pyridine;2,6-(methyldisulfidomethyl)pyridine; 2-mercaptopyrimidine;2-dithiomethylpyrimidine; 2-mercaptoquinoline; 8-mercaptoquinoline(thioxine); 8-methyithioquinoline; 2-mercaptoquinazoline; thiooroticacid (1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-2,6-dithiono-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid)(6-thiouracilcarboxylic acid); 1-methylpyrimidine-2-thione;2-thiouracil; 2,4-dithiouracil; 6-mercaptopurine;bis(N,N,N′,N′-tetra(2-(2-pyridyl)ethane)aminomethane)sulfide;bis(N,N,N′,N′-tetra(2-(2-pyridyl)ethane)aminomethane)disulfide;bis(N,N,N′,N′-tetra(2-(2-pyridyl)ethane)aminoethane)sulfide;bis(N,N,N′,N′-tetra(2-(2-pyridyl)ethane)aminoethane)disulfide;1,3,5-triazine-6-thione; 2-benzylmercapto-1,3,5-triazine; triazinedithiols [i.e. 6-(phenylamino)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol (ptd);6-aniline-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol (atd); and2-(N,N-dialkylamino)-1,3,5-triazine-4,6-dithiol]; 2-thioquinazoline;2-thioquinazolin-4-one; thiomorpholin-3-thione;[2-(aminomethyl)thio]pyridine; 6-mercaptopurine; dithiouracil; and2,2′-dithiodipyridine (2,2′-dipyridyl disulfide).N-S Valence Stabilizer #31: Examples of five-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one or two sulfur atoms at least one additional nitrogen atombinding site not in a ring (N-S Bidentates, N-S Tridentates, N-STetradentates, or N-S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: 2-aminothiophene; 2,5-diaminothiophene; 2-aminomethylthiophene;2,5-di(aminomethyl)thiophene; 2-aminobenzothiophene; and2-iminothiolane.N-S Valence Stabilizer #32: Examples of six-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one or two sulfur atoms at least one additional nitrogen atombinding site not in a ring (N-S Bidentates, N-S Tridentates, N-STetradentates, or N-S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: 2-aminothiopyran; 2,6-diaminothiopyran; 2-aminomethylthiopyran;2,6-di(aminomethyl)thiopyran; and 2-aminobenzothiopyran.N-S Valence Stabilizer #33: Examples of five-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms at least oneadditional sulfur atom binding site in a separate ring (N-S Bidentates,N-S Tridentates, N-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: 2-(2-thiophene)pyrrole; 2,5-di(2-thiophene)pyrrole;2-(2-tbiopyran)pyrrole; 2,5-di(2-thiopyran)pyrrole;2,5-di(2-pyrrole)thiophene; 2,6-di(2-pyrrole)thiopyran; and3,5-bis(2-thienyl)-4-amino-1,2,4-triazole (2-tat).N-S Valence Stabilizer #34: Examples of six-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms at least oneadditional sulfur atom binding site in a separate ring (N-S Bidentates,N-S Tridentates, N-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: 2-(2-thiadiazolyl)benzimidazole; 2-(2-thiophene)pyridine;2,6-di(2-thiophene)pyridine; 2-(2-thiopyran)pyridine;2,6-di(2-thiopyran)pyridine; 2,5-di(2-pyridyl)thiophene;2,6-di(2-pyridyl)thiopyran; and 2-(4-thiazolyl)benzimidazole.N-S Valence Stabilizer #35: Examples of two-, three-, four-, six-,eight-, and ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, andmacropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, andsepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen(usually amine or imine groups) or sulfur (usually thiols, mercaptans,or thiocarbonyls) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings(N-S Bidentates, N-S Tridentates, N-S Tetradentates, and N-SHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: azathiacyclobutane([4]aneNS); azathiacyclopentane ([5]aneNS); azathiacyclohexane([6]aneNS); azathiacycloheptane ([7]aneNS); azathiacyclooctane([8]aneNS); azathiacyclobutene ([4]eneNS); azatbiacyclopentene([5]eneNS); azathiacyclohexene ([6]eneNS); azathiacycloheptene([7]eneNS); azathiacyclooctene ([8]eneNS); azathiacyclobutadiene([4]dieneNS); azathiacyclopentadiene ([5]dieneNS); azathiacyclohexadiene([6]dieneNS); azathiacycloheptadiene ([7]dieneNS); azathiacyclooctadiene([8]dieneNS); diazathiacyclohexane ([6]aneSN₂); diazathiacycloheptane([7]aneSN₂); diazathiacyclooctane ([8]aneSN₂); diazathiacyclononane([9]aneSN₂); diazathiacyclodecane ([10]aneSN₂); diazatbiacycloundecane([11]aneSN₂); diazathiacyclododecane ([12]aneSN₂); diazathiacyclohexene([6]eneSN₂); diazathiacycloheptene ([7]eneSN₂); diazathiacyclooctene([8]eneSN₂); diazathiacyclononene ([9]eneSN₂); diazathiacyclodecene([10]eneSN₂); diazathiacycloundecene ([11]eneSN₂);diazathiacyclododecene ([12]eneSN₂); diazadithiacyclooctane([8]aneS₂N₂); diazadithiacyclononane ([9]aneS₂N₂);diazadithiacyclodecane ([10]aneS₂N₂); diazadithiacycloundecane([11]aneS₂N₂); diazadithiacyclododecane ([12]aneS₂N₂);diazadithiacyclotridecane ([13]aneS₂N₂); diazadithiacyclotetradecane([14]aneS₂N₂); diazadithiacyclopentadecane ([15]aneS₂N₂);diazadithiacyclohexadecane ([16]aneS₂N₂); diazadithiacycloheptadecane([17]aneS₂N₂); diazadithiacyclooctadecane ([18]aneS₂N₂);diazadithiacyclononadecane ([19]aneS₂N₂); diazadithiacycloeicosane([20]aneS₂N₂); diazadithiacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneS₂N₂);diazadithiacyclononadiene ([9]dieneS₂N₂); diazadithiacyclodecadiene([10]dieneS₂N₂); diazadithiacycloundecadiene ([11]dieneS₂N₂);diazadithiacyclododecadiene ([12]dieneS₂N₂);diazadithiacyclotridecadiene ([13]dieneS₂N₂);diazadithiacyclotetradecadiene ([14]dieneS₂N₂);diazadithiacyclopentadecadiene ([15]dieneS₂N₂);diazadithiacyclohexadecadiene ([16]dieneS₂N₂);diazadithiacycloheptadecadiene ([17]dieneS₂N₂);diazadithiacyclooctadecadiene ([18]dieneS₂N₂);diazadithiacyclononadecadiene ([19]dieneS₂N₂);diazadithiacycloeicosadiene ([20]dieneS₂N₂); andtetramethyldithiahexaazacyclobidecanehexaene (mtab).N-S Valence Stabilizer #36: Examples of four-, six-, eight-, orten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics(including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) whereinall binding sites are composed of nitrogen or sulfur and are containedin component heterocyclic rings (N-S Bidentates, N-S Tridentates, N-STetradentates, or N-S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: dithiopyrandipyridines; dithiophenedipyrroles;trithiopyrantripyridines; trithiophenetripyrroles;tetrathiopyrantetrapyridines; and tetrathiophenetetrapynDles.N-S Valence Stabilizer #37: Examples of four-, six-, eight-, orten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics(including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) whereinall binding sites are composed of nitrogen or sulfur and are containedin a combination of heterocyclic rings and amine, imine, thiol,mercapto, or thiocarbonyl groups (N-S Bidentates, N-S Tridentates, N-STetradentates, or N-S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: azathiatetraphyrins; diazadithiatetraphyrins; azathiahexaphyrins;diazadithiahexaphyrins; and triazatrithiahexaphyrins.N-O Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of N-hydroxy(orN,N′-dihydroxy)amidines and N-hydroxy(or N,N′-dihydroxy)diamidines (N-Obidentates, N-O tridentates, or N-O tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: N-hydroxy-N,N′-dimethylformamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-diethylformamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-diisopropylformamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-dibutylformamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diphenylformamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-dibenzylformamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-dinaphthylformamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-dicyclohexylformamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-dinorbornylformamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-diadamantylformamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-dianthraquinonylformamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-dimethylacetamidine; N-hyclroxy-N,N′-diethylacetamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-diisopropylacetamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′dibutylacetamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-diphenylacetamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diberizylacetamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-dinaphthylacetamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-dicyclohexylacetamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-dinorbornylacetamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-diadamantylacetamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-dimethylbenzamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diethylbenzamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-diisopropylbenzamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-dibutylbenzamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diphenylbenzamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-dibenzylbenzamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-dinaphthylbenzamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-dicyclohexylbenzamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-dinorbornylbenzamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-diadamantylbenzamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-dimethyltoluamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diethyltoluamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-diisopropyltoluamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-dibutyltoluamidine; N-hydroxy-N,N′-diphenyltoluamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-dibenzyltoluamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-dinaphthyltoluamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-dicyclohexyltoluamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-dinorbornyltoluamidine;N-hydroxy-N,N′-diadamantyltoluamidine; N,N-dihydroxyoxalic diamidine;N,N′-dihydroxymalonic diamidine; N,N′-dihydroxysuccinic diamidine;N,N′-dihydroxyglutaric diamidine; N,N′-dihydroxyadipic diamidine;N,N′-dihydroxypimelic diamidine; N,N′-dihydroxysuberic diamidine;N,N′-dihydroxyphthalic diamidine; N,N′-dihydroxyterephthalic diamidine;N,N′-dihydroxyisophthalic diamidine; N,N′-dihydroxypiperazine diamidine.N-O Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of guanylureas, guanidinoureas,bis(guanylureas), bis(guanidinoureas), poly(guanylureas), andpoly(guanidinoureas) (N-O Bidentates and N-O Tetradentates) that meetthe requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: guanylurea(amidinourea)(dicyandiamidine); guanidinourea; methylguanylurea;ethylguanylurea; isopropylguanylurea; butylguanylurea; benzylguanylurea;phenylguanylurea; tolylguanylurea; naphthylguanylurea;cyclohexylguanylurea; norbornylguanylurea; adamantylguanylurea;dimethylguanylurea; diethylguanylurea; diisopropylguanylurea;dibutylguanylurea; dibenzylguanylurea; diphenylguanylurea;ditolylguanylurea; dinaphthylguanylurea; dicyclohexylguanylurea;dinorbornylguanylurea; diadamantylguanylurea; ethylenebis(guanylurea);propylenebis(guanylurea); phenylenebis(guanylurea);piperazinebis(guanylurea); oxalylbis(guanylurea);malonylbis(guanylurea); succinylbis(guanylurea);phthalylbis(guanylurea); 2-ureidothiazole; 2-ureidooxazole;2-ureidoimidazole; 3-ureidopyrazole; 3-ureido-1,2,4-triazole; and5-ureidotetrazole.N-O Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of amidinoamides, guanidinoamides,bis(amidinoamides), bis(guanidinoamides), poly(amidinoamides), andpoly(guanidinoamides) (including both N-amidinoamides and2-amidinoacetamides) (N-O Bidentates, N-O Tridentates, and N-OTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: amidinoacetamide(1-acetylguanidine); guanidinoacetamide; amidinopropanamide;amidinobutanamide; amidinobenzamide; amidinotoluamide;amidinocyclohexamide; N-methylamidinoacetamide;N-ethylamidinopropanamide; N-propylamidinobutanamide;N-phenylamidinobenzamide; N-tolylamidinotoluamide;N-cyclohexylamidinocyclohexamide; bis(amidinooxamide);bis(amidinomalonamide); bis(amidinosuccinamide);bis(amidinophthalamide); 2-amidinoacetamide (malonamamidine);N-methyl-2-amidinoacetamide; N-ethyl-2-amidinoacetamide;N-phenyl-2-amidinoacetamide; N-benzyl-2-amidinoacetamide;N-cyclohexyl-2-amidinoacetamide; N,N′-dimethyl-2-amidinoacetamide;N,N′-diethyl-2-amidinoacetamide; N,N′-diphenyl-2-amidinoacetamide;N,N′dibenzyl-2-amidinoacetamide; N,N′-dicyclohexyl-2-amidinoacetamide;2-N-acylaminothiazole; 2-N-acylaminooxazole; 2-N-acylaminoimidazole;3-N-acylaminopyrazole; 3-N-acylamino-1,2,4-triazole; and5-N-acylaminotetrazole.N-O Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of imidoylamides,bis(imidoylamides), and poly(imidoylamides) (N-O Bidentates, N-OTridentates, and N-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: acetimidoylacetamide; acetimidoylpropanamide; acetimidoylbutanamide;acetimidoylbenzamide; acetimidolytoluamide; acetimidoylcyclohexamide;propimidoylpropanamide; butimidoylbutanamide; benzimidoylbenzamide;ethylenebis(acetimidoylacetamide); propylenebis(acetimidoylacetamide);and phenylenebis(acetimidoylacetamide).N-O Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of O-amidinocarbamates,bis(O-amidinocarbamates), and poly(O-amidinocarbamates) (N-O Bidentatesand N-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:O-amidinocarbamate; N-methyl-O-amidinocarbamate;N-ethyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N-isopropyl-O-amidinocarbamate;N-butyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N-benzyl-O-amidinocarbamate;N-phenyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N-tolyl-O-amidinocarbamate;N-naphthyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N-cyclohexyl-O-amidinocarbamate;N-norbornyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N-adamantyl-O-amidinocarbamate;N,N′-dimethyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N,N′-diethyl-O-amidinocarbamate;N,N′-diisopropyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N,N′-dibutyl-O-amidinocarbamate;N,N′-dibenzyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N,N′-diphenyl-O-amidinocarbamate;N,N′-ditolyl-O-amidinocarbamate; N,N′-dinaphthyl-O-amidinocarbamate;N,N′-dicyclohexyl-O-amidinocarbamate;N,N′-dinorbornyl-O-amidinocarbamate;N,N′-diadamantyl-O-amidinocarbamate; ethylenebis(O-amidinocarbamate);propylenebis(O-amidinocarbamate); phenylenebis(O-amidinocarbamate);piperazinebis(O-amidinocarbamate); oxalylbis(O-amidinocarbamate);malonylbis(O-amidinocarbamate); succinylbis(O-amidinocarbamate);phthalylbis(O-amidinocarbamate); 2-O-carbamatothiazole;2-O-carbamatooxazole; 2-O-carbamatoimidazole; 3-O-carbamatopyrazole;3-O-carbamato-1,2,4-triazole; and 5-carbamatotetrazole.N-O Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of S-amidinothiocarbamates,bis(S-amidinothiocarbamates), and poly(S-amidinothiocarbamates) (N-OBidentates and N-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-methyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate;N-ethyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-isopropyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate;N-butyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-benzyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate;N-phenyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-tolyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate;N-naphthyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-cyclohexyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate;N-norbornyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate; N-adamantyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate;N,N′-dimethyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate;N,N′-diethyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate;N,N′-diisopropyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate;N,N′-dibutyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate;N,N′-dibenzyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate;N,N′-diphenyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate;N,N′-ditolyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate;N,N′-dinaphthyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate;N,N′-dicyclohexyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate;N,N′-dinorbornyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate;N,N′-diadamantyl-S-amidinothiocarbamate;ethylenebis(S-amidinothiocarbamate);propylenebis(S-amidinothiocarbamate);phenylenebis(S-amidinothiocarbamate);piperazinebis(S-amidinothiocarbamate);oxalylbis(S-amidinothiocarbamate); malonylbis(S-amidinothiocarbamate);succinylbis(S-amidinothiocarbamate); phthalylbis(S-amidinothiocarbamate); 2-O-monothiocarbamatotbiazole;2-O-monothiocarbamatooxazole; 2-O-monothiocarbamatoimidazole;3-O-monothiocarbamatopyrazole; 3-O-monothiocarbamato-1,2,4-triazole; and5-O-monothiocarbamatotetrazole.N-O Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of diimidosulfuric acid,bis(diimidosulfuric acid), and derivatives thereof (N-O Bidentates andN-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:diimidosulfuric acid; O-phenyldiimidosulfuric acid;O-benzyldiimidosulfuric acid, O-cyclohexyldiimidosulfuric acid,O-norbornyldiimidosulfuric acid, O,O′-diphenyldiimidosulfuric acid;O,O′-dibenzyldiimidosulfuric acid, O,O′-dicyclohexyldiimidosulfuricacid, and O,O′-dinorbomyldiimidosulfuric acid.N-O Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of phosphorimidic acid,bis(phosphorimidic acid); and poly(phosphorimidic acid), and derivativesthereof(N-O Bidentates, N-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirementsfor use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: phosphorimidic acid; O-phenyiphosphorimidic acid;O-benzylphosphorimidic acid; O-cyclohexyiphosphorimidic acid;O-norbornyiphosphorimidic acid; O,O′-diphenylphosphorimidic acid;O,O′-dibenzylphosphorimidic acid; O,O′-dicyclohexylphosphorimidic acid;and O,O′-dinorbomyiphosphorimidic acid.N-O Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of phosphoric triamides,bis(phosphoric triamides), and poly(phosphoric triamides) (N-OBidentates and N-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: phosphoric triamide; phosphoramidic dihydrazide; N-phenylphosphorictriamide, N-benzylphosphoric triamide; N-cyclohexylphosphoric triamide;N-norbornylphosphoric triamide; N,N′-diphenylphosphoric triamide,N,N′-dibenzylphosphoric triamide; N,N′-dicyclohexyiphosphoric triamide;and N,N′-dinorbornylphosphoric triamide.N-O Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of phosphoramidic acid,phosphorodiamidic acid, bis(phosphoramidic acid), bis(phosphorodiamidicacid), poly(phosphoramidic acid), poly(phosphorodiamidic acid), andderivatives thereof (N-O Bidentates and N-O Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: phosphoramidic acid, phosphorodiamidicacid, phosphoramidohydrazidic acid; phosphorohydrazidic acid;phosphorodihydrazidic acid; O-phenylphosphoramidic acid;O-benzylphosphoramidic acid; O-cyclohexylphosphoramidic acid;O-norbornyiphosphoramidic acid; O,O′-diphenylphosphoramidic acid;O,O′-dibenzylphosphoramidic acid; O,O′-dicyclohexyiphosphoramidic acid;and O,O′-dinorbomylphosphoramidic acid.N-O Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of N-acyl 7-aminobenzylidenimines(N-O Bidentates or N-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: N-acetyl 7-methylaminobenzylidenimine; N-acetyl7-phenylaminobenzylidenimine; N-benzoyl 7-methylaminobenzylidenimine;and N-benzoyl 7-phenylaminobenzylidenimine.N-O Valence Stabilizer #12: Examples of oximes, dioximes, andpoly(oximes) (N-O Bidentates, N-O Tridentates, and N-O Tetradentates)that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: acetaldoxime (Hado); acetoxime(acetone oxime)(Hato); butanone oxime; pentanone oxime; hexanone oxime;pinacolone oxime; heptanone oxime; octanone oxime; cyclopentanone oxime;cyclohexanone oxime; cycloheptanone oxime; cyclooctanone oxime;cyclopentanedione dioxime; cyclohexanedione dioxime; cycloheptanedionedioxime; cyclooctanedione dioxime; isatin dioxime; benzaldehyde oxime;naphthaldehyde oxime; norbomanone oxime; camphor oxime; dimethylglyoxime(H₂DMG); diethylglyoxime; diisopropylglyoxime; ditertbutylglyoxime;dicyanoglyoxime; dicyanamidoglyoxime; diphenyiglyoxime (Hdfg);dibenzylglyoxime; dicyclohexylglyoxime; dinorbornylglyoxime;camphorquinone dioxime (Hcqd); nopinoquinone dioxime (Hnqd);butyraldoxime; propionaldoxime; furildioxime; and thienyldioxime.N-O Valence Stabilizer #13: Examples of carbonyl oximes, bis(carbonyloximes), and poly(carbonyl oximes) (N-O Bidentates, N-O Tridentates, andN-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: diacetylmonoxime (2,3-butanedione monoxime); benzil monoxime(1,2-diphenylethanedione monoxime); 1,2-dicyclohexylethanedionemonoxime; 1,2-(trifluoromethyl)ethanedione monoxime;1,2-dinorbomylethanedione monoxime; cyclopentanedione monoxime;cyclohexanedione monoxime; cycloheptanedione monoxime; cyclooctanedionemonoxime; camphorquinone oxime; 3-hydroxyiminopentane-2,4-dione; and4-isonitrosopyralozone.N-O Valence Stabilizer #14: Examples of imine oximes, bis(imine oximes),and poly(imine oximes) (including 2-nitrogen heterocyclic oximes) (N-OBidentates, N-O Tridentates, N-O Tetradentates, and N-O Hexadentates)that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: 3-(methylimino)butan-2-oneoxime; 4-(methylimino)hexan-3-one oxime;1,2-diphenyl-2-(methylimino)ethan-1-one oxime;1,2-diphenyl-2-(phenylimino)ethan-1-one oxime;1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-(methylimino)ethan-1-one oxime;1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-(cyclohexylimino)ethan-1-one oxime;1,2-dinorbornyl-2-(methylimino)ethan-1-one oxime;N,N′-methylenebis-(3-iminobutan-2-one oxime);N,N′-methylenebis-(4-iminohexan-3-one oxime);N,N′-methylenebis-(1,2-diphenyl-2-iminoethan-1-one oxime);N,N′-methylenebis-(1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-iminoethan-1-one oxime);N,N′-methylenebis-(1,2-dinorbornyl-2-iminoethan- 1-one oxime);N,N′-ethylenebis-(3-iminobutan-2-one oxime);N,N′-ethylenebis-(4-iminohexan-3-one oxime);N,N′-ethylenebis-(1,2-diphenyl-2-iminoethan-1-one oxime);N,N′-ethylenebis-(1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-iminoethan-1-one oxime);N,N′-ethylenebis-(1,2-dinorbornyl-2-iminoethan-1-one oxime);N,N′-propylenebis-(3-iminobutan-2-one oxime);N,N′-propylenebis-(4-iminohexan-3-one oxime);N,N′-propylenebis-(1,2-diphenyl-2-iminoethan-1-one oxime);N,N′-propylenebis-(1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-iminoethan-1-one oxime);N,N′-propylenebis-(1,2-dinorbomyl-2-iminoethan- 1-one oxime);diacetylazine oxime (Hazio); 2-pyridinaldoxime (Hpao); methyl 2-pyridylketone oxime; ethyl 2-pyridyl ketoxime; phenyl 2-pyridyl ketone oxime(Hppk); benzyl 2-pyridyl ketoxime; di(2-pyridyl) ketone oxime; methyl2-pyrrolyl ketone oxime; ethyl 2-pyrrolyl ketone oxime; phenyl2-pyrrolyl ketone oxime; di(2-pyrrolyl) ketone oxime; andtris(2-aldoximo-6-pyndyl)phosphine.N-O Valence Stabilizer #15: Examples of hydroxy oximes, bis(hydroxyoximes), and poly(hydroxy oximes) (including 2-oxygen heterocyclicoximes) (N-O Bidentates, N-O Tridentates, N-O Tetradentates, and N-OHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:3-hydroxybutan-2-one oxime; 4-hydroxyhexan-3-one oxime; benzoin oxime(bo)(1,2-diphenyl-2-hydroxyethanone oxime);1,2-di(trifluoromethyl)-2-hydroxyethanone oxime;1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-hydroxyethanone oxime;1,2-dinorbomyl-2-hydroxyethanone oxime; salicylaldoxime (so)(saldox);2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde oxime; 2-furanaldoxime; furildioxime; methyl2-furanyl ketone oxime; ethyl 2-furanyl ketoxime; phenyl 2-furanylketone oxime; benzyl 2-furanyl ketoxime; di(2-furanyl) ketone oxime; and2,5-(oximinomethyl)phenol.N-O Valence Stabilizer #16: Examples of amino oximes, bis(amino oximes),and poly(amino oximes) (N-O Bidentates, N-O Tridentates, N-OTetradentates, and N-O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: 3-(methylamino)butan-2-one oxime (HMeabo);4-(methylamino)hexan-3-one oxime (HEtabo);1,2-diphenyl-2-(methylamino)ethanone oxime (HPhabo);1,2-diphenyl-2-(phenylamino)ethanone oxime;1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-(methylamino)ethanone oxime (HcyHxabo); 1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-(cyclohexylamino)ethanone oxime;1,2-di(trifluoromethyl)-2-(methylamino)ethanone oxime;1,2-dinorbornyl-2-(methylamino)ethanone oxime (HNorbabo);N,N′-ethylenebis-(3-aminobutan-2-one oxime)(Habopn);N,N′-ethylenebis-(4-aminohexan-3-one oxime);N,N′-ethylenebis-(1,2-diphenyl-2-aminoethanone oxime);N,N′-ethylenebis-(1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-aminoethanone oxime);N,N′ethylenebis-(1,2-di(trifluoromethyl)-2-aminoethanone oxime);N,N′-ethylenebis-(1,2-dinorbornyl-2-aminoethanone oxime);N,N′-propylenebis-(3-aminobutan-2-one oxime)(Habopn);N,N′-propylenebis-(4-aminohexan-3 -one oxime);N,N′-propylenebis-(1,2-diphenyl-2-aminoethanone oxime);N,N′-propylenebis-(1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-aminoethanone oxime);N,N′-propylenebis-(1,2-di(trifluoromethyl)-2-aminoethanone oxime);N,N′-propylenebis-(1,2-dinorbornyl-2-aminoethanone oxime);2,2′-iminobis(acetamidoxime); 1-diethylamino-3-butanoxime; anddi-2-pyridyl ketone oxime.N-O Valence Stabilizer #17: Examples of amido oximes, bis(amido oximes),and poly(amido oximes) (N-O Bidentates, N-O Tridentates, N-OTetradentates, and N-O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: formamide oxime; acetamide oxime; propanamide oxime; butanamideoxime; benzamide oxime (Hbamox); naphthamide oxime; diformamide dioxime;salicylamide oxime; and 4-imidazolamide oxime.N-O Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of azo oximes, bis(azo oximes), andpoly(azo oximes) (N-O Bidentates, N-O Tridentates, N-O Tetradentates,and N-O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:acetaldehyde phenyihydrazone oxime; propionaldehyde phenylhydrazoneoxime; and benzaldehyde phenylhydrazone oxime. Also includes hydrazoneoximes.N-O Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of 2-nitrosophenols (o-quinonemonoximes) (N-O Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wideband” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:2-nitrosophenol; 1 -nitroso-2-naphthol (Honn); 2-nitroso- 1 -naphthol(Htnn); 3-nitrosopyrocatechol; 3 ,6-dinitrosopyrocatechol;2-nitrosoresorcinol; 2,4-dinitrosoresorcinol;2,4,6-trinitrosoresorcinol; 2-nitrosohydroquinone;2,6-dinitrosohydroquinone; 2,3,5,6-tetranitrosohydroquinone;4-nitrosopyrogallol; 4,6-dinitrosopyrogallol; 2-nitrosophloroglucinol;2,4,6-trinitrosophloroglucinol; 7-nitroso-6-hydroxyindazole; PigmentGreen 12 (C.I. 10020); Naphthol Green; and nitroso-R-salt.N-O Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of 2-nitrophenols (N-O Bidentates)that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: 2-nitrophenol;2,3-dinitrophenol; 2,4-dinitrophenol; 2,5-dinitrophenol;2,6-dinitrophenol; 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid);2-amino-4,6-dinitrophenol (picramic acid); 1-nitro-2-naphthol;2-nitro-1-naphthol; 3-nitropyrocatechol; 3,6-dinitropyrocatechol;2-nitroresorcinol; 2,4-dinitroresorcinol; 2,4,6-trinitroresorcinol(styphnic acid); 2-nitrohydroquinone; 2,6-dinitrohydroquinone;2,3,5,6-tetranitrohydroquinone; 4-nitropyrogallol;4,6-dinitropyrogallol; 2-nitrophioroglucinol;2,4,6-trinitrophioroglucinol; dinitrocresol; 7-nitro-6-hydroxyindazole;Dinoseb; Eosin; Naphthol Yellow; and Martius Yellow.N-O Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of hydroxamates (hydroxylamines),bis(hydroxamates), and poly(hydroxamates) (N-O Bidentates, N-OTetradentates, and N-O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: acetohydroxamic acid; propianohydroxamic acid; butyrohydroxamicacid; crotonohydroxamic acid; sorbohydroxamic acid; benzohydroxamic acid(BH₂); toluichydroxamic acid; salicyihydroxamic acid (SH₂);phenylacetohydroxamic acid (PhH₂); anthranilhydroxamic acid (AnH₂);nicotinehydroxamic acid (NicH₂); picolinehydroxamic acid;cyclohexanehydroxamic acid (CH₂); quinoline 8-hydroxamic acid (QH₂);cinnamylhydroxamic acid (CnH₂); oxaldihydroxamic acid (OxalH₂);succinylbis-N-phenylhydroxamic acid (SuH₂); adipylbis-N-phenylhydroxamicacid (AdH₂); glyoxalhydroxamic acid (GH₂); 2-thiophenecarbohydroxamicacid; thenoylhydroxamic acid; N-phenylbenzohydroxamic acid;N-tolylberizohydroxamic acid; N-phenylacetohydroxamic acid;N-phenyl-2-thenoylhydroxamic acid; N-tolyl-2-thenoylhydroxamic acid; andpolyhydroxamic acids.N-O Valence Stabilizer #22: Examples of N-nitrosohydroxylamines,bis(N-nitrosohydroxylamines), and poly(N-nitrosohydroxylamines) (N-OBidentates, N-O Tetradentates, and N-O Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: N-nitrosophenylhydroxylamine(cupferron); N-nitrosonaphthylhydroxylamine (neocupferron);N-nitrosoanthracylhydroxylamine; N-nitroso(2-pyridyl)hydroxylamine; andN-nitroso(2-thiophenyl)hydroxylamine.N-O Valence Stabilizer #23: Examples of amino acids,ortho-aminocarboxylic acids, peptides, polypeptides, and proteins [N-OBidentates, N-O Tridentates, and N-O Tetradentates; possibly S-Odentates for sulfur-contg. examples such as penicillamine and cystine]that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: alanine (Ala); arginine (Arg);asparagine (Asn); aspartic acid (Asp); cysteine (Cys); cystine (Cys orCys.Cys); dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa); glutamic acid (Glu); glutamine(Gln); glycine (Gly); histidine (His); isoleucine (Ile); leucine (Leu);lysine (Lys); methionine (Met); penicillamine (Pen); phenylalanine(Phe); tolylalanine (tala); proline (Pro); sarcosine; serine (Ser);threonine (Thr); tryptophan (Trp); tyrosine (Tyr); and valine (Val) asamino acid examples; 2-pyridinecarboxylic acid (picolinic acid),2-pyrazinecarboxylic acid, 2,3-dicarboxypyrazine, and anthranilic acidas ortho-aminocarboxylic acid examples; Gly-GluO; Hgly-Gly; Gly-MetO;Met-GlyO; Gly-TyrO; Ala-HisO; Gly-His-GlyO; Gly-Gly-His; Gly-Leu-TyrO;penta-GlyO; His-His; triaminoisobutyrate; tetra-GlyO; Pro-Gly; andGly-Met as peptide examples; and azurin, carbonic anhydrase C;carboxypeptidase; concanavalin A; cytochrome b; cytochrome c;erythrocruorin; ferredoxin; haemerythrin; haemoglobin; myoglobin;parvalbumin; albumin; plastocyanin; rubredoxin; superoxide dismutase;thermolysin; and trysin as protein examples; N-acylamino acids;aminocaproic acid; and 3,5-diiodotyrosine.N-O Valence Stabilizer #24: Examples of amides, bis(amides), andpoly(amides), including lactams (N-O bidentates, N-O tridentates, andN-O tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: acetamide;propionamide; butanamide; benzamide (benzoylamide)(1-phenylformamide);1-naphthylformamide; toluamide; 1-cyclohexylformamide);1-norbornylformamide; 1-adamantylformamide; N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF)(DMFA); N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC); N,N-dimethylbenzamide;N,N-diethylformamide; N,N-diethylacetamide; decanamide; dodecanamide;tetradecanamide; hexadecanamide; octadecanamide; lactobionic acid amide;(hydroxyalkylthio)succinamides; (mercaptoalkoxy)succinamides;polycaproamides; glycinamide; aminoalkylanilides; amidopolyamines (apa);bis(1-phenylethylamide); oxalic semiamide; malonic semiamide; succinicsemiamide; bis(1,1′-benzotriazolyl)dicarboxamide; nicotinamide;acetanilide (N-phenylacetamide); formanilide (N-phenylformamide);benzanilide (N-phenylbenzamide); N-methylformanilide; acetanilide;nicotinanilide; 4′-hydroxyacetanilide (acetaminophen); 2-pyrrolidone;methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP); 2-piperidone (valerolactam); caprolactam;polymethylenepolyamine dipropionamide; polyacrylamides; polypyrrolidones[including polyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone)(PVP)]; pyrazolidinones;pyrazolones; diazepinones; N-alkylazaalkene lactams; andN-(2-hydroxyalkyl)azaalkene lactams.N-O Valence Stabilizer #25: Examples of semicarbazones,bis(semicarbazones), and poly(semicarbazones) (N-O Bidentates, N-OTetradentates, and N-O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: acetaldehyde semicarbazone; acetone semicarbazone; pinacolonesemicarbazone; benzaldehyde semicarbazone; naphthaldehyde semicarbazone;norbornanone semicarbazone; camphor semicarbazone; nopinonesemicarbazone; 2-pyridinaldehyde semicarbazone; salicylaldehydesemicarbazone; quinolinaldehyde semicarbazone; isatin disemicarbazone;camphorquinone disemicarbazone; camphorquinone disemicarbazone;picolinaldehyde semicarbazone; dipyridyl glyoxal disemicarbazone;di-2-pyridyl ketone semicarbazone; methyl-2-pyridyl ketonesemicarbazone; glyoxal disemicarbazone; acetophenone semicarbazone;biacetyl monoxime semicarbazone; acetamidobenzaldehyde semicarbazone;thymolaldosemicarbazone; thiophene-2-aldehyde semicarbazone;phthalaldehyde disemicarbazone; phthalimide disemicarbazone; furaldehydesemicarbazone; naphthoquinone semicarbazone; phenanthrequinonesemicarbazone; cyclohexanedione disemicarbazone; ionone semicarbazone;bissemicarbazone of diethyl-3,4-dioxadioate; and lawsone semicarbazone.N-O Valence Stabilizer #26: Examples of acyl hydrazones, bis(acylhydrazones), and poly(acyl hydrazones) (N-O Bidentates, N-OTetradentates, and N-O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: acetaldehyde N-formylhydrazone; acetaldehyde N-benzoylhydrazone;acetone N-formylhydrazone; acetone N-benzoylhydrazone; pinacoloneN-formylhydrazone; pinacolone N-benzoylhydrazone; benzaldehydeN-formylhydrazone; benzaldehyde N-benzoylhydrazone; naphthaldehydeN-formylhydrazone; naphthaldehyde N-benzoylhydrazone; norbomanoneN-formylhydrazone; norbomanone N-benzoylhydrazone; camphorN-formylhydrazone; camphor N-benzoylhydrazone; nopinoneN-formylhydrazone; nopinone N-benzoylhydrazone; 2-pyridinaldehydeN-formyihydrazone; 2-pyridinaldehyde N-benzoylhydrazone; salicylaldehydeN-formylhydrazone; salicylaldehyde N-benzoylhydrazone; quinolinaldehydeN-formylhydrazone; quinolinaldehyde N-benzoylhydrazone; furan-2-aldehydeN-formylhydrazone; furan-2-aldehyde N-benzoylhydrazone; naphthoquinoneN-formylhydrazone; naphthoquinone N-benzoylhydrazone; iononeN-formyihydrazone; ionone N-benzoylhydrazone; lawsone N-formylhydrazone;and lawsone N-benzoylhydrazone.N-O Valence Stabilizer #27: Examples of carbazones (diazenecarboxylichydrazides), bis(carbazones), and poly(carbazones) (N-O Bidentates, N-OTetradentates, and N-O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: diphenylcarbazone; 2-phenylcarbazone; dinaphthylcarbazone; and2-naphthylcarbazone.N-O Valence Stabilizer #28: Examples of azo compounds with hydroxyl orcarboxy or carbonyl substitution at the ortho- (for aryl) or alpha- orbeta- (for alkyl) positions, Bis[o-(HO-) or alpha- or beta-(HO-)azocompounds], or Poly[o-(HO-) or alpha- or beta-(HO-)azo compounds) (N-OBidentates, N-O Tridentates, N-O Tetradentates, or N-O Hexadentates)that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: 2-hydroxyazobenzene[1-(phenylazo)-2-phenol]; 2,2-dihydroxyazobenzene(o,o′dihydroxyazobenzene); (2-furan)azobenzene; Direct Blue 2B;1-(4-nitrophenylazo)-2-naphthol; 1-(2-hydroxyphenylazo)-2-naphthol;1-(2-methoxyphenylazo)-2-naphthol; pyridineazo-2-naphthol (PAN);pyridineazoresorcinol (PAR);1-phenyl-4-(2-hydroxypheriylazo)-5-pyrazolone;1-phenyl-4-(2-methoxyphenylazo)-5-pyrazolone;o-hydroxy-o′-(beta-aminoethylamino)azobenzene;2-hydroxy-2′-methoxymethylemoxyazobenzene; methyl red; turquoise blue(reactive blue); sunset yellow; amaranth; tartrazine; Eriochrome BlackT; tropeolins; Allura Red; amaranth; Acid Alizarin Violet N; Acid Blue29; Acid Orange 8, 63, and 74; Acid Red 1, 4, 8, 37, 88, 97, 114, 151,and 183; Acid Violet 7; Acid Yellow 25,29, 34, 42, 76, and 99; BrilliantBlack BN; Brilliant Crocein; Bordeaux R; Calcion; Chicago Sky Blue;Chromotrope; Cibacron Brilliant Red; Cibacron Brilliant Yellow; CroceinOrange; Crystal Scarlet; Calmagite; Direct Blue 71; Direct Red 23, 80,and 81; Direct Violet 51; Direct Yellow 8 and 27; Fast Black; Flavazin;Mordant Blue 9; Mordant Brown 1 and 33; Napthol Blue Black; New Coccine;Nitrazine Yellow; Nitrosulfonazo III; Orange II; Orange G, OT, and B;Ponceau 3R and SX; Polar Yellow; 2-oxazolylazobenzene; and2-benzoxazolylazobenzene.N-O Valence Stabilizer #29: Examples of diazeneformamides,diazeneacetamides, bis(diazeneformamides), bis(diazeneacetamides),poly(diazeneformamides), and poly(diazeneacetamides) (N-O Bidentates,N-O Tetradentates, and N-O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: diazeneformamide, diazeneacetamide, phenyldiazenefonnamide,diphenyldiazeneformamide, phenyldiazeneacetamide, anddiphenyldiazeneacetamide.N-O Valence Stabilizer #30: Examples of diazeneformic acids,diazeneacetic acids, bis(diazeneformic acids), bis(diazeneacetic acids),poly(diazeneformic acids), poly(diazeneacetic acids) and derivativesthereof (N-O Bidentates, N-O Tetradentates, N-O Hexadentates) that meetthe requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: diazeneformic acid, diazeneacetic acid,phenyldiazeneformic acid, diphenyldiazeneformic acid,phenyldiazeneacetic acid, and diphenyldiazeneacetic acid.N-O Valence Stabilizer #31: Examples of diazeneformaldehydes,diazeneacetaldehydes, bis(diazenefonnaldehydes),bis(diazeneacetaldehydes), poly(diazeneformaldehydes), andpoly(diazeneacetaldehydes) (N-O Bidentates, N-O Tetradentates and N-OHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:diazeneformaldehyde, diazeneacetaldehyde, phenyldiazeneformaldehyde,diphenyldiazeneformaldehyde, phenyldiazeneacetaldehyde, anddiphenyldiazeneacetaldehyde.N-O Valence Stabilizer #32: Examples of diazenediformamides,diazenediacetamides, bis(diazenediformamides), bis(diazenediacetamides),poly(diazenediformamides), and poly(diazenediacetamides) (N-OTridentates and N-O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as“wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: diazenediformamide, diazenediacetamide, diphenydiazenediformamide,tetraphenyldiazenediformamide, diphenyldiazenediacetamide, andtetraphenyldiazenediacetamide.N-O Valence Stabilizer #33: Examples of diazenediformic acids,diazenediacetic acids, bis(cliazenediformic acids), bis(diazenediaceticacids), poly(diazenediformic acids), poly(diazenediacetic acids) andderivatives thereof (N-O Tridentates and N-O Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: diazenediformic acid, diazenediaceticacid, phenyldiazenediformic acid, diphenyldiazenediformic acid,phenyldiazenediacetic acid, and diphenyldiazenediacetic acid.N-O Valence Stabilizer #34: Examples of diazenediformaldehydes,diazenediacetaldehydes, bis(diazenediformaldehydes),bis(diazenediacetaldehydes), poly(diazenediformaldehydes), andpoly(diazenediacetaldehydes) (N-O Tridentates and N-O Hexadentates) thatmeet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers forCo⁺³ include, but are not limited to: diazenediformaldehyde,diazenediacetaldehyde, diphenyldiazenediformaldehyde, anddiphenyldiazenediacetaldehyde.N-O Valence Stabilizer #35: Examples of ortho-hydroxy (or -carboxy)substituted formazans, bis(o-hydroxy or -carboxy substituted formazans),and poly(o-hydroxy or -carboxy substituted formazans) (N-O Bidentates,N-O Tridentates, N-O Tetradentates, and N-O Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to:1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3,5-diphenylformazan;1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-3,5-diphenylformazan;1,5-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylformazan; and5-bis(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenylformazan.N-O Valence Stabilizer #36: Examples of ortho-hydroxy (or -carboxy)substituted azines (including ketazines), bis(o-hydroxy or carboxysubstituted azines), and poly(o-hydroxy or carboxy substituted azines)(N-O Bidentates, N-O Tridentates, N-O Tetradentates, and N-OHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:2-hydroxy-l-benzalazine; 2-hydroxy-1-naphthalazine; and2-hydroxy-l-cyclohexanonazine.N-O Valence Stabilizer #37: Examples of Schiff Bases with one Imine(C═N) Group and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-hydroxy or carboxy orcarbonyl substitution (N-O Bidentates, N-O Tridentates, N-OTetradentates, N-O Pentadentates, or N-O Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: N-(Salicylaldehydo)isopropylamine;N-(2-Furfuralo)isopropylamine; N-(2-Acetylfurano)isopropylamine;N-(2-Hydroxyacetophenono)isopropylamine; N-(Pyridoxalo)isopropylamine;N-(Salicylaldehydo)cyclohexylamine; N-(2-Furfuralo)cyclohexylamine;N-(2-Acetylfurano)cyclohexylamine;N-(2-Hydroxyacetophenono)cyclohexylamine; N-(Pyridoxalo)cyclohexylamine;N-(Salicylaldehydo)aniline; N-(2-Furfuralo)aniline (Stenhauz salt);N-(2-Acetylfurano)aniline; N-(2-Hydroxyacetophenono)aniline;N-(Pyridoxalo)aniline; N-(Salicylaldehydo)aminonorbornane;N-(2-Furfuralo)aminonorbornane; N-(2-Acetylfurano)aminonorbornane;N-(2-Hydroxyacetophenono)aminonorbornane; N-(Pyridoxalo)aminonorbornane;(Salicylaldehydo)anisidine; 2-salicylideneiminobenzothiazole;(Salicylaldehydo)sulfamethazine; andN′-histidine-3-methoxysalicylidenimine (V-his);N-(o-carboxybenzaldehydo)-2-aminophenol; N-(salicylaldehydo)isatin;N-(2-furfuralo)isatin; N-(2-acetylfurano)isatin; N-pyridoxalo)isatin;N-(2-hydroxyacetophenono)isatin; hydrofuraniide; 2-furancarboxaldehydephenylhydrazone; 2-furancarboxaldehyde 2-pyridyl hydrazone;salicylaldehyde phenylhydrazone; and salicylaldehyde 2-pyridylhydrazone. Also includes hydrazones with ortho-O substitution.N-O Valence Stabilizer #38: Examples of Schiff Bases with two Imine(C═N) Groups and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-hydroxy or carboxy orcarbonyl substitution (N-O Tridentates, N-O Tetradentates, N-OPentadentates, or N-O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: N,N′-(2,5-Furandicarboxaldehydo)diisopropylamine;N,N′-(2,5-Furandicarboxaldehydo)dicyclohexylamine; N,N′-(2,5-Furandicarboxaldehydo)dianiline;N,N′-(2,5-Furandicarboxaldehydo)di-aminonorbornane;N,N′-(o-Hydroxyphthalicdialdehydo)diisopropylamine;N,N′-(o-Hydroxyphthalicdialdehydo)dicyclohexylamine;N,N′-(o-Hydroxyphthalicdialdehydo)dianiline;N,N′-(o-Hydroxyphthalicdialdehydo)di-aminonorbornane;N,N′-(o-Hydroxyformylcamphoro)diisopropylamine;N,N′-(o-Hydroxyformylcamphoro)dicyclohexylamine;N,N′-(o-Hydroxyformylcamphoro)dianiline;N,N′-(o-Hydroxyformylcamphoro)di-aminonorbornane;N,N′-(o-Hydroxydiacetylbenzeno)diisopropylamine;N,N′-(o-Hydroxydiacetylbenzeno)dicyclohexylamine;N,N′-(o-Hydroxydiacetylbenzeno)dianiline;N,N′-(o-Hydroxydiacetylbenzeno)di-aminonorbornane;N,N′-(3,6-Dihydroxy-1,2-cyclohexanono)diisopropylamine;N,N′-(3,6-Dihydroxy-1,2-cyclohexanono)dicyclohexylamine;N,N′-(3,6-Dihydroxy-1,2-cyclohexanono)dianiline;N,N′-(3,6-Dihydroxy-1,2-cyclohexanono)di-aminonorbornane;N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylfurano)diisopropylamine;N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylfurano)dicyclohexylamine;N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylfurano)dianiline;N,N′-(2,5-Diacetylfurano)di-aminonorbornane;N,N′-(Salicylaldehydo)ethylenediamine;N,N′-(o-Hydroxynaphthaldehydo)ethylenediamine;N,N′-(o-Hydroxyacetophenono)ethylenediamine;N,N′-(Salicylaldehydo)trimethylenediamine;N,N′-(o-Hydroxynaphthaldehydo)trimethylenediamine;N,N′-(o-Hydroxyacetophenono)trimethylenediamine;N,N′-(Salicylaldehydo)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine;N,N′-(o-Hydroxynaphthaldehydo)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine;N,N′-(o-Hydroxyacetophenono)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine;N,N′-(Salicylaldehydo)-1,2-diaminobenzene;N,N′-(o-Hydroxynaphthaldehydo)-1,2-diaminobenzene;N,N′-(o-Hydroxyacetophenono)-1,2-diaminobenzene;N,N′-bis(salicylaldehydo)-1,12-diaminododecane (Saldn);N,N′-bis(3-methoxysalicylaldehydo)-o-phenyldiamine;N,N′-bis(3,4-difluorobenzaldehydo)-4,4′-benzidine; andN,N′-phenylenebis(3-methoxysalicylidenimine) (V-ph-V). Also includeshydrazones with ortho-O substitution.N-O Valence Stabilizer #39: Examples of Schiff Bases with three Imine(C═N) Groups and with ortho- or alpha- or beta-hydroxy or carboxy orcarbonyl substitution (N-O Tetradentates, N-O Pentadentates, or N-OHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:N,N′,N″-(Salicylaldehydo)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine;N,N′,N″-(o-Hydroxynaphthaldehydo)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine; andN,N′,N″-(o-Hydroxyacetophenono)tris(2-aminoethyl)amine. Also includeshydrazones with ortho-O substitution.N-O Valence Stabilizer #40: Examples of silylaminoalcohols (N-OBidentates, N-O Tridentates, N-O Tetradentates, and N-O Hexadentates)that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: silatranes.N-O Valence Stabilizer #41: Examples of hydroxyalkyl imines (iminoalcohols) (N-O Bidentates, N-O Tridentates, N-O Tetradentates, and N-OHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:2-hydroxycyclohexylimine; 3-hydroxy-2-iminonorbornane;2,2′-diiminodicyclohexyl ether; oxamide; 3-imino-1,5-pentanedialdehyde;iminodiacetic acid; and iminodipropionic acid.N-O Valence Stabilizer #42: Examples of hydroxyaryl amines andhydroxyaryl imines (N-O Bidentates, N-O Tridentates, N-O Tetradentates,and N-O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:2-aminophenol; 2-aminobenzoic acid (anthranilic acid); 2-aminoanisole;o-phenetidine; o-anisidine; 2-hydroxymethyl)-aipha-aminotoluene;1-amino-2-naphthol; 2-amino-1-naphthol;2,2′-di(aminomethyl)diphenylketone; isophoronediamine;tris-2,4,6-dimethylaminomethyl phenol; di(2-amino)phenyl ether;1,3-di(2-amino)phenyl-2-hydroxypropane;1,3-di(3-amino)phenyl-2-hydroxypropane;1,3-di(2-hydroxy)phenyl-2-aminopropane;1,3-di(3-hydroxy)phenyl-2-aminopropane; 2,2′-dihydroxyiminodibenzyl;2,2′-iminodibenzoic acid; 2,2′-dihydroxyiminostilbene;poly(o-phenetidine); poly(o-aminophenol); poly(o-anisidine); and3-(anilino)propionamide.N-O Valence Stabilizer #43: Examples of five-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms at least oneadditional oxygen atom binding site not in a ring (N-O Bidentates, N-OTridentates, N-O Tetradentates, or N-O Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 2-hydroxypyrrole;2-(methylhydroxy)methylpyrrole; 2,5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrole;2,5-(methylhydroxymethyl)pyrrole; imidazoline-2-one(2-hydroxyimidazole); 2-hydroxythiazoline; 2-hydroxybenzimidazole;2-hydroxybenzothiazole; 2-hydroxybenzoxazole; 2-hydantoin;di-2-pyridyiglyoxal (2,2′-pyridil); bis((1-pyrazolyl)methane)ether;bis(2-(1-pyrazolyl)ethane)ether; bis(benzimidazolylmethane)ether;bis(benzimidazolylethane)ether; tris(imidazolyl)methanol;tris(imidazoiylmethane)methanol;N-hydroxymethyl-N,N-(benzimidazolylmethane)amine;N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N,N-(benzimidazolylmethane)amine;N,N′-di(benzimidazolylmethane)-1,3-diamino-2-hydroxypropane;N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(benzimidazolylmethane)-1,3-diamino-2-hydroxypropane;bis(N,N-((4-imidazolyl)methane)2-aminoethane)ether;4-carboxybenzotriazole; antipyrine; 4-aminoantipyrine (aap); hydantoin;aminoalkyihydantoins; 2,5-oxazolidinedione; benzyldibenzoyltriazole(bdbt); 5-hydroxymethylimidazole; dicarboxyalkylbenzotriazoles;bis(hyclroxyphenyi)aminotriazoles; pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde;(oxopyrrolidinylalkyl)triazoies; alkoxybenzotriazoles;aryioxybenzotriazoles; 3-salicylamido-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazoie;5-(alkoxy)benzotriazole; (polyoxyalkylene)oxazolidines;1-(dialkylaminomethyl)-5-carboxyalkylbenzotriazole;1-(2-hydroxyethyi)imidazoline; 1-acetoxyimidazole; 1-acetylimidazole;benzotriazolecarboxylic acid; poly(oxyalkylated)pyrazoles;poly(oxyalkylated)thiadiazoles; 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylic acid;5-hydroxypyrazole; 3-phenyl-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (ptr);1-acetylbenzimidazole; 1-[(acetoxy)ethyl]benzimidazole; creatinine;indole-2-carboxylic acid; pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid;imidazole-2-carboxylic acid; pyrazole-2-carboxylic acid; and1,1′-oxalyldiimidazole.N-O Valence Stabilizer #44: Examples of six-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms at least oneadditional oxygen atom binding site not in a ring (N-O Bidentates, N-OTridentates, N-O Tetradentates, or N-O Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 4-aminomethyl-3-pyridinemethanol(including pyridoxamine); 2-hydroxypyridine;2-(methylhydroxy)methylpyridine; 2-(2-(methylhydroxy)ethyl)pyridine;2,6-(hydroxymethyl)pyridine; 2,6-(methylhydroxymethyl)pyridine;2-hydroxypyrimidine; 2-dihydroxymethylpyrimidine; 2-hydroxyquinoline;8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine); 8-methyihydroxyquinoline;2-hydroxyquinazoline; orotic acid(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-2,6-dioxo-4-pyrimidmecarboxylic acid)(6-uracilcarboxylic acid); 1-methylpyrimidine-2-one; uracil;6-hydroxypurine;bis(N,N,N′,N′-tetra(2-(2-pyridyl)ethane)aminomethane)ether;bis(N,N,N′,N′-tetra(2-(2-pyridyl)ethane)aminoethane)ether;quinazol-4-one; quinazol-2-one; 5-azathymine; 2-hydroxybenzimidazole(2-hbz); guanine; 1,3,5-triazin-6-one; 6-hydroxy-1,3,5-triazine;4,6-dihydroxy-1,3,5-triazine; triazine carboxylic acids;2,3-dihydroxypyridine; thiomorpholin-3-one;hydroxytetrahydropyrimidines; 2-piperazinones; 2-piperidinones;dilituric acid; actinoquinol; caffeine; citrazinic acid; picolinic acid;2-quinolol; 2,6-dimethoxypyridine; quinoxaiine-2-carboxylic acid;flucytosine; hypoxanthine; hexamethylolmelamine; hydroorotic acid;isoorotic acid; xanthine; leucopterin; nitroorotic acid; 8-azaguanine;and cyanuric acid.N-O Valence Stabilizer #45: Examples of five-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one or two oxygen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atombinding site not in a ring (N-O Bidentates, N-O Tridentates, N-OTetradentates, or N-O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: 2-aminofuran; 2,5-diaminofuran; 2-aminomethylfuran;2,5-di(aminomethyl)furan; 2-aminobenzofuran; and 2-amino-1,3-dioxolane.N-O Valence Stabilizer #46: Examples of six-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one or two oxygen atoms at least one additional nitrogen atombinding site not in a ring (N-O Bidentates, N-O Tridentates, N-OTetradentates, or N-O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: 2-aminopyran; 2,6-diaminopyran; 2-aminomethylpyran;2,6-di(aminomethyl)pyran; and 2-aminobenzopyran.N-O Valence Stabilizer #47: Examples of five-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms at least oneadditional oxygen atom binding site in a separate ring (N-O Bidentates,N-O Tridentates, N-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: 2-(2-furan)pyrrole; 2,5-di(2-furan)pyrrole; 2-(2-pyran)pyrrole;2,5-di(2-pyran)pyrrole; 2,5-di(2-pyrrole)furan; and2,6-di(2-pyrrole)pyran.N-O Valence Stabilizer #48: Examples of six-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms at least oneadditional oxygen atom binding site in a separate ring (N-O Bidentates,N-O Tridentates, N-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: 2-(2-furan)pyridine; 2,6-di(2-furan)pyridine; 2-(2-pyran)pyridine;2,6-di(2-pyran)pyridine; 2,5-di(2-pyridyl)furan; 2,6-di(2-pyridyl)pyran;and drometrizole.N-O Valence Stabilizer #49: Examples of two-, three-, four-, six-,eight-, and ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, andmacropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, andsepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen(usually amine or imine groups) or oxygen (usually hydroxy, carboxy, orcarbonyl groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings(N-O Bidentates, N-O Tridentates, N-O Tetradentates, and N-OHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: azaoxacyclobutane([4]aneNO); azaoxacyclopentane ([5]aneNO); azaoxacyclohexane ([6]aneNO);azaoxacycloheptane ([7]aneNO); azaoxacyclooctane ([8]aneNO);azaoxacyclobutene ([4]eneNO); azaoxacyclopentene ([5]eneNO);azaoxacyclohexene ([6]eneNO); azaoxacycloheptene ([7]eneNO);azaoxacyclooctene ([8]eneNO); azaoxacyclobutadiene ([4]dieneNO);azaoxacyclopentadiene ([5]dieneNO); azaoxacyclohexadiene ([6]dieneNO);azaoxacycloheptadiene ([7]dieneNO); azaoxacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneNO);diazaoxacyclohexane ([6]aneON₂); diazaoxacycloheptane ([7]aneON₂);diazaoxacyclooctane ([8]aneON₂); diazaoxacyclononane ([9]aneON₂);diazaoxacyclodecane ([10]aneON₂); diazaoxacycloundecane ([11]aneON₂);diazaoxacyclododecane ([12]aneON₂); diazaoxacyclohexene ([6]eneON₂);diazaoxacycloheptene ([7]eneON₂); diazaoxacyclooctene ([8]eneON₂);diazaoxacyclononene ([9]eneON₂); diazaoxacyclodecene ([10]eneON₂);diazaoxacycloundecene ([11]eneON₂); diazaoxacyclododecene ([12]eneON₂);diazadioxacyclooctane ([8]aneO₂N₂); diazadioxacyclononane ([9]aneO₂N₂);diazadioxacyclodecane ([10]aneO₂N₂); diazadioxacycloundecane([11]aneO₂N₂); diazadioxacyclododecane ([12]aneO₂N₂);diazadioxacyclotridecane ([13]aneO₂N₂); diazadioxacyclotetradecane([14]aneO₂N₂); diazadioxacyclopentadecane ([15]aneO₂N₂);diazadioxacyclohexadecane ([16]aneO₂N₂); diazadioxacycloheptadecane([17]aneO₂N₂); diazadioxacyclooctadecane ([18]aneO₂N₂);diazadioxacyclononadecane ([19]aneO₂N₂); diazadioxacycloeicosane([20]aneO₂N₂); diazadioxacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneO₂N₂);diazadioxacyclononadiene ([9]dieneO₂N₂); diazadioxacyclodecadiene([10]dieneO₂N₂); diazadioxacycloundecadiene ([11]dieneO₂N₂);diazadioxacyclododecadiene ([12]dieneO₂N₂); diazadioxacyclotridecadiene([13]dieneO₂N₂); diazadioxacyclotetradecadiene ([14]dieneO₂N₂);diazadioxacyclopentadecadiene ([15]dieneO₂N₂);diazadioxacyclohexadecadiene ([16]dieneO₂N₂);diazadioxacycloheptadecadiene ([17]dieneO₂N₂);diazadioxacyclooctadecadiene ([18]dieneO₂N₂);diazadioxacyclononadecadiene ([19]dieneO₂N₂); anddiazadioxacycloeicosadiene ([20]dieneO₂N₂).N-O Valence Stabilizer #50: Examples of four-, six-, eight-, orten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics(including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) whereinall binding sites are composed of nitrogen or oxygen and are containedin component heterocyclic rings (N-O Bidentates, N-O Tridentates, N-OTetradentates, or N-O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: dipyrandipyridines; difurandipyrroles; tripyrantripyridines;trifurantripyrroles; tetrapyrantetrapyridines; andtetrafurantetrapyrroles.N-O Valence Stabilizer #51: Examples of four-, six-, eight-, orten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics(including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) whereinall binding sites are composed of nitrogen or oxygen and are containedin a combination of heterocyclic rings and amine, imine, hydroxy,carboxy, or carbonyl groups (N-O Bidentates, N-O Tridentates, N-OTetradentates, or N-O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: azaoxatetraphyrins; diazadioxatetraphyrins; azaoxahexaphyrins;diazadioxahexaphyrins; and triazatrioxahexaphyrins.S-O Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of 1,3-monothioketones(monothio-beta-ketonates), 1,3,5-monothioketones, 1,3,5-dithioketones,bis(1,3-monothioketones), and poly(1,3-monothioketones) (S-O Bidentates,S-O Tridentates, S-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: hexafluoropenta-2-thione-4-ketone;1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propana-1-thione-3-ketone; benzoylthiopinacolone;cyclohexoylthiocyclohexoylmethane; diphenylpentanedithionate;tetramethylnonanedithionate; hexafluoroheptanedithionate;trifluoroheptanedithionate; 1-(2-thienyl)-butan-1-thione-3-ketone,1-(2-naphthyl)-butan-1-thione-3-ketone, and trifluoroacetyithiocamphor.S-O Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of thiomalonamides(thiomalonodiamides), bis(thiomalonamides), and polythiomalonamides (S-OBidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-O Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: thiomalonamide, N-phenylthiomalonamide,N-benzylthiomalonamide, N-pentafluorophenylthiomalonamide,N-cyclohexylthiomalonamide, N-norbornylthiomalonamide,N,N′-diphenylthiomalonamide, N,N′-dibenzylthiomalonamide,N,N′-dipentafluorophenyithiomalonamide, N,N′-dicyclohexyithiomalonamide,and N,N′-norbornyithiomalonamide.S-O Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of 2-thioacylacetamides,2-acylthioacetamides, bis(2-thioacylacetamides),bis(2acylthioacetamides), poly(2-thioacylacetamides), andpoly(2-Acylthioacetamides) (S-O Bidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-OTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:2-acetothioacetamide, 2-thioacetoacetamide,N-phenyl-2-acetothioacetamide, N-pentafluorophenyl-2-acetothioacetamide,N-benzyl-2-acetothioacetamide, N-cyclohexyl-2-acetothioacetamide,N-norbornyl-2-acetothioacetamide, N-phenyl-2-benzothioacetamide,N-pentafluorophenyl-2-pentafluorobenzothioacetamide, andN-cyclohexyl-2-cyclohexothioacetamide.S-O Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples ofdithiodicarbonic diamides,bis(dithiodicarbonic diamides), and poly(dithiodicarbonic diamides) (S-OBidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-O Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: dithiodicarbonic diamide;N-phenyldithiodicarbonic diamide; N-pentafluorophenyldithiodicarbonicdiamide; N-benzyldithiodicarbonic diamide; N-cyclohexyldithiodicarbonicdiamide; N-norbornyldithiodicarbonic diamide;N,N′-diphenyldithiodicarbonic diamide;N,N′-dipentafluorophenyldithiodicarbonic diamide;N,N′-dibenzyldithiodicarbonic diamide; N,N′-dicyclohexyldithiodicarbonicdiamide; and N,N′-dinorbornyldithiodicarbonic diamide.S-O Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of monothiohypophosphoric acids,bis(monothiohypophosphoric acids), poly(monothiohypophosphoric acids),and derivatives thereof (S-O Bidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-OTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:monothiohypophosphoric acid, methylmonothiohypophosphoric acid,isopropylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, tert-butylmonothiohypophosphoricacid, phenylmonothiohypophosphoric acid,pentafluorophenylmonothiohypophosphoric acid,benzylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, cyclohexylmonothiohypophosphoricacid, norbornylmonothiohypophosphoric acid,dimethylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, diisopropylmonothiohypophosphoricacid, di-tert-butylmonothiohypophosphoric acid,diphenylmonothiohypophosphoric acid,di-pentafluorophenylmonothiohypophosphoric acid,dibenzylmonothiohypophosphoric acid, dicyclohexylmonothiohypophosphoricacid, and dinorbomylmonothiohypophosphoric acid.S-O Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of monothiohypophosphoramides,bis(monothiohypophosphoramides), and poly(monothiohypophosphoramides)(S-O Bidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-O Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: monothiohypophosphoramide,N-methylmonothiohypophosphoramide, N-isopropyimonothiohypophosphoramide,N-tert-butylmonothiohypophosphoramide,N-phenylmonothiohypophosphoramide,N-pentafluorophenylmonothiohypophosphoramide,N-benzylmonothiohypophosphoramide,N-cyclohexylmonothiohypophosphoramide,N-norbornylmonothiohypophosphoramide,N,N′″-dimethylmonothiohypophosphoramide,N,N′″-diisopropylmonothiohypophosphoramide,N,N′″-di-tert-butylmonothiohypophosphoramide,N,N′″-diphenylmonothiohypophosphoramide,N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenylmonothiohypophosphoramide,N,N′″-dibenzylmonothiohypophosphoramide,N,N′″-dicyclohexylmonothiohypophosphoramide, andN,N′″-dinorbornylmonothiohypophosphoramide.S-O Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of monothioimidodiphosphoric acids,monothiohydrazidodiphosphoric acids, bis(monothioimidodiphosphoricacids), bis(monothiohydrazidodiphosphoric acids),poly(monothioimidodiphosphoric acids),poly(monothiohydrazidodiphosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S-OBidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-O Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: monothioimidodiphosphoric acid,methylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, isopropylmonothioimidodiphosphoricacid, tert-butylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, phenylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, pentafluorophenylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid,benzylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid,cyclohexylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid,norbornylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid,dimethylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid,diisopropyimonothioimidodiphosphoric acid,di-tert-butylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid,diphenyimonothioimidodiphosphoric acid,di-pentafluorophenyimonothioimidodiphosphoric acid,dibenzylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid,dicyclohexyimonothioimidodiphosphoric acid, anddinorbornylmonothioimidodiphosphoric acid.S-O Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of monothioimidodiphosphoramides,monothiohydrazidodiphosphoramides, bis(monothioimidodiphosphoramides),bis(monothiohydrazidodiphosphoramides),poly(monothioimidodiphosphoramides), andpoly(monothiohydrazidodiphosphoramides) (S-O Bidentates, S-OTridentates, S-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: monothioimidodiphosphoramide, N-methylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide,N-isopropylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide,N-tert-butylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide,N-phenylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide,N-pentafluorophenylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide,N-benzylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide,N-cyclohexylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide,N-norbornylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-dimethylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-diisopropylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-di-tert-butylmonotbioimidodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-diphenylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-dipentafluorophenylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-dibenzylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-dicyclohexylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide, andN,N′″-dinorbornylmonothioimidodiphosphoramide.S-O Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of monothiodiphosphoramides,bis(monothiodiphosphoramides), and poly(monothiodiphosphoramides) (S-OBidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-O Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: monothiodiphosphoramide,N-methylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N-isopropylmonothiodiphosphoramide,N-tert-butylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N-phenylmonothiodiphosphoramide,N-pentafluorophenylmonothiodiphosphoramide,N-benzylmonothiodiphosphoramide, N-cyclohexylmonothiodiphosphoramide,N-norbornylmonothiodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-dimethylmonothiodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-diisopropylmonothiodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-di-tert-butylmonothiodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-diphenylmonothiodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenylmonothiodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-dibenzylmonothiodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-dicyclohexylmonothiodiphosphoramide, andN,N′″-dinorbornylmonothiodiphosphoramide.S-O Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of monothiodiphosphoric acids,bis(monothiodiphosphoric acids), poly(monothiodiphosphoric acids), andderivatives thereof (S-O Bidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-O Tetradentates)that meet the requirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: monothiodiphosphoric acid,methylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, isopropylmonothiodiphosphoric acid,tert-butylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, phenylmonothiodiphosphoric acid,pentafluorophenylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, benzylmonothiodiphosphoricacid, cyclohexylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, norbornylmonothiodiphosphoricacid, dimethylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, diisopropylmonothiodiphosphoricacid, di-tert-butylmonothiodiphosphoric acid,diphenylmonothiodiphosphoric acid,di-pentafluorophenylmonothiodiphosphoric acid,dibenzylmonothiodiphosphoric acid, dicyclohexylmonothiodiphosphoricacid, and dinorbornylmonothiodiphosphoric acid.S-O Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of monothiocarbamates,bis(monothiocarbamates), and poly(monothiocarbamates) (includingN-hydroxymonothiocarbamates and N-mercaptomonothiocarbamates) (S-OBidentates, S-O Tridentates, and S-O Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: dimethylmonothiocarbamate (dmmtc);di(trifluorodimethyl)monothiocarbamate; diethylmonothiocarbamate(demtc); dipropylmonothiocarbamate; diisopropylmonothiocarbamate;dibutylmonothiocarbamate; ditertbutylmonothiocarbamate;dicyanamidomonothiocarbamate; diphenylmonothiocarbamate;di(pentafluorophenyl)monothiocarbamate; dibenzylmonothiocarbamate;dinaphthylmonothiocarbamate; dicyclohexylmonothiocarbamate;dinorbornylmonothiocarbamate; diadamantylmonothiocarbamate;pyrrolidinomonothiocarbamate (pyrmtc); piperidinomonothiocarbamate(pipmtc); morpholinomonothiocarbamate (mormtc);thiamorpholinomonothiocarbamate; 3-pyrrolinomonothiocarbamate;pyrrolomonothiocarbamate; oxazolomonothiocarbamate;isoxazolomonothiocarbamate; thiazolomonothiocarbamate;isothiazolomonothiocarbamate; indolomonothiocarbamate;carbazolomonothiocarbamate; pyrazolinomonothiocarbamate;imidazolinomonothiocarbamate; pyrazolomonothiocarbamate;imidazolomonothiocarbamate; indazolomonothiocarbamate; andtriazolomonothiocarbamate.

As with the inorganic valence stabilizers, crosses between two or moreorganic stabilizers can be used. For example, in some instances it maybe desirable to form a valence stabilizer out of a nitrogen-containingheterocyclic and an amine ligand. During the synthesis process, both ofthese materials will complex with the CoIII ion to produce a mixednitrogen heterocyclic/amine valence stabilizer compound from the pigmentsolution.

3c) Narrow Band Inorganic Valence Stabilizers

Additional valence stabilizers can be used in conjunction with the CoIIIion for corrosion protection. However, these less typical stabilizerssuffer from disadvantages that make their selection over the previouslymentioned wide band valence stabilizers less desirable. For this reason,we term them “narrow band” valence stabilizers because of their limitedapplications. Narrow band stabilizers exhibit some limitation in theiruse when compared to wide band stabilizers. Narrow band inorganicstabilizers may be toxic or may complex CoIII only with difficulty.These narrow band stabilizers include, but are not limited to,bismuthates, germanates, arsenates, titanates, zirconates, and hafnates.For example, valence stabilizers using arsenate are less desirablebecause their inherent toxicity is very large (greater than CrVI),although they may be very effective at inhibiting corrosion when usedwith CoIII. Arsenates could be used as CoIII valence stabilizers insituations where the toxicity of the pigment is not a factor in its use.

Other narrow band stabilizers may result in CoIII-stabilizer compoundswith limited stability, an undesirable solubility range, or limitedelectrostatic characteristics, and they would be useful only in limitedapplications. Formation of a protective shell of octahedra andtetrahedra around the CoIII ion is difficult but possible withphosphates (P⁺⁵), borates (B⁺³), aluminates (Al⁺³), and silicates(Si⁺⁴). Combinations of these materials, such as phosphosilicates,aluminosilicates, or borosilicates may also function as narrow bandinorganic valence stabilizers. These compounds are known to formoctahedra or tetrahedra, but tend to polymerize in chain-like structureswhen precipitated from aqueous solution under ambient conditions. Thenarrow band valence stabilizers can provide some degree of corrosionprotection when complexed with CoIII. However, they do not achieve thehigh efficiency of wide band valence stabilizers when used bythemselves. They can be used in combination with the wide band inorganicstabilizers described above to provide significant corrosion protection.

Conversely, modifications of wide band inorganic valence stabilizers canresult in a complex with reduced corrosion inhibition. For example,heteropolymetallates can contain ions in addition to the desired Co⁺³ion. The central cavity of the heteropolymetallates can contain ions inaddition to the desired Co⁺³ ion. For example, the use ofsilicomolybdates, phosphomolybdates, silicotungstates, andphosphotungstates is possible. In these Co⁺³-valence stabilizercomplexes, Si⁺⁴ or P⁺⁵ ions also occupy the central cavity of thecomplex with the Co⁺³ ion. The inclusion of additional ions in thecentral cavity reduces the stability of the complex, and thereby leadsto lower corrosion protection. Nonetheless, these complexes alsodemonstrate some corrosion inhibiting activity. The additional ions thatcan be included within the central cavity of the heteropolymetallatesdescribed above depend upon the size of the central cavity, which inturn depends upon the specific chemistry exhibited by an inorganicvalence stabilizer (e.g., moltbdate, tungstate, periodate, carbonate,etc.) In general, these additional ions must also be small so as toensure the stability of the formed Co⁺³-valence stabilized complex.Examples of small additional ions include, but are not limited to: B⁺³,Al⁺³, Si⁺⁴, P⁺⁵, Ti⁺⁴, V⁺⁵, V⁺⁴, Cr⁺⁶, Cr⁺³, Mn⁺⁴, Mn⁺³, Mn⁺², Fe⁺³,Fe⁺², Co⁺², Ni⁺², Ni⁺³, Ni⁺⁴, Cu⁺², Cu⁺³, Zn⁺², Ga⁺³, Ge⁺⁴, As⁺⁵, As⁺³,Z⁺⁴, and Ce⁺⁴.

Water-soluble precursors for these materials are desirable. Typically,the free acids (e.g., silicomolybdic acid, phosphotungstic acid,borotungstic acid, etc.) offer the most water-soluble precursors forthese materials.

3d) Narrow Band Organic Valence Stabilizers

Narrow band organic valence stabilizers include those general classes ofchemical compounds that result in CoIII-valence stabilizer compoundsthat are either less stable, more soluble in water, or more toxic thanthe wide band organic stabilizers.

TABLE 2 Narrow Band Organic Valence Stabilizers for the Co⁺³ Ion GeneralStructural Name (Type of Organic) Structural Representation N ValenceStabilizer #1: Macrocyclic ligands containing five, seven, or Five-,Seven-, or Nine-Membered nine nitrogen binding sites to valencestabilize Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, and the central metal ion. Caninclude other Macropolycyclics (including Catapinands, hydrocarbon orring systems bound to this Cryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinate wherein all Binding Sitesare composed of with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Nitrogen(usually amine or imine groups) This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating and are not contained in Component hydrocarbons/rings mayor may not have Heterocyclic Rings (N—N Tridentates, N—N halogen orpolarizing or water- Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. N Valence Stabilizer #2:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of five or Five-, orSeven-Membered Macrocyclics, seven five-membered heterocyclic ringsMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclics containing nitrogen binding sites.Can include (including Catapinands, Cryptands, other hydrocarbon/ringsystems bound to this Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinate Binding Sites arecomposed of Nitrogen with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. andare contained in Component 5- This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating Membered Heterocyclic Rings (N—N hydrocarbon/rings may ormay not have Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing Hexadentates) groups attached. NValence Stabilizer #3: Macrocyclic ligands containing at least one 5-Five-, Seven-, or Nine-Membered membered heterocyclic ring. TheseMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, and heterocyclic rings provide nitrogenbinding sites Macropolycyclics (including Catapinands, to valencestabilize the central metal ion. Other Cryptands, Cyclidenes, andSepulchrates) amine or imine binding sites can also be wherein allBinding Sites are composed of included in the macrocyclic ligand, solong as Nitrogen and are contained in a the total number of bindingsites is five, seven, Combination of 5-Membered Heterocyclic or nine.Can include other hydrocarbon/ring Rings and Amine or Imine Groups (N—Nsystems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, but Tridentates, N—NTetradentates, or N—N they do not coordinate with the stabilized, highHexadentates) valence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing groups attached. N ValenceStabilizer #4: Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of five or Five-or Seven-Membered Macrocyclics, seven six-membered heterocyclic ringsMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclics containing nitrogen binding sites.Can include (including Catapinands, Cryptands, other hydrocarbon/ringsystems bound to this Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinate Binding Sites arecomposed of Nitrogen with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. andare contained in Component 6- This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating Membered Heterocyclic Rings (N—N hydrocarbon/rings may ormay not have Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, or N—N halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing Hexadentates) groups attached. NValence Stabilizer #5: Macrocyclic ligands containing at least one 6-Five-, Seven-, or Nine-Membered membered heterocyclic ring. TheseMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, and heterocyclic rings provide nitrogenbinding sites Macropolycyclics (including Catapinands, to valencestabilize the central metal ion. Other Cryptands, Cyclidenes, andSepulchrates) amine or imine binding sites can also be wherein allBinding Sites are composed of included in the macrocyclic ligand, solong as Nitrogen and are contained in a the total number of bindingsites is five, seven, Combination of 6-Membered Heterocyclic or nine.Can include other hydrocarbon/ring Rings and Amine or Imine Groups (N—Nsystems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, but Tridentates, N—NTetradentates, or N—N they do not coordinate with the stabilized, highHexadentates) valence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing groups attached. N ValenceStabilizer #6: N(SiR₃)₃, R′N(SiR₃)₂, or R′R″N(SiR₃) for Silylamines andSilazanes, including silylamines; and [RR″Si—NR′]_(x) (x = 1-10) forMacrocyclic Derivatives, wherein at least silazanes where R, R′, and R″represents H or one Nitrogen Atom is a Binding Site (N any organicfunctional group wherein the Monodentates, N—N Bidentates, N—N number ofcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 35, Tridentates, N—N Tetradentates, andN—N optionally having halogen or polarizing or Hexadentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, P, As, O, S, or Se atoms. N Valence Stabilizer #7:RR′—N—C(═NH)NR″R′″, where R, R′, R″, and Guanidines, Diguanidines, andR′″ represent H or any organic functional group Polyguanidines (N—NBidentates, N—N wherein the number of carbon atoms ranges Tridentates,N—N Tetradentates, and N—N from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orHexadentates) polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. NValence Stabilizer #8: RR′—N—P(═N)—N—R″R′″, where R, R′, R″, andPhosphonitrile Amides, and R′″ represent H or any organic functionalgroup Bis(phosphonitrile amides) (N—N wherein the number of carbon atomsranges Bidentates, N—N Tetradentates) from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. NValence Stabilizer #9: (NH═)PR″″(—NRR′)(—NR″R′″), where R, R′,Phosphonimidic Diamides, R″, R′″, and R″″ represent H or any organicBis(Phosphonimidic Diamides), and functional group wherein the number ofcarbon Poly(Phosphonimidic Diamides) (N—N atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having Bidentates, N—N Tetradentates) halogen or polarizingor water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer #10:(NH═)PR′″(—NRR′)(—OR″) for Phosphonamidimidic Acid, phosphonamidimidicacid and (NH═)PR′″(—NRR′)(—SR″) Phosphonamidimidothioic Acid, forphosphonamidimidothioic Bis(Phosphonamidimidic Acid), acid, where R, R′,R″, and R′″ represent H or Bis(Phosphonamidimidothioic Acid), anyorganic functional group wherein the Poly(Phosphonamidimidic Acid),number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, Poly(PhosphonamidimidothioicAcid), and optionally having halogen or polarizing or derivativesthereof (N—N Bidentates, and N—N water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups Tetradentates) attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O,S, or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer #11: C₅H₅N—CR═NR′, where C₅H₅N is apyridine Pyridinaldimines, Bis(pyridinaldimines), derivative, R istypically an aromatic and Poly(pyridinaldimines) (N—N constituent (i.e.—C₆H₅), and R′ represents H or Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, and N—N anyorganic functional group wherein the Tetradentates) number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer #12:R—NH—N═R′, where R and R′ represent H or Hydrazones, Bis(hydrazones),and any organic functional group wherein the Poly(hydrazones) (NMonodentates, N—N number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Bidentates, N—N Tridentates, and N—N optionally having halogen orpolarizing or Tetradentates) water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. (Either R or R′ is typically an aryl group.) Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer #13:R—N═N—R′ for azo compounds, R—N═N—NH—R′ Azo compounds includingtriazenes for triazenes, where R, and R′ represent H or without chelatesubstitution at the ortho- any organic functional group wherein the (foraryl) or alpha- or beta-(for alkyl) number of carbon atoms ranges from 0to 40, positions, Bis(azo compounds), or Poly(azo optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or compounds) (N Monodentates, N—Nwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups Bidentates, or N—N—NTridentates) attached. (Not including ortho-chelate substituted aryl azocompounds, and alpha- or beta-substituted alkyl azo compounds.) Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer#14: R—N═N—CR′═N—NR″R′″, where R, R′, R″, and Formazans, Bis(formazans),and R′″ represent H, or any organic functional Poly(formazans) withoutortho-hydroxy, group wherein the number of carbon atoms carboxy, thiol,mercapto, amino, or ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenhydrazido substitution (N—N Bidentates, N—N or polarizing or water-Tetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. (Not including ortho-hydroxy, carboxy, thiol, mercapto, amino,or hydrazido substitution.) Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer #15: R—CH═N—CHR′—N═CHR″, where R, R′,and R″ Hydramides (N—N Bidentates) represent H, or any organicfunctional group wherein the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. (R, R′, and R″ aretypically aryl derivatives.) Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer #16: RR′C═N—N═CR″R′″ or RR′C═N—NR″R′″(for Azines (including ketazines), Bis(azines), ketazines), where R, R′,R″, and R′″ represent and Poly(azines) without ortho-hydroxy, H, or anyorganic functional group wherein the carboxy, thiol, mercapto, amino, ornumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, hydrazido substitution (N—NBidentates, N—N optionally having halogen or polarizing orTetradentates, and N—N Hexadentates) water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. (Not including ortho-hydroxy, carboxy, thiol, mercapto,amino, or hydrazido substitution.) Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer #17: RR′C═N—R″, where R, R′, andR″ represent H, Schiff Bases with one Imine (C═N) Group or any organicfunctional group wherein the and without ortho-(for aryl constituents)or number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, alpha- or beta-(for alkylconstituents) optionally having halogen or polarizing or hydroxy,carboxy, carbonyl, thiol, water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsmercapto, thiocarbonyl, amino, imino, attached. (Not including ortho-,alpha-, or beta- oximo, diazeno, or hydrazido substitution hydroxy,carboxy, carbonyl, thiol, mercapto, (N Monodentates) thiocarbonyl,amino, imino, oximo, diazeno, or hydrazido substitution.) Ligand canalso contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N Valence Stabilizer #18:Isocyanides, cyanamides, and related ligands Isocyanide and Cyanamideand related where the nitrogen atom is directly complexed ligands (NMonodentates) to the high valence metal ion. N Valence Stabilizer #19:Nitrosyl, nitrite, and related ligands where the Nitrosyl and Nitriteand related ligands (N nitrogen atom is bound directly to the highMonodentates) valence metal ion. N Valence Stabilizer #20: R—CN,R—(CN)₂, R—(CN)_(x), etc. where R Nitriles, Dinitriles, and Polynitriles(N represents H or any organic functional group Monodentates, N—NBidentates, and N—N—N wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesTridentates) from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. N Valence Stabilizer#21: Azide (—N₃) ligands bound directly to the high Azide ligands (NMonodentates, or N—N valence metal ion. Also includes organoazideBidentates) derivatives (R—N₃), triazenido compounds (R—N₃—R′),phosphonyl azides (R—PO₂H—N₃), phosphoryl azides (O—PO₂H—N3), andsulfonyl azides (R—SO₂—N₃) where R and R′ represent H or any organicfunctional group wherein the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 35,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached S Valence Stabilizer#1: SH₂, SHR, SR₂, where R represents H or any Monothioethers (SMonodentates) wherein organic functional group wherein the number of atleast one Sulfur Atom is a Binding Site carbon atoms ranges from 0 to35, optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, P, O, S, or Se atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #2: R—S—S—R′,where R and R′ represents H or any Disulfides (S Monodentates) whereinat organic functional group wherein the number of least one Sulfur Atomis a Binding Site carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 35, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, O, S, or Se atoms. SValence Stabilizer #3: R—S—R′—S—R″, where R, R′, and R″ represents HDithioethers (S—S Bidentates) wherein at or any organic functional groupwherein the least one Sulfur Atom is a Binding Site number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 35, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, P, O, S, or Se atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #4:R—S—R′—S—R″—S—R′″, where R, R′, R″, and R′″ Trithioethers (S—SBidentates or S—S represents H or any organic functional groupTridentates) wherein at least one Sulfur wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges Atom is a Binding Site from 0 to 35, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, O, S, or Se atoms. SValence Stabilizer #5: R—S—R′—S—R″—S—R′″—S—R″″, where R, R′, R″,Tetrathioethers (S—S Bidentates, S—S R′″, and R″″ represents H or anyorganic Tridentates, or S—S Bidentates) wherein at functional groupwherein the number of carbon least one Sulfur Atom is a Binding Siteatoms ranges from 0 to 35, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, P, O, S, or Se atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #6:R—S—R′—S—R″—S—R′″—S—R″″—S—R″″′—S—R″″″, Hexathioethers (S—S Bidentates,S—S where R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″, R″″′, and R″″″ Tridentates, S—STetradentates, or S—S represents H or any organic functional groupHexadentates) wherein at least one Sulfur wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges Atom is a Binding Site from 0 to 35, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, O, S, or Se atoms. SValence Stabilizer #7: Five membered heterocyclic ring containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Rings one or two sulfur atoms, both of whichmay containing One or Two Sulfur Atoms function as binding sites. Caninclude other wherein at least one Sulfur Atom is a ring systems boundto this heterocyclic ring, but Binding Site (S Monodentates or S—S theydo not coordinate with the stabilized, high Bidentates) valence metalion. Ring can also contain O, N, P, As, or Se atoms. This 5-memberedring and/or attached, uncoordinating rings may or may not have halogenor polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. SValence Stabilizer #8: Six membered heterocyclic ring containing justSix-Membered Heterocyclic Rings one or two sulfur atoms, both of whichmay containing One or Two Sulfur Atoms function as binding sites. Caninclude other wherein at least one Sulfur Atom is a ring systems boundto this heterocyclic ring, but Binding Site (S Monodentates or S—S theydo not coordinate with the stabilized, high Bidentates) valence metalion. Ring can also contain O, N, P, As, or Se atoms. This 5-memberedring and/or attached, uncoordinating rings may or may not have halogenor polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. SValence Stabilizer #9: Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Rings one or two sulfur atoms. In addition,ligand containing One or Two Sulfur Atoms at contains additionalsulfur-containing least one additional Sulfur Atom Binding substituents(usually thiols or thioethers) that Site not in a Ring (S Monodentates,S—S constitute S binding sites. Can include other Bidentates, S—STridentates, S—S ring systems bound to the heterocyclic ring orTetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) to the S-containing substituent, butthey do not coordinate with the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Ring(s) can also contain O, N, P, As or Se atoms. This 5-memberedring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/or S- containingsubstituent(s) may or may not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. S Valence Stabilizer #10:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containing Six-Membered HeterocyclicRings one or two sulfur atoms. In addition, ligand containing One or TwoSulfur Atoms at contains additional sulfur-containing least oneadditional Sulfur Atom Binding substituents (usually thiols orthioethers) that Site not in a Ring (S Monodentates, S—S constitute Sbinding sites. Can include other Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S ringsystems bound to the heterocyclic ring or Tetradentates, or S—SHexadentates) to the S-containing substituent, but they do notcoordinate with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) can alsocontain O, N, P, As or Se atoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/orattached, uncoordinating rings and/or S- containing substituent(s) mayor may not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. S Valence Stabilizer #11:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containing Five-Membered HeterocyclicRings one or two sulfur atoms. In addition, ligand containing One or TwoSulfur Atoms at contains additional sulfur-containing rings that leastone additional Sulfur Atom Binding constitute S binding sites. Caninclude other Site in a separate Ring (S Monodentates, S—S ring systemsbound to the S-containing Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S heterocyclicrings, but they do not coordinate Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates)with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O,N, P, As, or Se atoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/or additionalS-containing ring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. S Valence Stabilizer #12: Six membered heterocyclicring(s) containing Six-Membered Heterocyclic Rings one or two sulfuratoms. In addition, ligand containing One or Two Sulfur Atoms atcontains additional sulfur-containing rings that least one additionalSulfur Atom Binding constitute S binding sites. Can include other Sitein a separate Ring (S Monodentates, S—S ring systems bound to theS-containing Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S heterocyclic rings, butthey do not coordinate Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) with thestabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, N, P,As, or Se atoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/or additional S-containingring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. S Valence Stabilizer #13: Macrocyclic ligands containing twoto ten Two-, Three-, Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, sulfur binding sites tovalence stabilize the Eight-, Nine-, and Ten-Membered central metal ion.Can include other Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, and hydrocarbon or ringsystems bound to this Macropolycyclics (including Catapinands,macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinate Cryptands, Cyclidenes,and Sepulchrates) with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. whereinall Binding Sites are composed of This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating Sulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups)hydrocarbons/rings may or may not have and are not contained inComponent halogen or polarizing or water- Heterocyclic Rings (S—SBidentates, S—S insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates, and S—S Hexadentates) S ValenceStabilizer #14: Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four to Four-,Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, or ten five-membered heterocyclicrings Ten-Membered Macrocyclics, containing sulfur binding sites. Caninclude Macrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclics other hydrocarbon/ringsystems bound to this (including Catapinands, Cryptands, macrocyclicligand, but they do not coordinate Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) whereinall with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Binding Sites arecomposed of Sulfur and This ligand and/or attached, uncoordinating arecontained in Component 5-Membered hydrocarbon/rings may or may not haveHeterocyclic Rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing Tetradentates or S—S Hexadentates) groups attached.S Valence Stabilizer #15: Macrocyclic ligands containing at least one 5-Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, or membered heterocyclicring. These Ten-Membered Macrocyclics, heterocyclic rings provide sulfurbinding sites Macrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclics to valence stabilizethe central metal ion. Other (including Catapinands, Cryptands, thiol,thioether, or thioketo binding sites can Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)wherein all also be included in the macrocyclic ligand, so Binding Sitesare composed of Sulfur and long as the total number of binding sites isfour are contained in a Combination of 5- to ten. Can include otherhydrocarbon/ring Membered Heterocyclic Rings and Thiol, systems bound tothis macrocyclic ligand, but Thioether, or Thioketo Groups (S—S they donot coordinate with the stabilized, high Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates,or S—S valence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached, Hexadentates)uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing groups attached. S ValenceStabilizer #16: Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four to Four-,Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, or ten six-membered heterocyclicrings containing Ten-Membered Macrocyclics, sulfur binding sites. Caninclude other Macrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclics hydrocarbon/ringsystems bound to this (including Catapinands, Cryptands, macrocyclicligand, but they do not coordinate Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) whereinall with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Binding Sites arecomposed of Sulfur and This ligand and/or attached, uncoordinating arecontained in Component 6-Membered hydrocarbon/rings may or may not haveHeterocyclic Rings (S—S Tridentates, S—S halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing Tetradentates, or S—S Hexadentates) groupsattached. S Valence Stabilizer #17: Macrocyclic ligands containing atleast one 6- Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, or memberedheterocyclic ring. These Ten-Membered Macrocyclics, heterocyclic ringsprovide sulfur binding sites Macrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclics tovalence stabilize the central metal ion. Other (including Catapinands,Cryptands, thiol, thioether, or thioketo binding sites can Cyclidenes,and Sepulchrates) wherein all also be included in the macrocyclicligand, so Binding Sites are composed of Sulfur and long as the totalnumber of binding sites is four are contained in a Combination of 6- toten. Can include other hydrocarbon/ring Membered Heterocyclic Rings andThiol, systems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, but Thioether, orThioketo Groups (S—S they do not coordinate with the stabilized, highTridentates, S—S Tetradentates, or S—S valence metal ion. This ligandand/or attached, Hexadentates) uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may ormay not have halogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing groupsattached. S Valence Stabilizer #18: RR′—N—C(═S)—NR″—C(═S)—NR′″R″″ forDithiobiurets (Dithioimidodicarbonic dithiobiurets, andRR′—N—C(═S)—NR″—NH—C(═S)—NR′″R″″ Diamides), Dithioisobiurets,Dithiobiureas, for dithiobiureas, where R, R′, Trithiotriurets,Trithiotriureas, R″, R′″, and R″″ represent H, NH₂, or anyBis(dithiobiurets), Bis(dithioisobiurets), organic functional groupwherein the number of Bis(dithiobiureas), Poly(dithiobiurets), carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally Poly(dithioisobiurets), and havinghalogen or polarizing or water- Poly(dithiobiureas) (S—S Bidentates, S—Sinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Tridentates, S—STetradentates) Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. SValence Stabilizer #19: RR′—N—C(═S)—NR″—C(═S)—R′″ where R, R′, R″,Thioacylthioureas, Thioaroylthioureas, and R′″ represent H, NH₂, or anyorganic Bis(thioacylthioureas), functional group wherein the number ofcarbon Bis(thioaroylthioureas), atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving Poly(thioacylthioureas), and halogen or polarizing or water-Poly(thioaroylthioureas) (S—S Bidentates, insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. S—S Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #20:R—C(═S)—S—S—C(═S)—R′ where R, and R′ Dithioacyl disulfides,Bis(dithioacyl represent H or any organic functional group disulfides),and Poly(dithioacyl disulfides) wherein the number of carbon atomsranges (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or Tetradentates) polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #21:RR′—N—C(═S)—S—S—C(═S)—N—R″R′″ where R, TetrathioperoxydicarbonicDiamides, R′, R″, R′″ represent H or any organicBis(tetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamides), functional group wherein thenumber of carbon and poly(tetrathioperoxydicarbonic atoms ranges from 0to 40, optionally having diamides) (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates,halogen or polarizing or water- S—S Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #22:R—S—C(═S)—S—S—C(═S)—S—R′ for Hexathio-, Pentathio-, andhexathioperoxydicarbonic acids, R—O—C(═S)—S—S—C(═S)—S—R′Tetrathioperoxydicarbonic Acids, for pentathioperoxydicarbonicBis(hexathio-, pentathio-, and acids, and R—O—C(═S)—S—S—C(═S)—O—R′ fortetrathioperoxydicarbonic acids), tetrathioperoxydicarbonic acids, whereR and poly(hexathio-, pentathio-, and R′ represent H, NH₂ or any organicfunctional tetrathioperoxydicarbonic acids), and group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates)or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S ValenceStabilizer #23:(RR′—N—)(R″R′″—N—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═S)(—N—R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′),Dithioperoxydiphosphoramide, where R, R′, R″, R′″,Bis(dithioperoxyphosphoramide), and R″″, R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′ representH, NH₂ or Poly(dithioperoxydiphosphoramide) (S—S any organic functionalgroup wherein the Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, Tetradentates) optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer#24: (R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═S)(—O—R″)(—O—R′″);Dithioperoxydiphosphoric Acids,(R—O—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═S)(—S—R″)(—O—R′″); Bis(dithioperoxyphosphoricAcids), or (R—S—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═S)(—S—R″)(—S—R′″),Poly(dithioperoxydiphosphoric Acids), and where R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″,R″″′, derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S R″″″, and R″″″′ representH, NH₂ or any Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) organic functional groupwherein the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #25: (R—O—)(R′—)P(═S)—NH—P(═S)(—R″)(—O—R′″);Dithioimidodiphosphonic Acids, (R—S—)(R′—)P(═S)—NH—P(═S)(—R″)(—O—R′″);Dithiohydrazidodiphosphonic Acids, or(R—S—)(R′—)P(═S)—NH—P(═S)(—R″)(—S—R′″) Bis(dithioimidodiphosphonicacids), for Bis(dithiohydrazidodiphosphonic acids),dithioimidodiphosphonic acids, and —NH—NH— Poly(dithioimidodiphosphonicacids), derivatives for dithiohydrazidodiphosphonicPoly(dithiohydrazidodiphosphonic acids), acids, where R, R′, R″, and R′″represent H, and derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S NH₂ or anyorganic functional group wherein Tridentates, and S—S Tetradentates) thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer#26: (RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═S)—NH—P(═S)(—R′″)(—N—R″″R″″′)Dithioimidodiphosphonamides, for dithioimidophosphonamides, andDithiohydrazidodiphosphonamides,(RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═S)—NH—NH—P(═S)(—R′″)(—N—R″″R″″′)Bis(dithioimidodiphosphonamides), forBis(dithiohydrazidodiphosphonamides), dithiohydrazidodiphosphonamides,where R, Poly(dithioimidodiphosphonamides), and R′, R″, R′″, R″″, andR″″′ represent H, NH₂ or Poly(dithiohydrazidodiphosphonamides) anyorganic functional group wherein the (S—S Bidentates, S—S Tridentates,S—S number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, Tetradentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #27:(RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═S)—S—P(═S)(—R′″)(—N—R″″R″″′), Dithiodiphosphonamides, or(RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═S)—O—P(═S)(—R′″)(—N—R″″R″″′), Bis(dithiophosphonamides),and where R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″, Poly(dithiodiphosphonamides) (S—S andR″″′ represent H, NH₂ or any organic Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Sfunctional group wherein the number of carbon Tetradentates) atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #28:(R—O—)(R′—)P(═S)—O—P(═S)(—R″)(—O—R′″); Dithiodiphosphonic Acids,(R—O—)(R′—)P(═S)—S—P(═S)(—R″)(—O—R′″); Bis(dithioiphosphonic Acids),(R—S—)(R′—)P(═S)—O—P(═S)(—R″)(—S—R′″); or Poly(dithiodiphosphonicAcids), and (R—S—)(R′—)P(═S)—S—P(═S)(—R″)(—S—R′″); where R, R′, R″,derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S and R′″ represent H, NH₂ or anyorganic Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) functional group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer#29: (RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═S)(—R′″)(—N—R″″R″″′),Dithioperoxydiphosphonamide, where R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″, and R″″′Bis(dithioperoxyphosphonamide), and represent H, NH₂ or any organicfunctional Poly(dithioperoxydiphosphonamide) (S—S group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S ranges from 0 to40, optionally having halogen Tetradentates) or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #30:(R—O—)(R′—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═S)(—R″)(—O—R′″); or DithioperoxydiphosphonicAcids, (R—S—)(R′—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═S)(—R″)(—S—R′″),Bis(dithioperoxyphosphonic Acids), where R, R′, R″, and R′″ represent H,NH₂ or Poly(dithioperoxydiphosphonic Acids), and any organic functionalgroup wherein the derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S number ofcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #31:(O═)PR(—S—R′)(—S—R″) or (S═)PR(—S—R′)(—O—R″), Dithiophosphonic Acidswhere R, R′, and R″ represent H, NH₂ or (Phosphonodithioic Acids), anyorganic functional group wherein the Bis(dithiophosphonic Acids), numberof carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, Poly(dithiophosphonic Acids), andoptionally having halogen or polarizing or derivatives thereof (S—SBidentates, S—S water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups Tridentates,S—S Tetradentates) attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S,or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #32: (S═)PR(—S—R′)(—S—R″), where R, R′,and R″ Trithiophosphonic Acids represent H, NH₂ or any organicfunctional (Phosphonotrithioic Acids), group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms Bis(trithiophosphonic Acids), ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen Poly(trithiophosphonic Acids), and orpolarizing or water- derivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—Sinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Tridentates, S—STetradentates) Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. SValence Stabilizer #33: (O═)PR(—S—S—R′)(—S—R″) or(S═)PR(—S—S—R′)(—O—R″), Phosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic Acids), where R,R′, and R″ represent H, NH₂ Bis[phosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic Acids], orany organic functional group wherein thePoly[phosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic number of carbon atoms ranges from 0to 40, Acids], and derivatives thereof (S—S optionally having halogen orpolarizing or Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—Swater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups Tetradentates) attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer#34: (S═)PR(—S—S—R′)(—S—R″), where R, R′, and R″Phosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic Acids), represent H, NH₂ or any organicfunctional Bis[phosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic group wherein the numberof carbon atoms Acids], ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenPoly[phosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic or polarizing or water- Acids], andderivatives thereof (S—S insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Bidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S Ligand can also contain nonbinding N,O, S, or Tetradentates) P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #35: R—S—R′CSOH orR—S—R′CSSH for S- S-(Alkylthio)thiocarboxylic Acids, S-(alkylthio)thiocarboxylic and S- (Arylthio)thiocarboxylic Acids, andS,S- (arylthio)thiocarboxylic acids, and HSOCR—S—R′COSHthiobisthiocarboxylic Acids (S—S Bidentates or HSSCR—S—R′CSSH for S,S-and S—S Tridentates) thiobisthiocarboxylic acids, where R and R′represent H or any organic functional group wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #36:R—S—S—R′CSOH or R—S—S—R′CSSH for S- S-(Alkyldisulfido)thiocarboxylicAcids, S- (alkyldisulfido)thiocarboxylic and S-(Aryldisulfido)thiocarboxylic Acids, and (aryldisulfido)thiocarboxylicacids, and S,S′-Disulfidobisthiocarboxylic Acids (S—S HSOCR—S—S—R′COSHor HSSCR—S—S—R′CSSH Bidentates and S—S Tridentates) forS,S′-disulfidobisthiocarboxylic acids, where R and R′ represent H or anyorganic functional group wherein the number of carbon atoms ranges from0 to 40, optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #37:R—CH(—SR″)—CH(—SR′″)—R′, and R—C(—SR″)═C(—SR′″)—R′, 1,2-Dithiolates,Bis(1,2-dithiolates), and where R, R′, R″, and R′″ Poly(1,2-dithiolates)(S—S Bidentates, S—S represent H, NH₂ or any organic functionalTridentates, S—S Tetradentates) group wherein the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #38:RN—C(═O)—CHR′—S—C(═S) for rhodanines, and Rhodanines and Bis(rhodanines)(S—S R—[N—C(═O)—CHR′—S—C(═S)]₂ for Bidentates and S—S Tetradentates)bis(rhodanines), where R and R′ represent H, NH₂ or any organicfunctional group wherein the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #39:RN═C(SH)(SH), where R represents H, NH₂ or Dithiocarbimates,Bis(dithiocarbimates), any organic functional group wherein the andPoly(dithiocarbimates) (S—S Bidentates, number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, S—S Tridentates, and S—S Tetradentates) optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. SValence Stabilizer #40: RS⁺═C(SH)(SH) or RS—C(═S)(SH), where RThioxanthates, Bis(thioxanthates), and represents H, NH₂ or any organicfunctional Poly(thioxanthates) (S—S Bidentates and S—S group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms Tetradentates) ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #41: RO⁺═C(SH)(SH) or RO—C(═S)(SH), where RXanthates, Bis(xanthates), and represents H, NH₂ or any organicfunctional Poly(xanthates) (S—S Bidentates and S—S group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms Tetradentates) ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.S Valence Stabilizer #42: Typically RR′R″P═C(SH)(SH) [pentavalent P],Phosphinodithioformates (S—S Bidentates) although RR′P—C(═S)(SH)[trivalent P] may be acceptable in some situations, where R, R′, and R″represent H, NH₂ or any organic functional group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer#43: R—S—C(—S—R″)—O—R′ for dithioborates, R—S—C(—S—R″)—S—R′ Alkyl- andAryl-Dithioborates, for trithioborates, and R—S—S—C(—S—R″)—S—R′Trithioborates, Perthioborates, for perthioborates, where R, R′, andBis(dithioborates), Bis(trithioborates), and R″ represent H, NH₂ or anyorganic functional Bis(perthioborates) (S—S Bidentates and S—S groupwherein the number of carbon atoms Tetradentates) ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #44:R—C(—S—R″)—S—R′, where R, R′, and R″ Alkyl- and Aryl-Dithioboronates,and represent H, NH₂ or any organic functional Bis(dithioboronates) (S—SBidentates and S—S group wherein the number of carbon atomsTetradentates) ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer#45: (O═)As(—S—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″) or (S═)As(—S—R)(—S—R′)(—O—R″)Trithioarsonic Acids (Arsonotrithioic for trithioarsonic acid;(O═)As(—O—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″) Acids), Dithioarsonic Acids or(S═)As(—S—R)(—O—R′)(—O—R″) (Arsonodithioic Acids), Tetrathioarsonic fordithioarsonic acid, or (S═)As(—S—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″) Acids(Arsonotetrathioic Acids), and for tetrathioarsonic acid, wherederivatives thereof (S—S Bidentates, S—S R, R′, and R″ represent H, NH₂or any organic Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates) functional group whereinthe number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. SValence Stabilizer #46: (O═)Sb(—S—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″) or(S═)Sb(—S—R)(—S—R′)(—O—R″) Trithioantimonic Acids (Stibonotrithioic fortrithioantimonic acid; Acids), Dithioantimonic Acids(O═)Sb(—O—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″) or (S═)Sb(—S—R)(—O—R′)(—O—R″)(Stibonodithioic Acids), for dithioantimonic acid, or TetrathioantimonicAcids (S═)Sb(—S—R)(—S—R′)(—S—R″) for (Stibonotetrathioic Acids), andderivatives tetrathioantimonic acid, where R, R′, and R″ thereof (S—SBidentates, S—S Tridentates, S—S represent H, NH₂ or any organicfunctional Tetradentates) group wherein the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #47: RR′R″P═S forphosphine P-sulfides, and Phosphine P-sulfides and Amino-(RR′N)(R″R′″N)(R″″R″″′N)P═S for amino- substituted Phosphine sulfides (Ssubstituted phosphine sulfides, where R, R′, R″, Monodentates) R′″, R″″,and R″″′ represent H, Cl, Br, NH₂ or any organic functional groupwherein the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. (Rs are typically aromatic or heterocyclic for phosphineP-sulfides.) Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. SValence Stabilizer #48: RR′R″As═S for arsine As-sulfides, and ArsineAs-sulfides and Amino-substituted (RR′N)(R″R′″N)(R″″R″″′N)As═S foramino- Arsine sulfides (S Monodentates) substituted arsine sulfides,where R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″, and R″″′ represent H, Cl, Br, NH₂ or anyorganic functional group wherein the number of carbon atoms ranges from0 to 40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. (Rs are typicallyaromatic or heterocyclic for arsine As-sulfides.) Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S Valence Stabilizer #49:Thiocyanates bound directly to the high valence Thiocyanate ligands (SMonodentates) metal ion. S Valence Stabilizer #50: Thiols (HS—R,HS—R—SH, etc.), where R and R′ Thiolates (S Monodentates) represent H orany organic functional group wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 35, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. S Valence Stabilizer#51: Sulfide (—S²⁻) ligands bound directly to the high Sulfide ligands(S Monodentates) valence metal ion. P Valence Stabilizer #1: PH₃, PH₂R,PHR₂, and PR₃ where R represents Monophosphines (P Monodentates) H orany organic functional group wherein the wherein at least one PhosphorusAtom is a number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 35, Binding Siteoptionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, P, As, O, S, or Se atoms. P Valence Stabilizer #2:R′—P—R—P—R″, where R, R′, and R″ represent H Diphosphines (a P—PBidentate) wherein at or any organic functional group wherein the leastone Phosphorus Atom is a Binding number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to35, Site optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, P, As, O, S, or Se atoms. P Valence Stabilizer #3:R—P—R′—P—R″—P—R′″, where R, R′, R″, and R′″ Triphosphines (either P—PBidentates or P—P—P represent H or any organic functional groupTridentates) wherein at least one wherein the number of carbon atomsranges Phosphorus Atom is a Binding Site from 0 to 35, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, As, O, S, or Seatoms. P Valence Stabilizer #4: R—P—R′—P—R″—P—R′″—P—R″″, where R, R′,R″, Tetraphosphines (P—P Bidentates, P—P R′″, and R″″ represent H or anyorganic Tridentates, or P—P Tetradentates) wherein functional groupwherein the number of carbon at least one Phosphorus Atom is a Bindingatoms ranges from 0 to 35, optionally having Site halogen or polarizingor water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, P, As, O, S, or Se atoms. P Valence Stabilizer #5:R—P—R′—P—R″—P—R′″—P—R″″—P—R″″′, where R, Pentaphosphines (P—PBidentates, P—P R′, R″, R′″, R″″, and R″″′ represent H or anyTridentates, or P—P Tetradentates) wherein organic functional groupwherein the number of at least one Phosphorus Atom is a Binding carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 35, optionally Site having halogen or polarizingor water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, P, As, O, S, or Se atoms. P Valence Stabilizer #6:R—P—R′—P—R″—P—R′″—P—R″″—P—R″″′—P—R″″″, Hexaphosphines (P—P Bidentates,P—P where R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″, R″″′, and R″″″ Tridentates, P—PTetradentates, or P—P represent H or any organic functional groupHexadentates) wherein at least one wherein the number of carbon atomsranges Phosphorus Atom is a Binding Site from 0 to 35, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, As, O, S, or Seatoms. P Valence Stabilizer #7: Five membered heterocyclic ringcontaining Five-Membered Heterocyclic Rings one, two, or threephosphorus atoms, all of containing One, Two, or Three Phosphorus whichmay or may not function as binding sites. Atoms wherein at least onePhosphorus Can include other ring systems bound to this Atom is aBinding Site (P Monodentates or heterocyclic ring, but they do notcoordinate P—P Bidentates) with the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Ring can also contain O, S, N, As, or Se atoms. This 5-membered ringand/or attached, uncoordinating rings may or may not have halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. PValence Stabilizer #8: Six membered heterocyclic ring containing one,Six-Membered Heterocyclic Rings two, or three phosphorus atoms, all ofwhich containing One, Two, or Three Phosphorus may or may not functionas binding sites. Can Atoms wherein at least one Phosphorus includeother ring systems bound to this Atom is a Binding Site (P Monodentatesor heterocyclic ring, but they do not coordinate P—P Bidentates) withthe stabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring can also contain O, S, N,As, or Se atoms. This 6-membered ring and/or attached, uncoordinatingrings may or may not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. P Valence Stabilizer #9:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containing Five-Membered HeterocyclicRings one, two, or three phosphorus atoms. In containing One, Two, orThree Phosphorus addition, ligand contains additional Atoms at least oneadditional Phosphorus phosphorus-containing substituents (usually AtomBinding Site not in a Ring (P phosphines) that constitute P bindingsites. Can Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—P include other ring systemsbound to the Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—P heterocyclic ring orto the P-containing Hexadentates) substituent, but they do notcoordinate with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) can alsocontain O, N, S, As or Se atoms. This 5- membered ring(s) and/orattached, uncoordinating rings and/or P-containing substituent(s) may ormay not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. P Valence Stabilizer #10: Six membered heterocyclicring(s) containing Six-Membered Heterocyclic Rings one, two, or threephosphorus atoms. In containing One, Two, or Three Phosphorus addition,ligand contains additional Atoms at least one additional Phosphorusphosphorus-containing substituents (usually Atom Binding Site not in aRing (P phosphines) that constitute P binding sites. Can Monodentates,P—P Bidentates, P—P include other ring systems bound to the Tridentates,P—P Tetradentates, or P—P heterocyclic ring or to the P-containingHexadentates) substituent, but they do not coordinate with thestabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, N, S, Asor Se atoms. This 6- membered ring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinatingrings and/or P-containing substituent(s) may or may not have halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. PValence Stabilizer #11: Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Rings one, two, or three phosphorus atoms. Incontaining One, Two, or Three Phosphorus addition, ligand containsadditional Atoms at least one additional Phosphorusphosphorus-containing rings that constitute P Atom Binding Site in aseparate Ring (P binding sites. Can include other ring systemsMonodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—P bound to the P-containing heterocyclicrings, Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—P but they do not coordinatewith the stabilized, Hexadentates) high valence metal ion. Ring(s) canalso contain O, N, S, As, or Se atoms. This 5- membered ring(s) and/oradditional P- containing ring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating ringsmay or may not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. P Valence Stabilizer #12:Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containing Six-Membered HeterocyclicRings one, two, or three phosphorus atoms. In containing One, Two, orThree Phosphorus addition, ligand contains additional Atoms at least oneadditional Phosphorus phosphorus-containing rings that constitute P AtomBinding Site in a separate Ring (P binding sites. Can include other ringsystems Monodentates, P—P Bidentates, P—P bound to the P-containingheterocyclic rings, Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—P but they donot coordinate with the stabilized, Hexadentates) high valence metalion. Ring(s) can also contain O, N, S, As, or Se atoms. This 6- memberedring(s) and/or additional P- containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. P Valence Stabilizer #13:Macrocyclic ligands containing two, three, four, Two-, Three-, Four-,Five-, Six-, and Eight- five, six, or eight phosphorus binding sites toMembered Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, valence stabilize the centralmetal ion. Can and Macropolycyclics (including include other hydrocarbonor ring systems Catapinands, Cryptands, Cyclidenes, and bound to thismacrocyclic ligand, but they do Sepulchrates) wherein all Binding Sitesare not coordinate with the stabilized, high valence composed ofPhosphorus and are not metal ion. This ligand and/or attached, containedin Component Heterocyclic uncoordinating hydrocarbons/rings may or mayRings (P—P Bidentates, P—P Tridentates, P—P not have halogen orpolarizing or water- Tetradentates, and P—P Hexadentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. P Valence Stabilizer #14:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four, Four-, Six-, orEight-Membered six, or eight five-membered heterocyclic ringsMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, and containing phosphorus binding sites.Can Macropolycyclics (including Catapinands, include otherhydrocarbon/ring systems bound Cryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)to this macrocyclic ligand, but they do not wherein all Binding Sitesare composed of coordinate with the stabilized, high valence Phosphorusand are contained in metal ion. This ligand and/or attached, Component5-Membered Heterocyclic uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or mayRings (P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, not have halogen orpolarizing or water- or P—P Hexadentates) insolubilizing groupsattached. P Valence Stabilizer #15: Macrocyclic ligands containing atleast one 5- Four-, Six-, or Eight-Membered membered heterocyclic ring.These Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, and heterocyclic rings providephosphorus binding Macropolycyclics (including Catapinands, sites tovalence stabilize the central metal ion. Cryptands, Cyclidenes, andSepulchrates) Other phosphine binding sites can also be wherein allBinding Sites are composed of included in the macrocyclic ligand, solong as Phosphorus and are contained in a the total number of bindingsites is four, six, or Combination of 5-Membered Heterocyclic eight. Caninclude other hydrocarbon/ring Rings and Phosphine Groups (P—P systemsbound to this macrocyclic ligand, but Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates, orP—P they do not coordinate with the stabilized, high Hexadentates)valence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached, uncoordinatinghydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached. P Valence Stabilizer #16: Macrocyclicligands containing a total of four, Four-, Six-, or Eight-Membered six,or eight six-membered heterocyclic rings Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics,and containing phosphorus binding sites. Can Macropolycyclics (includingCatapinands, include other hydrocarbon/ring systems bound Cryptands,Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) to this macrocyclic ligand, but they donot wherein all Binding Sites are composed of coordinate with thestabilized, high valence Phosphorus and are contained in metal ion. Thisligand and/or attached, Component 6-Membered Heterocyclic uncoordinatinghydrocarbon/rings may or may Rings (P—P Tridentates, P—P Tetradentates,not have halogen or polarizing or water- or P—P Hexadentates)insolubilizing groups attached. P Valence Stabilizer #17: Macrocyclicligands containing at least one 6- Four-, Six-, or Eight-Memberedmembered heterocyclic ring. These Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andheterocyclic rings provide phosphorus binding Macropolycyclics(including Catapinands, sites to valence stabilize the central metalion. Cryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) Other phosphine bindingsites can also be wherein all Binding Sites are composed of included inthe macrocyclic ligand, so long as Phosphorus and are contained in a thetotal number of binding sites is four, six, or Combination of 6-MemberedHeterocyclic eight. Can include other hydrocarbon/ring Rings andPhosphine Groups (P—P systems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butTridentates, P—P Tetradentates, or P—P they do not coordinate with thestabilized, high Hexadentates) valence metal ion. This ligand and/orattached, uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenor polarizing or water- insolubilizing groups attached. O ValenceStabilizer #1: RR′—N—C(═O)—NR″—C(═O)—NR′″R″″ for Biurets(Imidodicarbonic Diamides), biurets, andRR′—N—C(═O)—NR″—NH—C(═O)—NR′″R″″ Isobiurets, Biureas, Triurets,Triureas, for biureas, where R, R′, R″, R′″, and Bis(biurets),Bis(isobiurets), Bis(biureas), R″″ represent H, NH₂, or any organicfunctional Poly(biurets), Poly(isobiurets), and group wherein the numberof carbon atoms Poly(biureas) (O—O Bidentates, O—O ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) or polarizingor water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. O Valence Stabilizer #2:RR′—N—C(═O)—NR″—C(═O)—R′″ where R, R′, Acylureas, Aroylureas,Bis(acylureas), R″, and R′″ represent H, NH₂, or any organicBis(aroylureas), Poly(acylureas), and functional group wherein thenumber of carbon Poly(aroylureas) (O—O Bidentates, O—O atoms ranges from0 to 40, optionally having Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. O Valence Stabilizer#3: RC(═O)—NR′—C(═O)—R″ for imidodialdehydes, Imidodialdehydes,Hydrazidodialdehydes and RC(═O)—NR′—NH—C(═O)—R″ for (Acyl hydrazides),Bis(imidodialdehydes), hydrazidodialdehydes (acyl hydrazides), whereBis(hydrazidodialdehydes), R, R′, and R″ represent H, NH₂, or anyorganic Poly(imidodialdehydes), and functional group wherein the numberof carbon Poly(hydrazidodialdehydes) (O—O atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O halogen or polarizingor water- Tetradentates) insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. O ValenceStabilizer #4: R—O—C(═O)—NR′—C(═O)—O—R″ for Imidodicarbonic acids,imidodicarbonic acids, and R—O—C(═O)—NR′— Hydrazidodicarbonic acids,NH—C(═O)—O—R″ for hydrazidodicarbonic acids, Bis(imidodicarbonic acids),where R, R′, and R″ represent H, NH₂, or any Bis(hydrazidodicarbonicacids), organic functional group wherein the number ofPoly(imidodicarbonic acids), carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally Poly(hydrazidodicarbonic acids) and having halogen orpolarizing or water- derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—Oinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Tridentates, O—OTetradentates) Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. OValence Stabilizer #5: RR′—N—S(═O)(═O)—NR″—S(═O)(═O)—NR′″R″″Imidodisulfamic Acid, Imidodisulfuric for imidodisulfamic acid, andR—O—S(═O)(═O)— Acid, Bis(Imidodisulfamic Acid), NR′—S(═O)(═O)—OR″ forimidosulfuric acid, Bis(Imidodisulfuric Acid), where R, R′, and R″represent H, NH₂, or any Poly(Imidodisulfamic Acid), and organicfunctional group wherein the number of Poly(Imidodisulfuric Acid) andderivatives carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally thereof (O—OBidentates, O—O Tridentates, having halogen or polarizing or water- O—OTetradentates) insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand canalso contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. O Valence Stabilizer #6:R—C(═O)—CR′R″—C(═O)—R′″ where R, R′, R″, 1,3-Diketones(Beta-Diketonates), 1,3,5- and R′″ represent H, NH₂, or any organicTriketones, Bis(1,3-Diketones), and functional group wherein the numberof carbon Poly(1,3-Diketones), all with a Molecular atoms ranges from 0to 40, optionally having Weight Greater than 125 (O—O Bidentates,halogen or polarizing or water- O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. If these ligands exhibit a molecularweight less than or equal to 125, the solubility of the resultantCo⁺³-diketonate complex will be too high. O Valence Stabilizer #7:R—C(═O)—C(═O)—R′ where R and R′ represent 1,2-Diketones(Alpha-Diketonates), 1,2,3- H, NH₂, or any organic functional groupTriketones, Tropolonates, ortho-Quinones, wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges Bis(1,2-Diketones), and Poly(1,2- from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or Diketones), all with a Molecular Weight polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing Greater than 100 (O—O Bidentates, O—Ogroups attached. Ligand can also contain Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates)nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. If these ligands exhibit a molecularweight less than or equal to 100, the solubility of the resultantCo⁺³-diketonate complex will be too high. O Valence Stabilizer #8:RR′—N—C(═O)—CR″R′″—C(═O)—N—R″″R″″′ Malonamides (Malonodiamides), whereR, R′, R″, R′″, R″″, and R″″′ represent Bis(malonamides), andPolymalonamides H, NH₂, or any organic functional group (O—O Bidentates,O—O Tridentates, O—O wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesTetradentates) from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. O Valence Stabilizer #9:RR′—N—C(═O)—CR″R′″—C(═O)—R″″ where R, 2-Acylacetamides,Bis(2-acylacetamides), R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ represent H, NH₂, or any andPoly(2-acylacetamides) (O—O organic functional group wherein the numberof Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally Tetradentates) having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. O Valence Stabilizer #10:RR′—N—C(═O)—S—C(═O)—N—R″R′″ where R, R′, Monothiodicarbonic Diamides,R″, and R′″ represent H, NH₂ or any organic Bis(monothiodicarbonicdiamides), and functional group wherein the number of carbonPoly(monothiodicarbonic diamides) (O—O atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O halogen or polarizingor water- Tetradentates) insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. O ValenceStabilizer #11: R—O—C(═O)—S—C(═O)—O—R′, where R and R′Monothiodicarbonic Acids, represent H, NH₂ or any organic functionalBis(monothiodicarbonic acids), group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(monothiodicarbonic acids), and ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—O or polarizing orwater- Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #12: R—O—C(═O)—S—S—C(═O)—O—R′, where R and R′Dithioperoxydicarbonic Acids, represent H, NH₂ or any organic functionalBis(dithioperoxydicarbonic acids), group wherein the number of carbonatoms poly(dithioperoxydicarbonic acids), and ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—O orpolarizing or water- Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. O Valence Stabilizer #13:R—O—S(═O)(═O)—S—S(═O)(═O)—O—R′, where R Trithionic acid, Bis(trithionicacid), and R′ represent H, NH₂ or any organic Poly(trithionic acid), andderivatives functional group wherein the number of carbon thereof (O—OBidentates, O—O Tridentates, atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving O—O Tetradentates) halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. O Valence Stabilizer #14:(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═O)—P(═O)(—O—R″)(—O—R′″), Hypophosphoric Acids, where R,R′, R″, and R′″ represent H, NH₂ or Bis(hypophosphoric acids), and anyorganic functional group wherein the Poly(hypophosphoric acids), andnumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, derivatives thereof (O—OBidentates, O—O optionally having halogen or polarizing or Tridentates,O—O Tetradentates) water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. Note: theseligands are not to be confused with hypophosphorous acid derivatives(hypophosphites) (R—O—)R″R′″P(═O) which are very reducing and thereforeunacceptable for stabilization of high valence states in metal ions. OValence Stabilizer #15:(RR′—N—)(R″R′″—N—)P(═O)—P(═O)(—N—R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′),Hypophosphoramides, where R, R′, R″, R′″, Bis(hypophosphoramides), andR″″, R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′ represent H, NH₂ or Poly(hypophosphoramides)(O—O any organic functional group wherein the Bidentates, O—OTridentates, O—O number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,Tetradentates) optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. Note: these ligands are not tobe confused with hypophosphorous acid derivatives (hypophosphites)(R—O—)R″R′″P(═O) which are very reducing and therefore unacceptable forstabilization of high valence states in metal ions. O Valence Stabilizer#16: (R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═O)—NH—P(═O)(—O—R″)(—O—R′″) Imidodiphosphoric Acids,for imidodiphosphoric acids, and Hydrazidodiphosphoric Acids,(R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═O)—NH—NH—P(═O)(—O—R″)(—O—R′″) for Bis(imidodiphosphoricAcids), hydrazidodiphosphoric acids; where R, R′, R″, and R′″ representH, NH₂ or Bis(hydrazidodiphosphoric Acids), any organic functional groupwherein the number of carbon Poly(imidodiphosphoric Acids), atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having Poly(hydrazidodiphosphoric Acids), andhalogen or polarizing or water- derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—Oinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Tridentates, O—OTetradentates) Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. OValence Stabilizer #17:(RR′—N—)(R″R′″—N—)P(═O)—NH—P(═O)(—N—R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′)Imidodiphosphoramides, for Hydrazidodiphosphoramides,imidodiphosphoramides, and —NH—NH— Bis(imidodiphosphoramides),derivatives for hydrazidodiphosphoramides,Bis(hydrazidodiphosphoramides), where R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″, R″″′, R″″″,and Poly(imidodiphosphoramides), and R″″″′ represent H, NH₂ or anyorganic Poly(hydrazidodiphosphoramides) (O—O functional group whereinthe number of carbon Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O atoms ranges from0 to 40, optionally having Tetradentates) halogen or polarizing orwater- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. O Valence Stabilizer #18:(RR′—N—)(R″R′″—N—)P(═O)—O—P(═O)(—N—R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′),Diphosphoramides, where R, R′, R″, R′″, Bis(diphosphoramides), and R″″,R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′ represent H, NH₂ or Poly(diphosphoramides) (O—OBidentates, any organic functional group wherein the O—O Tridentates,O—O Tetradentates) number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. O Valence Stabilizer #19:(R—O—)(R′—)P(═O)—NH—P(═O)(—R″)(—O—R′″) for Imidodiphosphonic Acids,imidodiphosphonic acids, and Hydrazidodiphosphonic Acids,(R—O—)(R′—)P(═O)—NH—NH—P(═O)(—R″)(—O—R′″) for Bis(imidodiphosphonicAcids), hydrazidodiphosphonic acids; where R, R′, R″,Bis(hydrazidodiphosphonic Acids), and R′″ represent H, NH₂ or anyorganic Poly(imidodiphosphonic Acids), functional group wherein thenumber of carbon Poly(hydrazidodiphosphonic Acids), and atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates, O—Ohalogen or polarizing or water- Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. O Valence Stabilizer #20:(RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═O)—NH—P(═O)(—R′″)(—N—R″″R″″′) Imidodiphosphonamides, forimidodiphosphonamides, and Hydrazidodiphosphonamides, —NH—NH—derivativesfor Bis(imidodiphosphonamides), hydrazidodiphosphonamides, where R, R′,R″, Bis(hydrazidodiphosphonamides), R′″, R″″, and R″″′ represent H, NH₂or any Poly(imidodiphosphonamides), and organic functional group whereinthe number of Poly(hydrazidodiphosphonamides) (O—O carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O having halogenor polarizing or water- Tetradentates) insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #21: (RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═O)—O—P(═O)(—R′″)(—N—R″″R″″′),Diphosphonamides, where R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″, and R″″′Bis(diphosphonamides), and represent H, NH₂ or any organic functionalPoly(diphosphonamides) (O—O Bidentates, group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms O—O Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates) ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. O Valence Stabilizer #22:R—CR′(—OH)—CH₂—C(═O)—R″, where R, R′, and Beta-Hydroxyketones, Beta- R″represent H, NH₂ or any organic functional Hydroxyaldehydes, Bis(beta-group wherein the number of carbon atoms hydroxyketones), Bis(beta-ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen hydroxyaldehydes),Poly(beta- or polarizing or water- hydroxyketones), and Poly(beta-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. hydroxyaldehydes) (O—OBidentates, O—O Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orTridentates, O—O Tetradentates) P atoms. O Valence Stabilizer #23:RR′—N—CH(—OH)—NR″—C(═O)—NR′″R″″, where N-(Aminomethylol)ureas [N- R, R′,R″, R′″, and R″″ represent H, NH₂ or (Aminohydroxymethyl)ureas], Bis[N-any organic functional group wherein the (aminomethylol)ureas], andPoly[N- number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,(aminomethylol)ureas] (O—O Bidentates, O—O optionally having halogen orpolarizing or Tridentates, O—O Tetradentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. O Valence Stabilizer #24:RR′—N—C(═O)—C(═O)—N—R″R′″, where R, R′, Oxamides, Bis(oxamides), and R″,and R′″ represent H, NH₂ or any organic Poly(oxamides) (O—O Bidentates,O—O functional group wherein the number of carbon Tridentates, O—OTetradentates) atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. O Valence Stabilizer#25: —C(—OH)═C(—OH)—, where the two carbon atoms Squaric Acids andderivatives thereof (O—O supporting the hydroxy groups are includedBidentates) within a cyclic hydrocarbon moiety, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. OValence Stabilizer #26: (R—O—)(O═)C—R′—C(═O)(—O—R″), where R, R′,Dicarboxylic Acids, Bis(dicarboxylic and R″ represent H, NH₂ or anyorganic acids), Poly(dicarboxylic acids), and functional group whereinthe number of carbon derivatives thereof (O—O Bidentates and O—O atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having Tetradentates) halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. O Valence Stabilizer#27: R—O—C(═O)—O—R′, where R, and R′ represent H, Carbonates andBis(carbonates) (O—O NH₂ or any organic functional group whereinBidentates and O—O Tetradentates) the number of carbon atoms ranges from0 to 40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. O Valence Stabilizer #28:RR′N⁺═C(OH)(OH), where R and R′ represent Carbamates, Bis(carbamates),and H, OH, SH, OR″ (R″ = C₁-C₃₀ alkyl or aryl), Poly(carbamates)(including N- SR″ (R″ = C₁-C₃₀ alkyl or aryl), NH₂ or anyhydroxycarbamates and N- organic functional group wherein the number ofmercaptocarbamates) (O—O Bidentates, O—O carbon atoms ranges from 0 to40, optionally Tridentates, and O—O Tetradentates) having halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. O Valence Stabilizer#29: RR′N—NR″—C(═O)(OH), where R and R′ Carbazates (carbazides),Bis(carbazates), represent H, NH₂ or any organic functional andPoly(carbazates) (O—O Bidentates, O—O group wherein the number of carbonatoms Tridentates, and O—O Tetradentates; or ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen possibly N—O Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, orpolarizing or water- and N—O Tetradentates) insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.O Valence Stabilizer #30: RN═C(OH)(OH), where R represents H, NH₂ orCarbimates, Bis(carbimates), and any organic functional group whereinthe Poly(carbimates) (O—O Bidentates, O—O number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, Tridentates, and O—O Tetradentates) optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. OValence Stabilizer #31: (O═)As(—O—R)(—O—R′)(—O—R″), where R, R′, andArsonic Acids, Bis(arsonic acids), R″ represent H, NH₂ or any organicfunctional Poly(arsonic acids), and derivatives thereof group whereinthe number of carbon atoms (O—O Bidentates, O—O Tridentates, O—O rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen Tetradentates) or polarizing orwater- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. O Valence Stabilizer #32:R—O—C(—O—R″)—O—R′, where R, R′, and R″ Alkyl- and Aryl-Borates andBis(borates) represent H, NH₂ or any organic functional (O—O Bidentatesand O—O Tetradentates) group wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. O Valence Stabilizer #33:R—C(—O—R″)—O—R′, where R, R′, and R″ Alkyl- and Aryl-Boronates andrepresent H, NH₂ or any organic functional Bis(boronates) (O—OBidentates and O—O group wherein the number of carbon atomsTetradentates) ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. O Valence Stabilizer#34: RR′R″P═O for phosphine P-oxides, and Phosphine P-oxides andAmino-substituted (RR′N)(R″R′″N)(R″″R″″′N)P═O for amino- Phosphineoxides (O Monodentates) substituted phosphine oxides, where R, R′, R″,R′″, R″″, and R″″′ represent H, Cl, Br, NH₂ or any organic functionalgroup wherein the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. (Rs are typically aromatic or heterocyclic for phosphineP-oxides.) Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. OValence Stabilizer #35: RR′R″As═O for arsine As-oxides, and ArsineAs-oxides and Amino-substituted (RR′N)(R″R′″N)(R″″R″″′N)As═O for amino-Arsine oxides (O Monodentates) substituted arsine oxides, where R, R′,R″, R′″, R″″, and R″″′ represent H, Cl, Br, NH₂ or any organicfunctional group wherein the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. (Rs are typically aromaticor heterocyclic for arsine As-oxides.) Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. O Valence Stabilizer #36: Cyanates bounddirectly to the high valence Cyanate ligands (O Monodentates) metal ion.N—S Valence Stabilizer #1: RC(═NH)SR′, where R and R′ represent H orThioimidates, Dithioimidates, any organic functional group wherein thePolythioimidates, and Derivatives of number of carbon atoms ranges from0 to 40, Thioimidic Acid (N—S Bidentates and N—S optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or Tetradentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer #2:RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—CS—NR′″R″″ for Thioguanylureas, Guanidinothioureas,thioguanylureas, and RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—NH—CS—NR′″R″″Bis(thioguanylureas), for guanidinothioureas, where R,Bis(guanidinothioureas), R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ represent H, NH₂, or anyPoly(thioguanylureas), and organic functional group wherein the numberof Poly(guanidinothioureas) (N—S Bidentates carbon atoms ranges from 0to 40, optionally and N—S Tetradentates) having halogen or polarizing orwater- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer #3:RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—CS—R′″ for N- Amidinothioamides, Guanidinothioamides,amidinothioamides, or RR′—N—C(═NH)—CR″R′″—CS—N—R″″R″″′Bis(amidinothioamides), for 2- Bis(guanidinothioamides),amidinothioacetamides, and RR′—N—C(═NH)—NR″—NH—CS—R′″Poly(amidinothioamides), and for guanidinothioamides,Poly(guanidinothioamides) (including both where R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″, andR″″′ represent N-amidinothioamides and 2- H, NH₂, or any organicfunctional group amidinothioacetamides) (N—S Bidentates wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges and N—S Tetradentates) from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer #4:R—C(═NH)—NR′—CS—R″, where R, R′, and R″, Imidoylthioamides, represent Hor any organic functional group Bis(imidoylthioamides), and wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges Poly(imidoylthioamides) (N—S Bidentatesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen or and N—S Tetradentates)polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer#5: RR′NCSNR″R′″, where R, R′, R″, and R′″ Thioureas, Bis(thioureas),and represent H, NH₂, or any organic functional Poly(thioureas),including Thiourylene group wherein the number of carbon atoms Complexes(N—S Bidentates, N—S ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenTridentates, and N—S Tetradentates) or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer #6: RCSNR′R″,where R, R′, and R″ represent H, Thiocarboxamides,Bis(thiocarboxamides), NH₂, or any organic functional group wherein andPoly(thiocarboxamides) (N—S the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 toBidentates, N—S Tridentates, and N—S 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or Tetradentates) water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—SValence Stabilizer #7: RR′—N—S(═NH)—N—R″R′″, where R, R′, R″, andImidosulfurous Diamides and R′″ represent H or any organic functionalgroup Bis(imidosulfurous diamides) (N—S wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, and N—S from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or Tetradentates) polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer #8:R—N═S═N—R′, where R and R′ represent H or Sulfurdiimines,Bis(sulfurdiimines), and any organic functional group wherein thePoly(sulfurdiimines) (N—S Bidentates, N—S number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, Tridentates, and N—S Tetradentates) optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—SValence Stabilizer #9: (NH═)PR(OR′)(SR″) for phosphonimidothioicPhosphonimidothioic Acid, acid and (NH═)PR(SR′)(SR″) forPhosphonimidodithioic Acid, phosphonimidodithioic acid, where R, R′, andBis(Phosphonimidothioic acid); R″ represent H or any organic functionalgroup Bis(Phosphonimidodithioic acid), and wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges derivatives thereof (N—S Bidentates, N—S from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or Tetradentates) polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer #10:(S═)PR(—NR′R″)(—NR′″R″″), where R, R′, R″, Phosphonothioic Diamides,R′″, and R″″ represent H or any organic Bis(phosphonothioic diamides),and functional group wherein the number of carbon Poly(phosphonothioicdiamides) (N—S atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having Bidentatesand N—S Tetradentates) halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer #11:(S═)PR(—NR′R″)(—OR′″) or (O═)PR(—NR′R″)(—SR′″) Phosphonamidothioic Acid,for phosphonamidothioic acid, (S═)PR(—NR′R″)(—SR′″)Phosphonamidimidodithioic Acid, for phosphonamidimidodithioicBis(phosphonamidothioic acid), acid, where R, R′, R″, and R′″ representH or Bis(phosphonamidimidodithioic acid), any organic functional groupwherein the poly(phosphonamidothioic acid), and number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, poly(phosphonamidimidodithioic acid), andoptionally having halogen or polarizing or derivatives thereof (N—SBidentates and N—S water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsTetradentates) attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer #12: R—C(═S)—CR′═CR″—NHR′″, where R, R′,R″, Beta-Aminothiones (N-Substituted 3- and R′″ represent H, or anyorganic functional amino-2-propenethioaldehydes), Bis(beta- groupwherein the number of carbon atoms aminothiones), and Poly(beta- rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen aminothiones) (N—S Bidentatesand N—S or polarizing or water- Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer #13:RR′—N—C(═S)—CR″═C(—NHR′″)R″″ for 3- 3-Aminothioacrylamides (3-Amino-2-aminothioacrylamides, and RR′—N—C(═S)—CR″═C(—NHR′″)(—NR″″R″″′)thiopropenamides), 3,3- for 3,3- Diaminothioacrylamides, Bis(3-diaminothioacrylamides, where R, R′, R″, R′″, aminothioacrylamides),Bis(3,3- R″″, R″″′ represent H, NH₂, or any organic diaminoacrylamides),Poly(3- functional group wherein the number of carbonaminothioacrylamides), and Poly(3,3- atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having diaminothioacrylamides) (N—S Bidentates halogen orpolarizing or water- and N—S Tetradentates) insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.N—S Valence Stabilizer #14: R—O—C(═S)—CR′═C(—NHR″)R′″ orR—S—C(═S)—CR′═C(—NHR″)R′″ 3-Aminothioacrylic Acids (3-Amino-2- for3-aminothioacrylic thiopropenoic acids), 3-Mercapto-3- acids, andR—O—C(═S)—CR′═C(—NHR″)(—S—R′″) aminothioacrylic acids, Bis(3- orR—S—C(═S)—CR′═C(—NHR″)(—S—R′″) for 3- aminothioacrylic acids),Bis(3-Hydroxy-3- mercapto-3-aminothioacrylic acids, where R,aminothioacrylic acids), Poly(3- R′, R″, and R′″ represent H, NH₂, orany aminothioacrylic acids), and Poly(3- organic functional groupwherein the number of Hydroxy-3-aminothioacrylic acids), and carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally derivatives thereof (N—SBidentates and N—S having halogen or polarizing or water- Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer #15:R—C(═S)—N═CHR′, where R′ represents an N-Thioacyl Benzylidenimines,Bis(N- aromatic derivative (i.e. —C₆H₅), and R represent thioacylbenzylidenimines), and Poly(N- H, NH₂, or any organic functional groupthioacyl benzylidenimines) (N—S Bidentates wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges and N—S Tetradentates) from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—SValence Stabilizer #16: R—C(═S)—C(═NOH)—R′, where R and R′ Thiocarbonyloximes, Bis(thiocarbonyl represent H, NH₂, or any organic functionaloximes), and Poly(thiocarbonyl oximes) group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms (N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates, and N—S ranges from 0 to40, optionally having halogen Tetradentates) or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer #17:R—CH(—SH)—C(═NOH)—R′, where R, R′, and R″ Mercapto oximes, Bis(mercaptooximes), represent H, NH₂, or any organic functional and Poly(mercaptooximes) (including 2- group wherein the number of carbon atoms sulfurheterocyclic oximes) (N—S ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenBidentates, N—S Tridentates, N—S or polarizing or water- Tetradentates,and N—S Hexadentates) insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S ValenceStabilizer #18: o-(O₂N—)(HS—)Ar, where Ar represents an2-Nitrothiophenols (2-nitrobenzenethiols) aromatic group or heterocyclicwherein the (N—S Bidentates) number of carbon atoms ranges from 6 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer #19:o-(NC—(CH₂)₀₋₁)(HS—)Ar, where Ar represents 2-Nitrilothiophenols (N—SBidentates) an aromatic group or heterocyclic wherein the number ofcarbon atoms ranges from 6 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer#20: R—C(═S)—NHNR′R″, where R, R′, and R″ Thiohydrazides,Bis(thiohydrazides), and represent H or any organic functional groupPoly(thiohydrazides) (N—S Bidentates and wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges N—S Tetradentates) from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenor polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S ValenceStabilizer #21: RR′—N—C(═S)—NHNR″R′″, where R, R′, and R″Thiosemicarbazides, represent H or any organic functional groupBis(thiosemicarbazides), and wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesPoly(thiosemicarbazides) (N—S Bidentates, from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or N—S Tetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—S Valence Stabilizer #22:Macrocyclic ligands containing five, seven, or Five-, Seven-, orNine-Membered nine binding sites composed of nitrogen and Macrocyclics,Macrobicyclics, and sulfur to valence stabilize the central metal ion.Macropolycyclics (including Catapinands, Can include other hydrocarbonor ring systems Cryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) bound to thismacrocyclic ligand, but they do wherein all Binding Sites are composedof not coordinate with the stabilized, high valence Nitrogen (usuallyamine or imine groups) metal ion. This ligand and/or attached, or Sulfur(usually thiols, mercaptans, or uncoordinating hydrocarbons/rings may ormay thiocarbonyls) and are not contained in not have halogen orpolarizing or water- Component Heterocyclic Rings (N—Sinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Tridentates, N—STetradentates, and N—S Hexadentates) N—S Valence Stabilizer #23:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of five or Five-, orSeven-Membered Macrocyclics, seven heterocyclic rings containingnitrogen or Macrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclics sulfur binding sites.Can include other (including Catapinands, Cryptands, hydrocarbon/ringsystems bound to this Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinate Binding Sites arecomposed of Nitrogen or with the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Sulfur and are contained in Component This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating Heterocyclic Rings (N—S Tridentates, N—Shydrocarbon/rings may or may not have Tetradentates, or N—SHexadentates) halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsattached. N—S Valence Stabilizer #24: Macrocyclic ligands containing atleast one Five-, Seven-, or Nine-Membered heterocyclic ring. Theseheterocyclic rings Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, and provide nitrogen orsulfur binding sites to Macropolycyclics (including Catapinands, valencestabilize the central metal ion. Other Cryptands, Cyclidenes, andSepulchrates) amine, imine, thiol, mercapto, or thiocarbonyl wherein allBinding Sites are composed of binding sites can also be included in theNitrogen or Sulfur and are contained in a macrocyclic ligand, so long asthe total number Combination of Heterocyclic Rings and of binding sitesis five, seven, or nine. Can Amine, Imine, Thiol, Mercapto, or includeother hydrocarbon/ring systems bound Thiocarbonyl Groups (N—STridentates, N—S to this macrocyclic ligand, but they do notTetradentates, or N—S Hexadentates) coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached, uncoordinatinghydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached. N—O Valence Stabilizer #1: RC(═NH)OR′,where R and R′ represent H or Imidates, Diimidates, Polyimidates, andany organic functional group wherein the Derivatives of Imidic Acid (N—OBidentates number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, and N—OTetradentates) optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #2:RR′NC(═NH)OR″, where R, R′, and R″ Pseudoureas, bis(pseudoureas), andrepresent H, NH₂, or any organic functional poly(pseudoureas) (N—OBidentates and N—O group wherein the number of carbon atomsTetradentates) ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer#3: RR′NC(═NH)CR″R′″(CO)OR″″, where R, R′, 2-Amidinoacetates,Bis(2-amidinoacetates), R″, R′″, and R″″ represent H, NH₂, or any andPoly(2-amidinoacetates) (N—O organic functional group wherein the numberof Bidentates and N—O Tetradentates) carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #4: RR′NCONR″R′″,where R, R′, R″, and R′″ Ureas, Bis(ureas), and Poly(ureas), representH, NH₂, or any organic functional including Urylene Complexes (N—O groupwherein the number of carbon atoms Bidentates, N—O Tridentates, and N—Oranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen Tetradentates) orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer#5: (NH═)PR(OR′)(OR″), where R, R′, and R″ Phosphonimidic Acid,Bis(phosphonimidic represent H, NH₂, or any organic functional acid),Poly(phosphonimidic acid), and group wherein the number of carbon atomsderivatives thereof (N—O Bidentates and N—O ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen Tetradentates) or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #6:(O═)PR(—NR′R″)(—OR′″) for phosphonamidic Phosphonamidic Acid, Phosphonicacid and (O═)PR(—NR′R″)(—NR′″R″″) for Diamide, Bis(Phosphonamidic Acid),phosphonic diamide, where R, R′, R″, R′″, and Bis(Phosphonic Diamide),R″″ represent H, NH₂, or any organic functional Poly(phosphonamidicacid), group wherein the number of carbon atoms poly(phosphonicdiamide), and derivatives ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenthereof (N—O Bidentates and N—O or polarizing or water- Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #7:R—C(═O)—CR′═C(—NHR″)R′″, where R, R′, R″, Beta-Ketoamines (N-Substituted3-amino- and R′″ represent H, or any organic functional 2-propenals),Bis(beta-ketoamines), and group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(beta-ketoamines) (N—O Bidentates and ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen N—O Tetradentates) or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #8:RR′—N—C(═O)—CR″═C(—NHR′″)R″″ for 3- 3-Aminoacrylamides (3-Amino-2-aminoacrylamides, and RR′—N—C(═O)—CR″═C(—NHR′″)(—NR″″R″″′)propenamides), 3,3-Diaminoacrylamides, for 3,3- Bis(3-aminoacrylamides),Bis(3,3- diaminoacrylamides, where R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″,diaminoacrylamides), Poly(3- and R″″′ represent H, NH₂, or any organicaminoacrylamides), and Poly(3,3- functional group wherein the number ofcarbon diaminoacrylamides) (N—O Bidentates and atoms ranges from 0 to40, optionally having N—O Tetradentates) halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #9:R—O—C(═O)—CR′═C(—NHR″)R′″ for 3- 3-Aminoacrylic Acids (3-Amino-2-aminoacrylic acids, and R—O—C(═O)—CR′═C(—NHR″)(—O—R′″) propenoic acids),3-Hydroxy-3- for 3-hydroxy-3-aminoacrylic aminoacrylic acids,Bis(3-aminoacrylic acids, where R, R′, R″, and R′″ represent H, acids),Bis(3-Hydroxy-3-aminoacrylic NH₂, or any organic functional groupwherein acids), Poly(3-aminoacrylic acids), and the number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to Poly(3-Hydroxy-3-aminoacrylic acids), and 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing or derivatives thereof (N—OBidentates and N—O water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsTetradentates) attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orP atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #10: R—C(═O)—N═CHR′, where R′ representsan N-Acyl Benzylidenimines, Bis(N-acyl aromatic derivative (i.e. —C₆H₅),and R represent benzylidenimines), and Poly(N-acyl H, NH₂, or anyorganic functional group benzylidenimines) (N—O Bidentates and N—Owherein the number of carbon atoms ranges Tetradentates) from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #11:o-(O₂N—)(RR′N—)Ar, where Ar represents an 2-Nitroanilines (N—OBidentates) aromatic group or heterocyclic wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges from 6 to 40, and R and R′ represent H, NH₂, or alkyl oraryl hydrocarbon groups wherein the number of carbon atoms range from 0to 25, optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #12:o-(NC—(CH₂)₀₋₁)(HO—)Ar, where Ar represents 2-Nitrilophenols (N—OBidentates). Also an aromatic group or heterocyclic wherein the includesacylcyanamides. number of carbon atoms ranges from 6 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—OValence Stabilizer #13: HetN⁺—O⁻ for amine N-oxides, and R—N═N⁺(—O⁻)—R′Amine N-Oxides and Diazine N-Oxides for diazine N-oxides (azoxycompounds), (Azoxy componds) (N—O Bidentates, N—O where Het represents anitrogen-containing Tridentates, and N—O Tetradentates) heterocyclicderivative wherein the number of carbon atoms ranges from 4 to 40, and Rand R′ represent separate or the same aromatic functionalities, both Hetand R,R′ optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #14:R—C(═O)—NHNR′R″, where R, R′, and R″ Hydrazides, Bis(hydrazides), andrepresent H or any organic functional group Poly(hydrazides) (N—OBidentates and N—O wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesTetradentates) from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #15:RR′—N—C(═O)—NHNR″R′″, where R, R′, and Semicarbazides,Bis(semicarbazides), and R″ represent H or any organic functional groupPoly(semicarbazides) (N—O Bidentates, N—O wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges Tetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. N—O Valence Stabilizer #16:Macrocyclic ligands containing five, seven, or Five-, Seven-, orNine-Membered nine binding sites composed of nitrogen and Macrocyclics,Macrobicyclics, and oxygen to valence stabilize the central metalMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands, ion. Can include otherhydrocarbon or ring Cryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) systemsbound to this macrocyclic ligand, but wherein all Binding Sites arecomposed of they do not coordinate with the stabilized, high Nitrogen(usually amine or imine groups) valence metal ion. This ligand and/orattached, or Oxygen (usually hydroxy, carboxy, or uncoordinatinghydrocarbons/rings may or may carbonyl groups) and are not contained innot have halogen or polarizing or water- Component Heterocyclic Rings(N—O insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Tridentates, N—OTetradentates, and N—O Hexadentates) N—O Valence Stabilizer #17:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of five or Five-, orSeven-Membered Macrocyclics, seven heterocyclic rings containingnitrogen or Macrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclics oxygen binding sites.Can include other (including Catapinands, Cryptands, hydrocarbon/ringsystems bound to this Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinate Binding Sites arecomposed of Nitrogen or with the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Oxygen and are contained in Component This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating Heterocyclic Rings (N—O Tridentates, N—Ohydrocarbon/rings may or may not have Tetradentates, or N—OHexadentates) halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsattached. N—O Valence Stabilizer #18: Macrocyclic ligands containing atleast one Five-, Seven-, or Nine-Membered heterocyclic ring. Theseheterocyclic rings Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, and provide nitrogen oroxygen binding sites to Macropolycyclics (including Catapinands, valencestabilize the central metal ion. Other Cryptands, Cyclidenes, andSepulchrates) amine, imine, hydroxy, carboxy, or carbonyl wherein allBinding Sites are composed of binding sites can also be included in theNitrogen or Oxygen and are contained in a macrocyclic ligand, so long asthe total number Combination of Heterocyclic Rings and of binding sitesis five, seven, or nine. Can Amine, Imine, Hydroxy, Carboxy, or includeother hydrocarbon/ring systems bound Carbonyl Groups (N—O Tridentates,N—O to this macrocyclic ligand, but they do not Tetradentates, or N—OHexadentates) coordinate with the stabilized, high valence metal ion.This ligand and/or attached, uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or maynot have halogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing groups attached.S—O Valence Stabilizer #1: RR′—N—C(═S)—NR″—C(═O)—NR′″R″″ for Thiobiurets(Thioimidodicarbonic thiobiurets, and RR′—N—C(═S)—NR″—NH—C(═O)—NR′″R″″Diamides), Thioisobiurets, Thiobiureas, for thiobiureas, where R, R′,R″, R′″, Thiotriurets, Thiotriureas, Bis(thiobiurets), and R″″ representH, NH₂, or any organic Bis(thioisobiurets), Bis(thiobiureas), functionalgroup wherein the number of carbon Poly(thiobiurets),Poly(thioisobiurets), atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingPoly(thiobiureas) (S—O Bidentates, S—O halogen or polarizing or water-Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates), and (3- insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. formamidino thiocarbamides) Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer #2:RR′—N—C(═S)—NR″—C(═O)—R′″ for acyl- and Acylthioureas, Aroylthioureas,aroylthioureas, and RR′—N—C(═O)—NR″—C(═S)—R′″ Thioacylureas,Thioaroylureas, for thioacyl- and thioaroylureas, where R,Bis(acylthioureas), Bis(aroylthioureas), R′, R″, and R′″ represent H,NH₂, or any Bis(thioacylureas), Bis(thioaroylureas), organic functionalgroup wherein the number of Poly(thioacylthioureas), carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally Poly(thioaroylthioureas), having halogen orpolarizing or water- Poly(thioacylureas), andinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Poly(thioaroylureas) (S—OBidentates, S—O Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, orTridentates, S—O Tetradentates) P atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer #3:RC(═S)—NR′—C(═O)—R″ for Thioimidodialdehydes, thioimidodialdehydes, andRC(═S)—NR′—NH—C(═O)—R″ Thiohydrazidodialdehydes (thioacyl forthiohydrazidodialdehydes hydrazides), Bis(thioimidodialdehydes),(thioacyl hydrazides), where R, R′, and R″Bis(thiohydrazidodialdehydes), represent H, NH₂, or any organicfunctional Poly(thioimidodialdehydes), and group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms Poly(thiohydrazidodialdehydes) (S—O ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O or polarizingor water- Tetradentates) insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O ValenceStabilizer #4: R—O—C(═S)—NR′—C(═O)—O—R″ or R—S—C(═S)—NR′—C(═O)—S—R″Thioimidodicarbonic acids, for thioimidodicarbonicThiohydrazidodicarbonic acids, acids, and R—O—C(═S)—NR′—NH—C(═O)—O—R″ orBis(thioimidodicarbonic acids), R—S—C(═S)—NR′—NH—C(═O)—S—R″ forBis(thiohydrazidodicarbonic acids), thiohydrazidodicarbonic acids, whereR, R′, Poly(thioimidodicarbonic acids), and R″ represent H, NH₂, or anyorganic Poly(thiohydrazidodicarbonic acids) and functional group whereinthe number of carbon derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O atomsranges from 0 to 40, optionally having Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)halogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—OValence Stabilizer #5: R—C(═S)—C(═O)—R′ where R and R′ represent1,2-Monothioketones (Monothiolenes, H, NH₂, or any organic functionalgroup Monothio-alpha-ketonates), 1,2,3- wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges Monothioketones, 1,2,3-Dithioketones, from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or Monothiotropolonates, ortho- polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing Monothioquinones, Bis(1,2- groupsattached. Ligand can also contain Monothioketones), and Poly(1,2-nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. Monothioketones) (S—O Bidentates, S—OTridentates, S—O Tetradentates) S—O Valence Stabilizer #6:RR′—N—C(═S)—S—S—C(═O)—N—R″R′″ for Trithioperoxydicarbonic Diamides,trithioperoxydicarbonic diamides, and Dithioperoxydicarbonic Diamides,RR′—N—C(═O)—S—S—C(═O)—N—R″R′″ for Bis(trithioperoxydicarbonic diamides),dithioperoxydicarbonic diamides, where R, R′, Bis(dithioperoxydicarbonicdiamides), R″, R′″ represent H or any organic functionalpoly(trithioperoxydicarbonic diamides) and group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms poly(dithioperoxydicarbonic diamides) (S—O ranges from 0 to40, optionally having halogen Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O orpolarizing or water- Tetradentates) insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—OValence Stabilizer #7: R—O—C(═S)—S—C(═O)—O—R′, where R and R′Diithiodicarbonic Acids, represent H, NH₂ or any organic functionalBis(dithiodicarbonic acids), group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(dithiodicarbonic acids), and ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O or polarizing or water-Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—OValence Stabilizer #8: R—O—C(═S)—S—S—C(═O)—O—R′, where R and R′Trithioperoxydicarbonic Acids, represent H, NH₂ or any organicfunctional Bis(trithioperoxydicarbonic acids), group wherein the numberof carbon atoms poly(trithioperoxydicarbonic acids), and ranges from 0to 40, optionally having halogen derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates,S—O or polarizing or water- Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer #9:(RR′—N—)(R″R′″—N—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═O)(—N—R″″R″″′)(—N—R″″″R″″″′),Monothioperoxydiphosphoramide, where R, R′, R″, R′″,Bis(monothioperoxyphosphoramide), and R″″, R″″′, R″″″, and R″″″′represent H, NH₂ or Poly(monothioperoxydiphosphoramide) (S—O any organicfunctional group wherein the Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O number ofcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, Tetradentates) optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—OValence Stabilizer #10: (R—O—)(R′—O—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═O)(—O—R″)(—O—R′″);Monothioperoxydiphosphoric Acids,(R—O—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═O)(—S—R″)(—O—R′″);Bis(monothioperoxyphosphoric Acids), or(R—S—)(R′—S—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═O)(—S—R″)(—S—R′″),Poly(monothioperoxydiphosphoric Acids), where R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″, R″″′,and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O R″″″, and R″″″′ representH, NH₂ or any Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) organic functional groupwherein the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #11: (R—O—)(R′—)P(═S)—NH—P(═O)(—R″)(—O—R′″);Monothioimidodiphosphonic Acids, (R—S—)(R′—)P(═S)—NH—P(═O)(—R″)(—O—R′″);or Monothiohydrazidodiphosphonic Acids,(R—S—)(R′—)P(═S)—NH—P(═O)(—R″)(—S—R′″) for Bis(monothioimidodiphosphonicAcids), monothioimidodiphosphonic acids, and —NH—NH—Bis(monothiohydrazidodiphosphonic derivatives for Acids),Poly(monothioimidodiphosphonic monothiohydrazidodiphosphonic acids,where Acid), R, R′, R″, and R′″ represent H, NH₂ or anyPoly(monothiohydrazidodiphosphonic organic functional group wherein thenumber of Acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O carbon atoms ranges from0 to 40, optionally Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O having halogen orpolarizing or water- Tetradentates) insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—OValence Stabilizer #12: (RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═S)—NH—P(═O)(—R′″)(—N—R″″R″″′)Monothioimidodiphosphonamides, for Monothiohydrazidodiphosphonamides,monothioimidodiphosphonamides, and —NH—NH—Bis(monothioimidodiphosphonamides), derivatives forBis(monothiohydrazidodiphosphonamides)monothiohydrazidodiphosphonamides, wherePoly(monothioimidodiphosphonamides), R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″, and R″″′,represent H, NH₂ and or any organic functional group wherein thePoly(monothiohydrazidodiphosphonamides) number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or Tetradentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer #13:(RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═S)—S—P(═O)(—R′″)(—N—R″″R″″′), Monothiodiphosphonamides,or (RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═S)—O—P(═O)(—R′″)(—N—R″″R″″′),Bis(monothioiphosphonamides), and where R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″,Poly(monothiodiphosphonamides) (S—O and R″″′ represent H, NH₂ or anyorganic Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O functional group wherein thenumber of carbon Tetradentates) atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #14: (R—O—)(R′—)P(═S)—O—P(═O)(—R″)(—O—R′″);Monothiodiphosphonic Acids, (R—O—)(R′—)P(═S)—S—P(═O)(—R″)(—O—R′″);Bis(monothioiphosphonic Acids), (R—S—)(R′—)P(═S)—O—P(═O)(—R″)(—S—R′″);or Poly(monothiodiphosphonic Acids), and(R—S—)(R′—)P(═S)—S—P(═O)(—R″)(—S—R′″), where R, derivatives thereof (S—OBidentates, S—O R′, R″, and R′″ represent H, NH₂ or any Tridentates, S—OTetradentates) organic functional group wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer #15:(RR′—N—)(R″—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═O)(—R′″)(—N—R″″R″″′),Monothioperoxydiphosphonamide, where R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″, and R″″′Bis(monothioperoxyphosphonamide), and represent H, NH₂ or any organicfunctional Poly(monothioperoxydiphosphonamide) group wherein the numberof carbon atoms (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O ranges from 0 to40, optionally having halogen Tetradentates) or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer #16:(R—O—)(R′—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═O)(—R″)(—O—R′″); or MonothioperoxydiphosphonicAcids, (R—S—)(R′—)P(═S)—S—S—P(═O)(—R″)(—S—R′″),Bis(monothioperoxyphosphonic Acids), where R, R′, R″, and R′″ representH, NH₂ or Poly(monothioperoxydiphosphonic Acids), any organic functionalgroup wherein the and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O number ofcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer #17:(O═)P(—S—R)(—O—R′)(—O—R″) or (S═)P(—O—R)(—O—R′)(—O—R″),Monothiophosphoric Acids where R, R′, and R″ represent (PhosphorothioicAcids), H, NH₂ or any organic functional group whereinBis(monothiophosphoric acids), the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0to Poly(monothiophosphoric acids), and 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—Owater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—OValence Stabilizer #18: (O═)P(—S—S—R)(—O—R′)(—O—R″), where R, R′,Phosphoro(dithioperoxoic) Acids, and R″ represent H, NH₂ or any organicBis[phosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acids], functional group wherein thenumber of carbon Poly[phosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acids], and atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—Ohalogen or polarizing or water- Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer #19:(O═)PR(—S—R′)(—O—R″) or (S═)PR(—O—R′)(—O—R″), Monothiophosphonic Acidswhere R, R′, and R″ represent H, NH₂ or (Phosphonothioic Acids), anyorganic functional group wherein the Bis(monothiophosphonic Acids),number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, Poly(monothiophosphonicAcids), and optionally having halogen or polarizing or derivativesthereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsTridentates, S—O Tetradentates) attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer #20:(O═)PR(—S—S—R′)(—O—R″), where R, R′, and R″ Phosphono(dithioperoxoic)Acids, represent H, NH₂ or any organic functionalBis[phosphono(dithioperoxoic) Acids], group wherein the number of carbonatoms Poly[phosphono(dithioperoxoic) Acids], ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—Oor polarizing or water- Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer #21:R—CR′(—OH)—CH₂—C(═S)—R″, where R, R′, and Beta-Hydroxythioketones, Beta-R″ represent H, NH₂ or any organic functional Hydroxythioaldehydes,Bis(beta- group wherein the number of carbon atoms hydroxythioketones),Bis(beta- ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogenhydroxythioaldehydes), Poly(beta- or polarizing or water-hydroxythioketones), and Poly(beta- insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. hydroxythioaldehydes) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #22: R—CR′(—SH)—CH₂—C(═O)—R″, where R, R′, andBeta-Mercaptoketones, Beta- R″ represent H, NH₂ or any organicfunctional Mercaptoaldehydes, Bis(beta- group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms mercaptoketones), Bis(beta- ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen mercaptoaldehydes), Poly(beta- or polarizing or water-mercaptoketones), and Poly(beta- insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. mercaptoaldehydes) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #23: RR′—N—CH(—OH)—NR″—C(═S)—NR′″R″″, whereN-(Aminomethylol)thioureas [N- R, R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ represent H, NH₂or (Aminohydroxymethyl)thioureas], Bis[N- any organic functional groupwherein the (aminomethylol)thioureas], and Poly[N- number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 40, (aminomethylol)thioureas] (S—O optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—Owater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups Tetradentates) attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer#24: RR′—N—CH(—SH)—NR″—C(═O)—NR′″R″″, where N-(Aminomethylthiol)ureas[N- R, R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ represent H, NH₂ or(Aminomercaptomethyl)ureas], Bis[N- any organic functional group whereinthe (aminomethylthiol)ureas], and Poly[N- number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, (aminomethylthiol)ureas] (S—O Bidentates, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer #25:RR′—N—C(═S)—C(═O)—N—R″R′″, where R, R′, Monothiooxamides, R″, and R′″represent H, NH₂ or any organic Bis(monothiooxamides), and functionalgroup wherein the number of carbon Poly(monothiooxamides) (S—OBidentates, atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having S—OTridentates, S—O Tetradentates) halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer #26:R—CR′(—SH)—CR″R′″—C(═O)(—O—R″″), where R, Beta-Mercapto CarboxylicAcids, Bis(Beta- R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ represent H, NH₂ or any MercaptoCarboxylic Acids), Poly(Beta- organic functional group wherein thenumber of Mercapto Carboxylic Acids), and carbon atoms ranges from 0 to40, optionally derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O having halogenor polarizing or water- Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer #27:R—CR′(—SH)—CR″R′″—C(═O)(—S—R″″), where R, Beta-Mercapto ThiocarboxylicAcids, R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ represent H, NH₂ or any Bis(Beta-MercaptoThiocarboxylic Acids), organic functional group wherein the number ofPoly(Beta-Mercapto Thiocarboxylic carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally Acids), and derivatives thereof (S—O having halogen orpolarizing or water- Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—Oinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Tetradentates) Ligand canalso contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer #28:R—CR′(—OH)—CR″R′″—C(═O)(—S—R″″), where R, Beta-Hydroxy ThiocarboxylicAcids, R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ represent H, NH₂ or any Bis(Beta-HydroxyThiocarboxylic Acids), organic functional group wherein the number ofPoly(Beta-Hydroxy Thiocarboxylic Acids), carbon atoms ranges from 0 to40, optionally and derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O havinghalogen or polarizing or water- Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer #29:R—CR′(—SH)—CR″R′″—C(═O)(—NH—R″″), where Beta-Mercapto Carboxamides,Bis(Beta- R, R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ represent H, NH₂ or MercaptoCarboxamides), Poly(Beta- any organic functional group wherein theMercapto Carboxamides), and derivatives number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or S—O Tetradentates)water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer #30:R—S—R′COOH for S-alkylthiocarboxylic and S- S-Alkylthiocarboxylic Acids,S- arylthiocarboxylic acids, and HOOCR—S—R′COOH ArylthiocarboxylicAcids, and S,S- for S,S-thiobiscarboxylic acids, thiobiscarboxylic Acids(S—O Bidentates where R and R′ represent H or any organic and S—OTridentates) functional group wherein the number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer #31: R—S—S—R′COOHfor S-alkyldisulfidocarboxylic S-Alkyldisulfidocarboxylic Acids, S- andS-aryldisulfidocarboxylic acids, and Aryldisulfidocarboxylic Acids, andS,S′- HOOCR—S—S—R′COOH for S,S′- Disulfidobiscarboxylic Acids (S—Odisulfidobiscarboxylic acids, where R and R′ Bidentates and S—OTridentates) represent H or any organic functional group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer#32: R—C(═O)(—S—R′) for monothiomonocarboxylic MonothiomonocarboxylicAcids, acids, and (R—S—)(O═)C—R′—C(═O)(—S—R″) or DithiodicarboxylicAcids, (R—S—)(O═)C—R′—C(═O)(—O—R″) for Bis(monothiomonocarboxylicAcids), dithiodicarboxylic acids, where R, R′, and R″Bis(dithiodicarboxylic acids), represent H, NH₂ or any organicfunctional Poly(monothiomonocarboxylic acids), group wherein the numberof carbon atoms Poly(dithiodicarboxylic acids), and ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates and S—O orpolarizing or water- Tetradentates) insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—OValence Stabilizer #33: R—O—C(═S)—O—R′, where R, and R′ represent H,Monothiocarbonates and NH₂ or any organic functional group whereinBis(monothiocarbonates) (S—O Bidentates the number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to and S—O Tetradentates) 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer#34: RR′N—NR″—C(═O)(SH), where R and R′ Monothiocarbazates(Monothiocarbazides), represent H, NH₂ or any organic functionalBis(monothiocarbazates), and group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(monothiocarbazates) (S—O Bidentates, ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen S—O Tridentates, and S—O Tetradentates; or orpolarizing or water- possibly N—S Bidentates, N—S Tridentates,insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. and N—S Tetradentates)Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O ValenceStabilizer #35: R—CH(—SH)—CH(—OH)—R′ for alpha-mercapto MercaptoAlcohols and alcohols, R—CH(—SH)—Si(—OR′)_(x)—R″_(3-x) for alpha-Silylmercaptoalcohols, Bis(mercapto silylmercaptoalcohols,R—CH(—SH)—R′—CH(—OH)—R″ alcohols and silylmercaptoalcohols), and forbeta-mercapto alcohols, and R—CH(—SH)—R′—Si(—OR″)_(x)—R′″_(3-x)Poly(mercapto alcohols and for beta- silylmercaptoalcohols) (S—OBidentates, S—O silylmercaptoalcohols, etc., where R, R′, R″,Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates) and R′″ represent H, NH₂ or any organicfunctional group wherein the number of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. x = 1-3. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O Valence Stabilizer #36:RN═C(OH)(SH), where R represents H, NH₂ or Monothiocarbimates, anyorganic functional group wherein the Bis(monothiocarbimates), and numberof carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, Poly(monothiocarbimates) (S—OBidentates, optionally having halogen or polarizing or S—O Tridentates,and S—O Tetradentates) water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—OValence Stabilizer #37: R—O—C(—S—R″)—O—R′, where R, R′, and R″ Alkyl-and Aryl-Monothioborates and represent H, NH₂ or any organic functionalBis(monothioborates) (S—O Bidentates and group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms S—O Tetradentates) ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—OValence Stabilizer #38: R—C(—S—R″)—O—R′, where R, R′, and R″ Alkyl- andAryl-Monothioboronates and represent H, NH₂ or any organic functionalBis(monothioboronates) (S—O Bidentates group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms and S—O Tetradentates) ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.S—O Valence Stabilizer #39: (O═)As(—S—R)(—O—R′)(—O—R″) or(S═)As(—O—R)(—O—R′)(—O—R″), Monothioarsonic Acids (Arsonothioic where R,R′, and R″ Acids), Bis(monothioarsonic acids), represent H, NH₂ or anyorganic functional Poly(monothioarsonic acids), and group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms derivatives thereof (S—O Bidentates, S—O rangesfrom 0 to 40, optionally having halogen Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates)or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. S—O ValenceStabilizer #40: Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one or two HeterocyclicRings containing One or Two sulfur atoms. In addition, ligand containsSulfur Atoms at least one additional additional oxygen-containingsubstituents Oxygen Atom Binding Site not in a Ring (usually hydroxy,carboxy, or carbonyl groups) (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O thatconstitute O binding sites. Can include Tetradentates, or S—OHexadentates) other ring systems bound to the heterocyclic ring or tothe O-containing substituent, but they do not coordinate with thestabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, N, P, Asor Se atoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinatingrings and/or O- containing substituent(s) may or may not have halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. S—OValence Stabilizer #41: Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one or twoHeterocyclic Rings containing One or Two oxygen atoms. In addition,ligand contains Oxygen Atoms at least one additional additionalsulfur-containing substituents Sulfur Atom Binding Site not in a Ring(S—O (usually thio, mercapto, or thiocarbonyl groups) Bidentates, S—OTridentates, S—O that constitute S binding sites. Can includeTetradentates, or S—O Hexadentates) other ring systems bound to theheterocyclic ring or to the S-containing substituent, but they do notcoordinate with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) can alsocontain O, N, P, As or Se atoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/orattached, uncoordinating rings and/or S- containing substituent(s) mayor may not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. S—O Valence Stabilizer #42:Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one or two Heterocyclic Rings containingOne or Two sulfur atoms. In addition, ligand contains Sulfur Atoms atleast one additional additional oxygen-containing rings that Oxygen AtomBinding Site in a separate constitute O binding sites. Can include otherRing (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O ring systems bound to theO-containing Tetradentates, or S—O Hexadentates) heterocyclic rings, butthey do not coordinate with the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Ring(s) can also contain O, N, P, As, or Se atoms. This 5-memberedring(s) and/or additional O-containing ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. S—O Valence Stabilizer #43:Macrocyclic ligands containing two to ten Two-, Three-, Four-, Five-,Six-, Seven-, sulfur or oxygen binding sites to valence Eight-, Nine-,and Ten-Membered stabilize the central metal ion. Can includeMacrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, and other hydrocarbon or ring systemsbound to this Macropolycyclics (including Catapinands, macrocyclicligand, but they do not coordinate Cryptands, Cyclidenes, andSepulchrates) with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. wherein allBinding Sites are composed of This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating Sulfur (usually thiol, mercapto, or hydrocarbons/ringsmay or may not have thiocarbonyl groups) or Oxygen (hydroxy, halogen orpolarizing or water- carboxy, or carbonyl groups) and are notinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. contained in ComponentHeterocyclic Rings (S—O Bidentates, S—O Tridentates, S—O Tetradentates,and S—O Hexadentates) S—O Valence Stabilizer #44: Macrocyclic ligandscontaining a total of four to Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-,or ten five-membered heterocyclic rings Ten-Membered Macrocyclics,containing sulfur or oxygen binding sites. Can Macrobicyclics, andMacropolycyclics include other hydrocarbon/ring systems bound (includingCatapinands, Cryptands, to this macrocyclic ligand, but they do notCyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein all coordinate with thestabilized, high valence Binding Sites are composed of Sulfur or metalion. This ligand and/or attached, Oxygen and are contained in Component5- uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or may Membered HeterocyclicRings (S—O not have halogen or polarizing or water- Tridentates, S—OTetradentates or S—O insolubilizing groups attached. Hexadentates) S—OValence Stabilizer #45: Macrocyclic ligands containing at least oneFour-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, or heterocyclic ring. Theseheterocyclic rings Ten-Membered Macrocyclics, provide sulfur or oxygenbinding sites to Macrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclics valence stabilizethe central metal ion. Other (including Catapinands, Cryptands, thiol,mercapto, thiocarbonyl, hydroxy, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) whereinall carboxy, or carbonyl binding sites can also be Binding Sites arecomposed of Sulfur or included in the macrocyclic ligand, so long asOxygen and are contained in a the total number of binding sites is fourto ten. Combination of Heterocyclic Rings and Can include otherhydrocarbon/ring systems Thiol, Mercapto, Thiocarbonyl, Hydroxy, boundto this macrocyclic ligand, but they do Carboxy, and Carbonyl Groups(S—O not coordinate with the stabilized, high valence Tridentates, S—OTetradentates, or S—O metal ion. This ligand and/or attached,Hexadentates) uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing groups attached. S—OValence Stabilizer #46: Sulfoxides (R—SO—R′), where R and R′ Sulfoxides(S—O Bidentates) represent H or any organic functional group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 35, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. S—OValence Stabilizer #47: Sulfones (R—SO₂—R′), where R and R′ representSulfones (S—O Bidentates) H or any organic functional group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 35, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. S—OValence Stabilizer #48: Sulfur dioxide ligands (—SO₂) bound directly toSulfur dioxide (SO₂) ligands (S—O the high valence metal ion.Bidentates) N—P Valence Stabilizer #1: [R(—NR′R″)(—PR′″R″″)],[R(—NR′R″)_(x)]₁₋₃P, [R(—NR′R″)_(x)]₁₋₃PX, Aminoaryl Phosphines andIminoaryl or [R(—PR′R″)_(x)]₁₋₃N, where X = Phosphines (N—P Bidentates,N—P O or S and R, R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ represents Tridentates, and N—PTetradentates) H, NH₂ or any organic functional group wherein the numberof carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 35, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, P, O, S, or Se atoms. N—P ValenceStabilizer #2: Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingHeterocyclic Rings containing One, Two, one, two, three, or fournitrogen atoms. In Three, or Four Nitrogen Atoms at least one addition,ligand contains additional additional Phosphorus Atom Binding Sitephosphorus-containing substituents that not in a Ring (N—P Bidentates,N—P constitute P binding sites. Can include other Tridentates, N—PTetradentates, or N—P ring systems bound to the heterocyclic ring orHexadentates) to the P-containing substituent, but they do notcoordinate with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) can alsocontain O, S, or P atoms. This ring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinatingrings and/or P-containing substituent(s) may or may not have halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. N—PValence Stabilizer #3: Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingHeterocyclic Rings containing One, Two, one, two, or three phosphorusatoms. In or Three Phosphorus Atoms at least one addition, ligandcontains additional nitrogen- additional Nitrogen Atom Binding Site notcontaining substituents (usually amines, imines, in a Ring (N—PBidentates, N—P Tridentates, or hydrazides) that constitute N bindingsites. N—P Tetradentates, or N—P Hexadentates) Can include other ringsystems bound to the heterocyclic ring or to the N-containingsubstituent, but they do not coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or P atoms. Thisring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/or N- containingsubstituent(s) may or may not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. N—P Valence Stabilizer #4:Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one, two, three, Heterocyclic Ringscontaining One, Two, or four nitrogen atoms. In addition, ligand Three,or Four Nitrogen Atoms at least one contains additionalphosphorus-containing rings additional Phosphorus Atom Binding Site thatconstitute P binding sites. Can include in a Separate Ring (N—PBidentates, N—P other ring systems bound to the N- or P- Tridentates,N—P Tetradentates) containing heterocyclic rings, but they do notcoordinate with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) can alsocontain O, S, or P atoms. This ring(s) and/or additional P- containingring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. N—P Valence Stabilizer #5: Macrocyclic ligands containing two,three, four, Two-, Three-, Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, five, six, seven,eight, nine, or ten binding sites Eight-, Nine-, and Ten-Memberedcomposed of nitrogen and phosphorus to Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, andvalence stabilize the central metal ion. Can Macropolycyclics (includingCatapinands, include other hydrocarbon or ring systems Cryptands,Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) bound to this macrocyclic ligand, but theydo wherein all Binding Sites are composed of not coordinate with thestabilized, high valence Nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) metalion. This ligand and/or attached, or Phosphorus and are not contained inuncoordinating hydrocarbons/rings may or may Component HeterocyclicRings (N—P not have halogen or polarizing or water- Bidentates, N—PTridentates, N—P insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates, and N—P Hexadentates) N—P Valence Stabilizer #6:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four, Four-, Five-, Six-,Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or tenheterocyclic or Ten-Membered Macrocyclics, rings containing nitrogen orphosphorus binding Macrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclics sites. Caninclude other hydrocarbon/ring (including Catapinands, Cryptands,systems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, but Cyclidenes, andSepulchrates) wherein all they do not coordinate with the stabilized,high Binding Sites are composed of Nitrogen or valence metal ion. Thisligand and/or attached, Phosphorus and are contained in uncoordinatinghydrocarbon/rings may or may Component Heterocyclic Rings (N—P not havehalogen or polarizing or water- Bidentates, N—P Tridentates, N—Pinsolubilizing groups attached. Tetradentates, or N—P Hexadentates) N—PValence Stabilizer #7: Macrocyclic ligands containing at least oneFour-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, or heterocyclic ring. Theseheterocyclic rings Ten-Membered Macrocyclics, provide nitrogen orphosphorus binding sites to Macrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclics valencestabilize the central metal ion. Other (including Catapinands,Cryptands, amine, imine, or phosphine binding sites can Cyclidenes, andSepulchrates) wherein all also be included in the macrocyclic ligand, soBinding Sites are composed of Nitrogen or long as the total number ofbinding sites is four, Phosphorus and are contained in a five, six,seven, eight, nine, or ten. Can include Combination of HeterocyclicRings and other hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to this Amine, Imine, andPhosphine Groups (N—P macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateBidentates, N—P Tridentates, N—P with the stabilized, high valence metalion. Tetradentates, or N—P Hexadentates) This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached. S—P ValenceStabilizer #1: [R(—SR′)_(x)]₁₋₃P, [R(—SR′)_(x)]₁₋₃PX,[R(—PR′R″)(—SR′″)], Thioaryl Phosphines (S—P Bidentates, S—P[R(—PR′R″)(—S—S—R′″)], [R(—PR′R″)(—C(═S)R′″], Tridentates, and S—PTetradentates) [R(—PR′R″)_(x)]₂S, [R(—PR′R″)_(x)]₂₋₃R′″(—SR″″)_(y),[R(—SR′)_(x)]₂₋₃R″(—PR′″R″″)_(y), [R(—PR′R″)_(x)]₂S₂, and[R(—PR′R″)_(x)]₂R′″(C(═S))_(y)R″″, where X = O or S, and R, R′, R″, R′″,and R″″ represent H, NH₂, or any organic functional group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached, and x= 1-2 and y = 1-4. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or Patoms. S—P Valence Stabilizer #2: Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one ortwo Heterocyclic Rings containing One or Two sulfur atoms. In addition,ligand contains Sulfur Atoms at least one additional additionalphosphorus-containing substituents Phosphorus Atom Binding Site not in athat constitute P binding sites. Can include Ring (P—S Bidentates, P—STridentates, P—S other ring systems bound to the heterocyclicTetradentates, or P—S Hexadentates) ring or to the P-containingsubstituent, but they do not coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or P atoms. Thisring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/or P-containingsubstituent(s) may or may not have halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. S—P ValenceStabilizer #3: Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one, two, or HeterocyclicRings containing One, Two, three phosphorus atoms. In addition, ligandor Three Phosphorus Atoms at least one contains additionalsulfur-containing additional Sulfur Atom Binding Site not insubstituents (usually thiol, mercapto, or a Ring (S—P Bidentates, S—PTridentates, S—P thiocarbonyl groups) that constitute S bindingTetradentates, or S—P Hexadentates) sites. Can include other ringsystems bound to the heterocyclic ring or to the S-containingsubstituent, but they do not coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or P atoms. Thisring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/or S- containingsubstituent(s) may or may not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. S—P Valence Stabilizer #4:Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one or two Heterocyclic Rings containingOne or Two sulfur atoms. In addition, ligand contains Sulfur Atoms atleast one additional additional phosphorus-containing rings thatPhosphorus Atom Binding Site in a constitute P binding sites. Caninclude other Separate Ring (S—P Bidentates, S—P ring systems bound tothe S- or P-containing Tridentates, S—P Tetradentates) heterocyclicrings, but they do not coordinate with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or P atoms. This ring(s)and/or additional P-containing ring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinatingrings may or may not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. S—P Valence Stabilizer #5:Macrocyclic ligands containing two, three, four, Two-, Three-, Four-,Five-, Six-, Seven-, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten binding sitesEight-, Nine-, and Ten-Membered composed of sulfur and phosphorus tovalence Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, and stabilize the central metalion. Can include Macropolycyclics (including Catapinands, otherhydrocarbon or ring systems bound to this Cryptands, Cyclidenes, andSepulchrates) macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinate wherein allBinding Sites are composed of with the stabilized, high valence metalion. Sulfur (usually thiol, mercapto, or This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating thiocarbonyl groups) or Phosphorus and arehydrocarbons/rings may or may not have not contained in ComponentHeterocyclic halogen or polarizing or water- Rings (S—P Bidentates, S—PTridentates, S—P insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates, and S—P Hexadentates) S—P Valence Stabilizer #6:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four, Four-, Five-, Six-,Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, or five, six, seven, eight, nine, or tenheterocyclic Ten-Membered Macrocyclics, rings containing sulfur orphosphorus binding Macrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclics sites. Caninclude other hydrocarbon/ring (including Catapinands, Cryptands,systems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, but Cyclidenes, andSepulchrates) wherein all they do not coordinate with the stabilized,high Binding Sites are composed of Sulfur or valence metal ion. Thisligand and/or attached, Phosphorus and are contained in uncoordinatinghydrocarbon/rings may or may Component Heterocyclic Rings (S—P not havehalogen or polarizing or water- Bidentates, S—P Tridentates, S—Pinsolubilizing groups attached. Tetradentates, or S—P Hexadentates) S—PValence Stabilizer #7: Macrocyclic ligands containing at least oneFour-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, or heterocyclic ring. Theseheterocyclic rings Ten-Membered Macrocyclics, provide sulfur orphosphorus binding sites to Macrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclics valencestabilize the central metal ion. Other (including Catapinands,Cryptands, thiol, mercapto, or thiocarbonyl, or phosphine Cyclidenes,and Sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites can also be included in theBinding Sites are composed of Sulfur or macrocyclic ligand, so long asthe total number Phosphorus and are contained in a of binding sites isfour, five, six, seven, eight, Combination of Heterocyclic Rings andnine, or ten. Can include other Thiol, Mercapto, Thiocarbonyl orhydrocarbon/ring systems bound to this Phosphine Groups (S—P Bidentates,S—P macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinate Tridentates, S—PTetradentates, or S—P with the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Hexadentates) This ligand and/or attached, uncoordinatinghydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing groups attached. P—O Valence Stabilizer #1:[R(—OR′)_(x)]₁₋₃P, [R(—OR′)_(x)]₁₋₃PX, [R(—PR′R″)(—OR′″)], HydroxyarylPhosphines (P—O Bidentates, [R(—PR′R″)(—C(═O)R′″], [R(—PR′R″)_(x)]₂O,P—O Tridentates, and P—O Tetradentates)[R(—PR′R″)_(x)]₂₋₃R′″(—OR″″)_(y), [R(—OR′)_(x)]₂₋₃R″(—PR′″R″″)_(y), and[R(—PR′R″)_(x)]₂R′″(C(═O))_(y)R″″, where X = O or S, and R, R′, R″, R′″,and R″″ represent H, NH₂, or any organic functional group wherein thenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached, and x =1-2 and y = 1-4. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms.P—O Valence Stabilizer #2: Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one or twoHeterocyclic Rings containing One or Two oxygen atoms. In addition,ligand contains Oxygen Atoms at least one additional additionalphosphorus-containing substituents Phosphorus Atom Binding Site not in athat constitute P binding sites. Can include Ring (P—O Bidentates, P—OTridentates, P—O other ring systems bound to the heterocyclicTetradentates, or P—O Hexadentates) ring or to the P-containingsubstituent, but they do not coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, S, or P atoms. Thisring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/or P-containingsubstituent(s) may or may not have halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. P—O ValenceStabilizer #3: Heterocyclic ring(s) containing one, two, or HeterocyclicRings containing One, Two, three phosphorus atoms. In addition, ligandor Three Phosphorus Atoms at least one contains additionaloxygen-containing additional Oxygen Atom Binding Site not substituents(usually hydroxy, carboxy, or in a Ring (P—O Bidentates, P—OTridentates, carbonyl groups) that constitute O binding sites. P—OTetradentates, or P—O Hexadentates) Can include other ring systems boundto the heterocyclic ring or to the O-containing substituent, but they donot coordinate with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) canalso contain O, S, or P atoms. This ring(s) and/or attached,uncoordinating rings and/or O- containing substituent(s) may or may nothave halogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. P—O Valence Stabilizer #4: Heterocyclic ring(s) containing oneor two Heterocyclic Rings containing One or Two oxygen atoms. Inaddition, ligand contains Oxygen Atoms at least one additionaladditional phosphorus-containing rings that Phosphorus Atom Binding Sitein a constitute P binding sites. Can include other Separate Ring (P—OBidentates, P—O ring systems bound to the O- or P-containingTridentates, P—O Tetradentates) heterocyclic rings, but they do notcoordinate with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) can alsocontain O, S, or P atoms. This ring(s) and/or additional P-containingring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. P—O Valence Stabilizer #5: Macrocyclic ligands containing two,three, four, Two-, Three-, Four-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, five, six, seven,eight, nine, or ten binding sites Eight-, Nine-, and Ten-Memberedcomposed of oxygen and phosphorus to valence Macrocyclics,Macrobicyclics, and stabilize the central metal ion. Can includeMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands, other hydrocarbon or ringsystems bound to this Cryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinate wherein all Binding Sitesare composed of with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Oxygen(usually hydroxy, carboxy, or This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating carbonyl groups) or Phosphorus and are nothydrocarbons/rings may or may not have contained in ComponentHeterocyclic halogen or polarizing or water- Rings (P—O Bidentates, P—OTridentates, P—O insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached.Tetradentates, and P—O Hexadentates) P—O Valence Stabilizer #6:Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four, Four-, Five-, Six-,Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, or five, six, seven, eight, nine, or tenheterocyclic Ten-Membered Macrocyclics, rings containing oxygen orphosphorus binding Macrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclics sites. Caninclude other hydrocarbon/ring (including Catapinands, Cryptands,systems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, but Cyclidenes, andSepulchrates) wherein all they do not coordinate with the stabilized,high Binding Sites are composed of Oxygen or valence metal ion. Thisligand and/or attached, Phosphorus and are contained in uncoordinatinghydrocarbon/rings may or may Component Heterocyclic Rings (P—O not havehalogen or polarizing or water- Bidentates, P—O Tridentates, P—Oinsolubilizing groups attached. Tetradentates, or P—O Hexadentates) P—OValence Stabilizer #7: Macrocyclic ligands containing at least oneFour-, Five-, Six-, Seven-, Eight-, Nine-, or heterocyclic ring. Theseheterocyclic rings Ten-Membered Macrocyclics, provide oxygen orphosphorus binding sites to Macrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclics valencestabilize the central metal ion. Other (including Catapinands,Cryptands, hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, or phosphine Cyclidenes, andSepulchrates) wherein all binding sites can also be included in theBinding Sites are composed of Oxygen or macrocyclic ligand, so long asthe total number Phosphorus and are contained in a of binding sites isfour, five, six, seven, eight, Combination of Heterocyclic Rings andnine, or ten. Can include other Hydroxy, Carboxy, Carbonyl or Phosphinehydrocarbon/ring systems bound to this Groups (P—O Bidentates, P—OTridentates, macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinate P—OTetradentates, or P—O Hexadentates) with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. This ligand and/or attached, uncoordinating hydrocarbon/ringsmay or may not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsattached. As Valence Stabilizer #1: AsH₃, AsH₂R, AsHR₂, where Rrepresents H or Monoarsines (As Monodentates) wherein at any organicfunctional group wherein the least one Arsenic Atom is a Binding Sitenumber of carbon atoms ranges from 0 to 25, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, P, As, O, S, or Se atoms. As ValenceStabilizer #2: R′—As—R—As—R″, where R, R′, and R″ represent Diarsines(an As—As Bidentate) wherein at H or any organic functional groupwherein the least one Arsenic Atom is a Binding Site number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 25, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, P, As, O, S, or Se atoms. As Valence Stabilizer#3: R—As—R′—As—R″—As—R′″, where R, R′, R″, and Triarsines (either As—AsBidentates or As—As R′″ represent H or any organic functional groupTridentates) wherein at least one wherein the number of carbon atomsranges Arsenic Atom is a Binding Site from 0 to 25, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, As, O, S, or Seatoms. As Valence Stabilizer #4: R—As—R′—As—R″—As—R′″—As—R″″, where R,R′, Tetraarsines (As—As Bidentates, As—As R″, R′″, and R″″ represent Hor any organic Tridentates, or As—As Tetradentates) functional groupwherein the number of carbon wherein at least one Arsenic Atom is aatoms ranges from 0 to 25, optionally having Binding Site halogen orpolarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, P, As, O, S, or Se atoms. As ValenceStabilizer #5: R—As—R′—As—R″—As—R′″—As—R″″—As—R″″′, Pentaarsines (As—AsBidentates, As—As where R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″, and R″″′ representTridentates, or As—As Tetradentates) H or any organic functional groupwherein the wherein at least one Arsenic Atom is a number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 25, Binding Site optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, P, As, O, S, or Se atoms. As ValenceStabilizer #6: R—As—R′—As—R″—As—R′″—As—R″″—As—R″″′—As—R″″″, Hexaarsines(As—As Bidentates, As—As where R, R′, R″, R′″, R″″, R″″″, andTridentates, As—As Tetradentates, or As—As R″″″ represent H or anyorganic functional Hexadentates) wherein at least one Arsenic groupwherein the number of carbon atoms Atom is a Binding Site ranges from 0to 25, optionally having halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, P, As, O, S, or Se atoms. As Valence Stabilizer #7: Fivemembered heterocyclic ring containing Five-Membered Heterocyclic Ringsjust one arsenic binding site. Can include other containing One ArsenicAtom wherein the ring systems bound to this heterocyclic ring, butArsenic Atom is the Binding Site (As they do not coordinate with thestabilized, high Monodentates) valence metal ion. Ring can also containO, S, N, P, or Se atoms. This 5-membered ring and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. As Valence Stabilizer #8:Six membered heterocyclic ring containing just Six-Membered HeterocyclicRings one arsenic binding site. Can include other ring containing OneArsenic Atom wherein the systems bound to this heterocyclic ring, butthey Arsenic Atom is the Binding Site (As do not coordinate with thestabilized, high Monodentates) valence metal ion. Ring can also containO, S, N, P, or Se atoms. This 6-membered ring and/or attached,uncoordinating rings may or may not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. As Valence Stabilizer #9:Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containing Five-Membered HeterocyclicRings one arsenic atom. In addition, ligand contains containing OneArsenic Atom and having additional arsenic-containing substituents atleast one additional Arsenic Atom (usually arsines) that constitute Asbinding Binding Site not in a Ring (As sites. Can include other ringsystems bound to Monodentates, As—As Bidentates, As—As the heterocyclicring or to the As-containing Tridentates, As—As Tetradentates, or As—Assubstituent, but they do not coordinate with the Hexadentates)stabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, N, S, Por Se atoms. This 5- membered ring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinatingrings and/or As-containing substituent(s) may or may not have halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. AsValence Stabilizer #10: Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Rings one arsenic atom. In addition, ligandcontains containing One Arsenic Atom and having additionalarsenic-containing substituents at least one additional Arsenic Atom(usually arsines) that constitute As binding Binding Site not in a Ring(As sites. Can include other ring systems bound to Monodentates, As—AsBidentates, As—As the heterocyclic ring or to the As-containingTridentates, As—As Tetradentates, or As—As substituent, but they do notcoordinate with the Hexadentates) stabilized, high valence metal ion.Ring(s) can also contain O, N, S, P or Se atoms. This 6- memberedring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/or As-containingsubstituent(s) may or may not have halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. As Valence Stabilizer#11: Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containing Five-MemberedHeterocyclic Rings one arsenic atom. In addition, ligand containscontaining One Arsenic Atom and having additional arsenic-containingrings that at least one additional Arsenic Atom constitute As bindingsites. Can include other Binding Site in a separate Ring (As ringsystems bound to the As-containing Monodentates, As—As Bidentates, As—Asheterocyclic rings, but they do not coordinate Tridentates, As—AsTetradentates, or As—As with the stabilized, high valence metal ion.Hexadentates) Ring(s) can also contain O, N, S, P, or Se atoms. This5-membered ring(s) and/or additional As-containing ring(s) and/orattached, uncoordinating rings may or may not have halogen or polarizingor water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. As ValenceStabilizer #12: Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Rings one arsenic atom. In addition, ligandcontains containing One Arsenic Atom and having additionalarsenic-containing rings that at least one additional Arsenic Atomconstitute As binding sites. Can include other Binding Site in aseparate Ring (As ring systems bound to the As-containing Monodentates,As—As Bidentates, As—As heterocyclic rings, but they do not coordinateTridentates, As—As Tetradentates, or As—As with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Hexadentates) Ring(s) can also contain O, N, S, P, orSe atoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/or additional As-containingring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. As Valence Stabilizer #13: Macrocyclic ligands containing two,three, four, Two-, Three-, Four-, and Six-Membered or six arsenicbinding sites to valence stabilize Macrocyclics, Macrobicyclics, and thecentral metal ion. Can include other Macropolycyclics (includingCatapinands, hydrocarbon or ring systems bound to this Cryptands,Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) macrocyclic ligand, but they do notcoordinate wherein all Binding Sites are composed of with thestabilized, high valence metal ion. Arsenic and are not contained inThis ligand and/or attached, uncoordinating Component Heterocyclic Rings(As—As hydrocarbons/rings may or may not have Bidentates, As—AsTridentates, As—As halogen or polarizing or water- Tetradentates, andAs—As Hexadentates) insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. AsValence Stabilizer #14: Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of fourFour-, or Six-Membered Macrocyclics, or six five-membered heterocyclicrings Macrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclics containing arsenic bindingsites. Can include (including Catapinands, Cryptands, otherhydrocarbon/ring systems bound to this Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)wherein all macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinate Binding Sitesare composed of Arsenic and with the stabilized, high valence metal ion.are contained in Component 5-Membered This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating Heterocyclic Rings (As—As Tridentates, As—Ashydrocarbon/rings may or may not have Tetradentates, or As—AsHexadentates) halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsattached. As Valence Stabilizer #15: Macrocyclic ligands containing atleast one 5- Four-, or Six-Membered Macrocyclics, membered heterocyclicring. These Macrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclics heterocyclic ringsprovide arsenic binding sites (including Catapinands, Cryptands, tovalence stabilize the central metal ion. Other Cyclidenes, andSepulchrates) wherein all arsine binding sites can also be included inthe Binding Sites are composed of Arsenic and macrocyclic ligand, solong as the total number are contained in a Combination of 5- of bindingsites is four or eight. Can include Membered Heterocyclic Rings andArsine other hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to this Groups (As—AsTridentates, As—As macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateTetradentates, or As—As Hexadentates) with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. This ligand and/or attached, uncoordinating hydrocarbon/ringsmay or may not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsattached. As Valence Stabilizer #16: Macrocyclic ligands containing atotal of four Four-, or Six-Membered Macrocyclics, or six six-memberedheterocyclic rings Macrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclics containingarsenic binding sites. Can include (including Catapinands, Cryptands,other hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to this Cyclidenes, andSepulchrates) wherein all macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateBinding Sites are composed of Arsenic and with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. are contained in Component 6-Membered This ligandand/or attached, uncoordinating Heterocyclic Rings (As—As Tridentates,As—As hydrocarbon/rings may or may not have Tetradentates, or As—AsHexadentates) halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groupsattached. As Valence Stabilizer #17: Macrocyclic ligands containing atleast one 6- Four-, or Six-Membered Macrocyclics, membered heterocyclicring. These Macrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclics heterocyclic ringsprovide arsenic binding sites (including Catapinands, Cryptands, tovalence stabilize the central metal ion. Other Cyclidenes, andSepulchrates) wherein all arsine binding sites can also be included inthe Binding Sites are composed of Arsenic and macrocyclic ligand, solong as the total number are contained in a Combination of 6- of bindingsites is four or six. Can include Membered Heterocyclic Rings and Arsineother hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to this Groups (As—As Tridentates,As—As macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinate Tetradentates, orAs—As Hexadentates) with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Thisligand and/or attached, uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or may nothave halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached. SeValence Stabilizer #1: SeH₂, SeHR, SeR₂, where R represents H or anyMonoselenoethers (Se Monodentates) organic functional group wherein thenumber of wherein at least one Selenium Atom is a carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to 25, optionally Binding Site having halogen or polarizing orwater- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, P, O, S, or Se atoms. Se Valence Stabilizer #2:R—Se—R′—Se—R″, where R, R′, and R″ represents Diselenoethers (Se—SeBidentates) wherein H or any organic functional group wherein the atleast one Selenium Atom is a Binding number of carbon atoms ranges from0 to 25, Site optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, P, O, S, or Se atoms. Se Valence Stabilizer #3:R—Se—R′—Se—R″—Se—R′″, where R, R′, R″, and Triselenoethers (Se—SeBidentates or Se—Se R′″ represents H or any organic functionalTridentates) wherein at least one Selenium group wherein the number ofcarbon atoms Atom is a Binding Site ranges from 0 to 25, optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, O, S, or Seatoms. Se Valence Stabilizer #4: R—Se—R′—Se—R″—Se—R′″—Se—R″″, where R,R′, Tetraselenoethers (Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Se R″, R′″, and R″″represents H or any organic Tridentates, or Se—Se Tetradentates)functional group wherein the number of carbon wherein at least oneSelenium Atom is a atoms ranges from 0 to 25, optionally having BindingSite halogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, P, O, S, or Se atoms. SeValence Stabilizer #5: Five membered heterocyclic ring containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Rings one or two selenium atoms, both ofwhich may containing One or Two Selenium Atoms function as bindingsites. Can include other wherein at least one Selenium Atom is a ringsystems bound to this heterocyclic ring, but Binding Site (SeMonodentates or Se—Se they do not coordinate with the stabilized, highBidentates) valence metal ion. Ring can also contain O, N, P, As, or Satoms. This 5-membered ring and/or attached, uncoordinating rings may ormay not have halogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Se Valence Stabilizer #6: Six membered heterocyclicring containing one Six-Membered Heterocyclic Rings or two seleniumatoms, both of which may containing One or Two Selenium Atoms functionas binding sites. Can include other wherein at least one Selenium Atomis a ring systems bound to this heterocyclic ring, but Binding Site (SeMonodentates or Se—Se they do not coordinate with the stabilized, highBidentates) valence metal ion. Ring can also contain O, N, P, As, or Satoms. This 5-membered ring and/or attached, uncoordinating rings may ormay not have halogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Se Valence Stabilizer #7: Five membered heterocyclicring(s) containing Five-Membered Heterocyclic Rings one selenium atom.In addition, ligand contains containing One Selenium Atom and havingadditional selenium-containing substituents at least one additionalSelenium Atom (usually selenols or selenoethers) that constitute BindingSite not in a Ring (Se Se binding sites. Can include other ringMonodentates, Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Se systems bound to the heterocyclicring or to the Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates, or Se—Se Se-containingsubstituent, but they do not Hexadentates) coordinate with thestabilized, high valence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, N, P, Asor S atoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinatingrings and/or Se- containing substituent(s) may or may not have halogenor polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. SeValence Stabilizer #8: Six membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingSix-Membered Heterocyclic Rings one selenium atom. In addition, ligandcontains containing One Selenium Atom and having additionalselenium-containing substituents at least one additional Selenium Atom(usually selenols or selenoethers) that constitute Binding Site not in aRing (Se Se binding sites. Can include other ring Monodentates, Se—SeBidentates, Se—Se systems bound to the heterocyclic ring or to theTridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates, or Se—Se Se-containing substituent,but they do not Hexadentates) coordinate with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Ring(s) can also contain O, N, P, As or S atoms. This6-membered ring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating rings and/or Se-containing substituent(s) may or may not have halogen or polarizing orwater- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Se ValenceStabilizer #9: Five membered heterocyclic ring(s) containingFive-Membered Heterocyclic Rings one selenium atom. In addition, ligandcontains containing One Selenium Atom and having additionalselenium-containing rings that at least one additional Selenium Atomconstitute Se binding sites. Can include other Binding Site in aseparate Ring (Se ring systems bound to the Se-containing Monodentates,Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Se heterocyclic rings, but they do not coordinateTridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates, or Se—Se with the stabilized, highvalence metal ion. Hexadentates) Ring(s) can also contain O, N, P, As,or S atoms. This 5-membered ring(s) and/or additional Se-containingring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating rings may or may not havehalogen or polarizing or water- insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Se Valence Stabilizer #10: Six membered heterocyclic ring(s)containing Six-Membered Heterocyclic Rings one selenium atom. Inaddition, ligand contains containing One Selenium Atom and havingadditional selenium-containing rings that at least one additionalSelenium Atom constitute Se binding sites. Can include other BindingSite in a separate Ring (Se ring systems bound to the Se-containingMonodentates, Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Se heterocyclic rings, but they donot coordinate Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates, or Se—Se with thestabilized, high valence metal ion. Hexadentates) Ring(s) can alsocontain O, N, P, As, or S atoms. This 6-membered ring(s) and/oradditional Se-containing ring(s) and/or attached, uncoordinating ringsmay or may not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Se Valence Stabilizer #11:Macrocyclic ligands containing two, three, four, Two-, Three-, Four-, orSix-Membered or six selenium binding sites to valence Macrocyclics,Macrobicyclics, and stabilize the central metal ion. Can includeMacropolycyclics (including Catapinands, other hydrocarbon or ringsystems bound to this Cryptands, Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates)macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinate wherein all Binding Sitesare composed of with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. Selenium(usually selenol or selenoether This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating groups) and are not contained in hydrocarbons/rings mayor may not have Component Heterocyclic Rings (Se—Se halogen orpolarizing or water- Bidentates, Se—Se Tridentates, Se—Seinsolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Tetradentates, or Se—SeHexadentates) Se Valence Stabilizer #12: Macrocyclic ligands containinga total of four Four-, or Six-Membered Macrocyclics, or sixfive-membered heterocyclic rings Macrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicscontaining selenium binding sites. Can include (including Catapinands,Cryptands, other hydrocarbon/ring systems bound to this Cyclidenes, andSepulchrates) wherein all macrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinateBinding Sites are composed of Selenium with the stabilized, high valencemetal ion. and are contained in Component 5- This ligand and/orattached, uncoordinating Membered Heterocyclic Rings (Se—Sehydrocarbon/rings may or may not have Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentatesor Se—Se halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing Hexadentates)groups attached. Se Valence Stabilizer #13: Macrocyclic ligandscontaining at least one 5- Four-, or Six-Membered Macrocyclics, memberedheterocyclic ring. These Macrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclicsheterocyclic rings provide selenium binding (including Catapinands,Cryptands, sites to valence stabilize the central metal ion. Cyclidenes,and Sepulchrates) wherein all Other selenol or selenoether binding sitescan Binding Sites are composed of Selenium also be included in themacrocyclic ligand, so and are contained in a Combination of 5- long asthe total number of binding sites is four Membered Heterocyclic Ringsand Selenol or six. Can include other hydrocarbon/ring or SelenoetherGroups (Se—Se Tridentates, systems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, butSe—Se Tetradentates, or Se—Se they do not coordinate with thestabilized, high Hexadentates) valence metal ion. This ligand and/orattached, uncoordinating hydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogenor polarizing or water- insolubilizing groups attached. Se ValenceStabilizer #14: Macrocyclic ligands containing a total of four Four-, orSix-Membered Macrocyclics, or six six-membered heterocyclic ringsMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclics containing selenium binding sites.Can include (including Catapinands, Cryptands, other hydrocarbon/ringsystems bound to this Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein allmacrocyclic ligand, but they do not coordinate Binding Sites arecomposed of Selenium with the stabilized, high valence metal ion. andare contained in Component 6- This ligand and/or attached,uncoordinating Membered Heterocyclic Rings (Se—Se hydrocarbon/rings mayor may not have Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates, or Se—Se halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing Hexadentates) groups attached. SeValence Stabilizer #15: Macrocyclic ligands containing at least one 6-Four-, or Six-Membered Macrocyclics, membered heterocyclic ring. TheseMacrobicyclics, and Macropolycyclics heterocyclic rings provide seleniumbinding (including Catapinands, Cryptands, sites to valence stabilizethe central metal ion. Cyclidenes, and Sepulchrates) wherein all Otherselenol or selenoether binding sites can Binding Sites are composed ofSelenium also be included in the macrocyclic ligand, so and arecontained in a Combination of 6- long as the total number of bindingsites is four Membered Heterocyclic Rings and Selenol or six. Caninclude other hydrocarbon/ring or Selenoether Groups (Se—Se Tridentates,systems bound to this macrocyclic ligand, but Se—Se Tetradentates, orSe—Se they do not coordinate with the stabilized, high Hexadentates)valence metal ion. This ligand and/or attached, uncoordinatinghydrocarbon/rings may or may not have halogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing groups attached. Se Valence Stabilizer #16:R—C(═Se)—CR′R″—C(═Se)—R′″ where R, R′, R″, 1,3-Diselenoketones(Diseleno-beta- and R′″ represent H, NH₂, or any organic ketonates),1,3,5-Triselenoketones, Bis(1,3- functional group wherein the number ofcarbon Diselenoketones), and Poly(1,3- atoms ranges from 0 to 40,optionally having Diselenoketones) (S—S Bidentates, S—S halogen orpolarizing or water- Tridentates, S—S Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. Se Valence Stabilizer #17:RR′—C═C(—Se⁻)(—Se⁻), where R and R′ represent 1,1-Diselenolates,Bis(1,1-diselenolates), H, NH₂ or any organic functional group whereinand Poly(1,1-diselenolates) (Se—Se the number of carbon atoms rangesfrom 0 to Bidentates and Se—Se Tetradentates) 40, optionally havinghalogen or polarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groupsattached. Ligand can also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. SeValence Stabilizer #18: RR′N⁺═C(SeH)(SeH), where R and R′Diselenocarbamates, represent H, OH, SH, OR″ (R″ = C₁-C₃₀ alkyl orBis(diselenocarbamates), and aryl), SR″ (R″ = C₁-C₃₀ alkyl or aryl), NH₂or Poly(diselenocarbamates) (including N- any organic functional groupwherein the hydroxydiselenocarbamates and N- number of carbon atomsranges from 0 to 40, mercaptodiselenocarbamates) (Se—Se optionallyhaving halogen or polarizing or Bidentates, Se—Se Tridentates, and Se—Sewater-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups Tetradentates) attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. Se Valence Stabilizer#19: (O═)P(—Se—R)(—Se—R′)(—Se—R″) or (Se═)P(—Se—R)(—Se—R′)(—O—R″),Triselenophosphoric Acids where R, R′, and R″ (PhosphorotriselenoicAcids), represent H, NH₂ or any organic functionalBis(triselenophosphoric acids), group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(triselenophosphoric acids), and ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen derivatives thereof (Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Se orpolarizing or water- Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. Se Valence Stabilizer #20:(O═)P(—Se—R)(—Se—R′)(—O—R″) or (Se═)P(—Se—R)(—O—R′)(—O—R″),Diselenophosphoric Acids where R, R′, and R″ (PhosphorodiselenoicAcids), represent H, NH₂ or any organic functionalBis(diselenophosphoric acids), group wherein the number of carbon atomsPoly(diselenophosphoric acids), and ranges from 0 to 40, optionallyhaving halogen derivatives thereof (Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Se orpolarizing or water- Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates)insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligand can also containnonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. Se Valence Stabilizer #21:(Se═)P(—Se—R)(—Se—R′)(—Se—R″), where R, R′, Tetraselenophosphoric Acidsand R″ represent H, NH₂ or any organic (Phosphorotetraselenoic Acids),functional group wherein the number of carbon Bis(tetraselenophosphoricacids), atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally havingPoly(tetraselenophosphoric acids), and halogen or polarizing or water-derivatives thereof (Se—Se Bidentates, Se—Se insolubilizing/solubilizinggroups attached. Tridentates, Se—Se Tetradentates) Ligand can alsocontain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. Se Valence Stabilizer #22:R—Se—C(═Se)—O—R′ or R—Se—C(═O)—Se—R′ for Diselenocarbonates,Triselenocarbonates, diselenocarbonates, and R—Se—C(═Se)—Se—R′ forBis(diselenocarbonates), and triselenocarbonates, where R, and R′represent Bis(triselenocarbonates), (Se—Se Bidentates H, NH₂ or anyorganic functional group wherein and Se—Se Tetradentates) the number ofcarbon atoms ranges from 0 to 40, optionally having halogen orpolarizing or water-insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. Ligandcan also contain nonbinding N, O, S, or P atoms. Se Valence Stabilizer#23: Selenocyanates bound directly to the high Selenocyanates (SeMonodentates) valence metal ion. Se Valence Stabilizer #24: Selenolates(HSe—R, HSe—R—SeH, etc.), where R Selenolates (Se Monodentates) and R′represent H or any organic functional group wherein the number of carbonatoms ranges from 0 to 35, optionally having halogen or polarizing orwater- insolubilizing/solubilizing groups attached. MiscellaneousValence Stabilizer #1: Dialkenes or bicyclic or tricyclic hydrocarbonsDiene or bicyclic or tricyclic hydrocarbon bound directly to the highvalence metal ion. ligands Miscellaneous Valence Stabilizer #2: Cyanideand cyanate and related ligands bound Cyanide and related ligandsdirectly to the high valence metal ion. Miscellaneous Valence Stabilizer#3: Carbonyl (—CO) ligands bound directly to the Carbonyl ligands highvalence metal ion. Miscellaneous Valence Stabilizer #4: Halogen (X)atoms bound directly to the high Halogen ligands valence metal ion.Miscellaneous Valence Stabilizer #5: Hydroxo and oxo ligands bounddirectly to the Hydroxo and Oxo Ligands high valence metal ion.

N Valence Stabilizer #1a: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofnitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) and are not contained incomponent heterocyclic rings (N-N Tridentates or N-N Tetradentates) thatmeet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers forCo⁺³ include, but are not limited to: pentaazacyclodecane ([10]aneN₅);pentaazacycloundecane ([11]aneN₅); pentaazacyclododecane ([12]aneN₅);pentaazacyclotridecane ([13]aneN₅); pentazaacyclotetradecane([14]aneN₅); pentaazacyclopentadecane ([15]aneN₅);pentaazacyclodecatriene ([10]trieneN₅); pentaazacycloundecatriene([11]trieneN₅); pentaazacyclododecatriene ([12]trieneN₅);pentaazacyclotridecatriene ([13]trieneN₅); pentazaacyclotetradecatriene([14]trieneN₅); and pentaazacyclopentadecatriene ([15]trieneN₅).

N Valence Stabilizer #1b: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofnitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) and are not contained incomponent heterocyclic rings (N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates, or N-NHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:heptaazacyclotetradecane ([14]aneN₇); heptaazacyclopentadecane([₁₅]aneN₇); heptaazacyclohexadecane ([16]aneN₇);heptaazacycloheptadecane ([17]aneN₇); heptaazacyclooctadecane([18]aneN₇); heptaazacyclononadecane ([19]aneN₇); heptaazacycloeicosane([20]aneN₇); heptaazacycloheneicosane ([21]aneN₇);heptaazacyclotetradecatriene ([14]trieneN₇);heptaazacyclopentadecatriene ([15]trieneN₇); heptaazacyclohexadecatriene([16]trieneN₇); heptaazacycloheptadecatriene ([17]trieneN₇);heptaazacyclooctadecatriene ([18]trieneN₇); heptaazacyclononadecatriene([19]trieneN₇); heptaazacycloeicosatriene ([20]trieneN₇); andheptaazacycloheneicosatriene ([21]trieneN₇).

N Valence Stabilizer #1c: Examples of nine-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofnitrogen (usually amine or imine groups) and are not contained incomponent heterocyclic rings (N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates, or N-NHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:nonaazacyclooctadecane ([18]aneN₉); nonaazacyclononadecane ([19]aneN₉);nonaazacycloeicosane ([20]aneN₉); nonaazacycloheneicosane ([21]aneN₉);nonaazacyclodocosane ([22]aneN₉); nonaazacyclotricosane ([23]aneN₉);nonaazacyclotetracosane ([24]aneN₉); nonaazacyclopentacosane([25]aneN₉); nonaazacyclohexacosane ([26]aneN₉); nonaazacycloheptacosane([27]aneN₉); nonaazacyclooctadecatetradiene ([18]tetradieneN₉);nonaazacyclononadecatetradiene ([19]tetradieneN₉);nonaazacycloeicosatetradiene ([20]tetradieneN₉);nonaazacycloheneicosatetradiene ([21]tetradieneN₉);nonaazacyclodocosatetradiene ([22]tetradieneN₉);nonaazacyclotricosatetradiene ([23]tetradieneN₉);nonaazacyclotetracosatetradiene ([24]tetradieneN₉);nonaazacyclopentacosatetradiene ([25]tetradieneN₉);nonaazacyclohexacosatetradiene ([26]tetradieneN₉); andnonaazacycloheptacosatetradiene ([27]tetradieneN₉).

N Valence Stabilizer #2a: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all five binding sites arecomposed of nitrogen and are contained in component 5-memberedheterocyclic rings (N-N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: pentaphyrins (pentapyrroles); sapphyrins; smaragdyrins;pentaoxazoles; pentaisooxazoles; pentathiazoles; pentaisothiazoles;pentaazaphospholes; pentaimidazoles; pentapyrazoles; pentaoxadiazoles;pentathiadiazoles; pentadiazaphospholes; pentatriazoles;pentaoxatriazoles; and pentathiatriazoles.

N Valence Stabilizer #2b: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all seven binding sites arecomposed of nitrogen and are contained in component 5-memberedheterocyclic rings (N-N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: heptaphyrins (heptapyrroles); heptaoxazoles;heptaisooxazoles; heptathiazoles; heptaisothiazoles; heptaazaphospholes;heptaimidazoles; heptapyrazoles; heptaoxadiazoles; heptathiadiazoles;heptadiazaphospholes; heptatriazoles; heptaoxatriazoles; andheptathiatriazoles.

N Valence Stabilizer #3a: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all five binding sites arecomposed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 5-memberedheterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N-N Tridentates or N-NTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:superphthalocyanine; supernaphthalocyanine; diazapentaphyrins;tetraazapentaphyrins; pentaazapentaphyrins; diazapentapyrazoles;tetraazapentapyrazoles; pentaazapentapyrazoles; diazapentaimidazoles;tetraazapentaimidazoles; and pentaazapentaimidazoles.

N Valence Stabilizer #3b: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all seven binding sites arecomposed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 5-memberedheterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N-N Tridentates, N-NTetradentates, or N-N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: diazaheptaphyrins; tetraazaheptaphyrins;hexaazaheptaphyrins; diazaheptapyrazoles; tetraazaheptapyrazoles;hexaazaheptapyrazoles; diazaheptaimidazoles; tetraazaheptaimidazoles;and hexaazaheptaimidazoles.

N Valence Stabilizer #3c: Examples of nine-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all nine binding sites arecomposed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 5-memberedheterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N-N Tridentates, N-NTetradentates, or N-N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: diazanonaphyrins; tetraazanonaphyrins; hexaazanonaphyrins;diazanonapyrazoles; tetraazanonapyrazoles; hexaazanonapyrazoles;diazanonaimidazoles; tetraazanonaimidazoles; and hexaazanonaimidazoles.

N Valence Stabilizer #4a: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all five binding sites arecomposed of nitrogen and are contained in component 6-memberedheterocyclic rings (N-N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: cyclopentapyridines; cyclopentaoxazines;cyclopentathiazines; cyclopentaphosphorins; cyclopentaquinolines;cyclopentapyrazines; cyclopentapyridazines; cyclopentapyrimidines;cyclopentaoxadiazines; cyclopentathiadiazines;cyclopentacliazaphosphorins cyclopentaquinoxalines; cyclopentatriazines;cyclopentathiatriazines; and cyclopentaoxatriazines.

N Valence Stabilizer #4b: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all seven binding sites arecomposed of nitrogen and are contained in component 6-memberedheterocyclic rings (N-N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: cycloheptapyridines; cycloheptaoxazines;cycloheptathiazines; cycloheptaphosphorins; cycloheptaquinolines;cycloheptapyrazines; cycloheptapyridazines; cycloheptapyrimidines;cycloheptaoxadiazines; cycloheptathiadiazines;cycloheptadiazaphosphorins cycloheptaquinoxalines; cycloheptatriazines;cycloheptathiatriazines; and cycloheptaoxatriazines.

N Valence Stabilizer #5a: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all five binding sites arecomposed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 6-memberedheterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N-N Tridentates or N-NTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:diazacyclopentapyridines; tetraazacyclopentapyridines;diazacyclopentaquinolines; tetraazacyclopentaquinolines;diazacyclopentapyrazines; tetraazacyclopentapyrazines;diazacyclopentapyridazines; tetraazacyclopentapyridazines;diazacyclopentapyrimidines; tetraazacyclopentapyrimidines;diazacyclopentatriazines; and tetraazacyclopentatriazines.

N Valence Stabilizer #5b: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all seven binding sites arecomposed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 6-memberedheterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N-N Tridentates, N-NTetradentates, or N-N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: diazacycloheptapyridines; tetraazacycloheptapyridines;diazacycloheptaquinolines; tetraazacycloheptaquinolines;diazacycloheptapyrazines; tetraazacycloheptapyrazines;diazacycloheptapyridazines; tetraazacycloheptapyridazines;diazacycloheptapyrimidines; tetraazacycloheptapyrimidines;diazacycloheptatriazines; and tetraazacycloheptatriazines.

N Valence Stabilizer #5c: Examples of nine-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all nine binding sites arecomposed of nitrogen and are contained in a combination of 6-memberedheterocyclic rings and amine or imine groups (N-N Tridentates, N-NTetradentates, or N-N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: diazacyclononapyridines; tetraazacyclononapyridines;diazacyclononaquinolines; tetraazacyclononaquinolines;diazacyclononapyrazines; tetraazacyclononapyrazines;diazacyclononapyridazines; tetraazacyclononapyridazines;diazacyclononapyrimidines; tetraazacyclononapyrimidines;diazacyclononatriazines; and tetraazacyclononatriazines.

N Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of silylamines and silazanes (NMonodentates, N-N Bidentates, N-N Tridentates, N-N Tetradentates, andN-N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:trisilylamine; N-methyldisilazane (disilylmethylamine);N,N-dimethylsilylamine; (silyldimethylamine); tris(trimethylsilyl)amine;triethylsilylamine (triethylaminosilane) (triethylsilazane);N-ethyltriethylsilylamine (triethyl-N-ethylaminosilane);di-tert-butylsilanediamine (di-tert-butyldiaminosilane);bis(methylamino)diethylsilane; tris(dimethylamino)ethylsilane;hexamethyldisilazane; N-methylhexaphenyldisilazane;hexamethylcyclotrisilazane; and octaphenylcyclotetrasilazane. [Note:Silylamines and silazanes are notably weaker ligands than theircarbonaceous derivatives, although replacement of one or two SiR₃ groupswith CR₃ will enhance the donor power of the ligand. Thus, N(CR₃)₂(SiR₃)is a better ligand than N(CR₃)(SiR₃)₂, etc.]

N Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of guanidines, diguanidines, andpolyguanidines (N-N bidentates, N-N tridentates, N-N tetradentates, andN-N hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: guanidine;methylguanidine; ethylguanidine; isopropylguanidine; butylguanidine;benzylguanidine; phenylguanidine; tolylguanidine; naphthylguanidine;cyclohexylguanidine; norbornylguanidine; adamantylguanidine;dimethylguanidine; diethylguanidine; diisopropylguanidine;dibutylguanidine; dibenzylguanidine; diphenylguanidine;ditolylguanidine; dinaphthylguanidine; dicyclohexylguanidine;dinorbornylguanidine; diadamantylguanidine; ethylenediguanidine;propylenediguanidine; tetramethylenediguanidine;pentamethylenediguanidine; hexamethylenediguanidine;heptamethylenediguanidine; octamethylenediguanidine;phenylenediguanidine; piperazinediguanidine; oxalyldiguanidine;malonyldiguanidine; succinyldiguanidine; glutaryldiguanidine;adipyldiguanidine; pimelyldiguanidine; suberyldiguanidine;phthalyldiguanidine; benzimidazoleguanidine; aminoguanidine;nitroaminoguanidine; dicyandiamide (cyanoguanidine); dodecylguanidine;and nitrovin.

N Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of phosphonitrile amides andbis(phosphonitrile amides)(N-N Bidentates and N-N Tetradentates) thatmeet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers forCo⁺³ include, but are not limited to: phosphononitrile amide;N-phenylphosphonitrile amide; N-benzylphosphonitrile amide;N-cyclohexylphosphonitrile amide; N -norbornyiphosphonitrile amide;N,N′-diphenylphosphonitrile amide; N,N′-dibenzylphosphonitrile amide;N,N′-dicyclohexylphosphonitrile amide; and N,N′-dinorbomyiphosphonitrileamide. [Note: The phosphite (P⁺³ ) valence of the phosphorus atom makesstabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult, thoughstill possible.]

N Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of phosphonimidic diamides,bis(phosphonimidic diamides), and poly(J)hosphonimidic diamides) (N-Nbidentates and N-N tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: phosphonimidic diamide; N-benzylphosphonimidic diamide;N-phenylphosphonimidic diamide; N-cyclohexylphosphonimidic diamide;N-norbornylphosphonimidic diamide; N,N -dibenzylphosphonimidic diamide;N,N-diphenylphosphonimidic diamide; N,N -dicyclohexyiphosphonimidicdiamide; and N,N-dinorbornylphosphonimidic diamide. [Note: The phosphite(P⁺³ ) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of highvalence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

N Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of phosphonamidimidic acid,phosphonamidimidothioic acid, bis(phosphonamidimidic acid),bis(phosphonamidimidothioic acid), poly(phosphonamidimidic acid),poly(phosphonamidimidothioic acid), and derivatives thereof (N-NBidentates, and N-N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: phosphonamidimidic acid, phosphonamidimidothioic acid; O-phenyiphosphonamidimidic acid; O-benzylphosphonamidimidic acid; O-cyclohexyiphosphonamidimidic acid; O-norbornyiphosphonamidimidic acid;S -phenylphosphonamidimidothioic acid; S-benzylphosphonamidimidothioicacid; S -cyclohexylphosphonamidimidothioic acid; andS-norbornylphosphonamidimidothioic acid. [Note: The phosphite (P⁺³)valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valencemetal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

N Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of pyridinaldimines,bis(pyridinaldimines), and poly(pyridinaldimines) (N-N Bidentates, N-NTridentates, and N-N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: pyridylideneaniline [N-(pyridylmethylene)benzenamine]; and(2-pyridyl)benzylideneaniline.

N Valence Stabilizer #12: Examples of hydrazones, bis(hydrazones), andpoly(hydrazones) (N Monodentates, N-N Bidentates, N-N Tridentates, andN-N Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:acetaldehyde hydrazone; acetaldehyde phenylhydrazone; acetone hydrazone;acetone phenylhydrazone; pinacolone hydrazone; pinacolonephenylhydrazone; benzaldehyde hydrazone; benzaldehyde phenylhydrazone;naphthaldehyde hydrazone; naphthaldehyde phenylhydrazone; norbomanonehydrazone; norbornanone phenylhydrazone; camphor hydrazone; camphorphenylhydrazone; nopinone hydrazone; nopinone phenylhydrazine;2-pyridinaldehyde hydrazone; 2-pyridinealdehyde phenyihydrazone;salicylaldehyde hydrazone; salicylaldehyde phenylhydrazone;quinolinaldehyde hydrazone; quinolinaldehyde phenyihydrazone; isatindihydrazone; isatin di(phenylhydrazone); camphorquinone dihydrazone;camphorquinone di(phenylhydrazone); and 2-hydrazinobenzimidazolehydrazone.

N Valence Stabilizer #13: Examples of azo compounds without chelatesubstitution at the ortho - (for aryl) or alpha- or beta- (for alkyl)positions, bis(azo compounds), or poly(azo compounds) (N Monodentates,N-N Bidentates, or N-N Tridentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: azobenzene (diphenyldiazene); p-diaminoazobenzene;p-dimethylaminoazobenzene (butter yellow); methyl orange; Fast GarnetGBC (4′-axnino-2,3′-dimethylazobenzene)[Note: non-bonding methyl groupin the O-position.]; and Alizarin Yellow R. [Note: Azo compounds withoutchelate substitution at the ortho- (for aryl) or beta- (for alkyl)positions tend to stabilize lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

N Valence Stabilizer #14: Examples of formazans, bis(formazans), andpoly(formazans) without ortho- hydroxy, carboxy, thiol, mercapto, amino,or hydrazido substitution (N-N Bidentates, N-N Tetradentates, and N-NHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:1,3,5-triphenylformazan; and 1,3,5-naphthylformazan.

N Valence Stabilizer #15: Examples of hydramides (N-N Bidentates) thatmeet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers forCo⁺³ include, but are not limited to: hydrobenzamide; hydronaphthamide;and hydrosalicylamide.

N Valence Stabilizer #16: Examples of azines (including ketazines),bis(azines), and poly(azines) without ortho- hydroxy, carboxy, thiol,mercapto, amino, or hydrazido substitution (N-N Bidentates, N-NTetradentates, and N-N Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: benzalazine; naphthalazine; cyclohexanonazine; andnorbornonazine.

N Valence Stabilizer #17: Examples of Schiff Bases with one Imine (C═N)Group and without ortho- (for aryl constituents) or alpha- or beta- (foralkyl constituents) hydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, thiol, mercapto,thiocarbonyl, amino, imino, oximo, diazeno, or hydrazido substitution (NMonodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:N-(Benzaldehydo)isopropylamine; N-(Naphthaldehydo)isopropylamine;N-(Acetophenono)isopropylamine; N-(Propiophenono)isopropylamine;N-(Benzaldehydo)cyclohexylamine; N-(Naphthaldehydo)cyclohexylamine;N-(Acetophenono)cyclohexylamine; N-(Propiophenono)cyclohexylamine;N-(Benzaldehydo)arnline (BAAN); N-(Naphthaldehydo)aniline;N-(Acetophenono)aniline; N-(Propiophenono)aniline;N-(Benzaldehydo)aminonorbornane; N-(Naphthaldehydo)aminonorbornane;N-(Acetophenono)aminonorbornane; N-(Propiophenono)aminonorbornane;(Vanillino)anisidine; (Cinnamaldehydo)anisidine;N-(o-carboxycinnamaldehydo)aniline; N-(cinnamaldehydo)arnline;N-(cinnamaldehydo)m- or p-anisidine; and N-(o-carboxycinnamaldehydo)m-or p-anisidine.

N Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of isocyanide and cyanamide andrelated ligands (N Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: isocyanate (—NCO); isothiocyanate (—NCS); isoselenocyanate (—NCSe);and cyanamide (—NCN). [Note: the nitrogen atom is directly complexed tothe high valence metal ion.]

N Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of nitrosyls and nitrites and relatedligands (N Monodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrowband” valence stabilizers for Co⁺3 include, but are not limited to:nitrosyl (—NO); thionitrosyl (—NS); nitrite (—NO₂); thionitrite(sulfinylamide)(thiazate)(—NSO); nitrosamine (═NN═O); thionitrosamine(═NN═S); nitramine (═NNO₂); and thionitramine (═NNS₂) ligands.

N Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of nitriles, dinitriles, andpolynitriles (N Monodentates, N-N Bidentates, N-N Tridentates) that meetthe requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: benzonitrile; naphthonitrile;cyanonaphthalene; cyclohexylnitrile; cyanopyridine; cyanopurine;cyanophenol; cyanothiophenol; adamantane nitrile; norbornyl nitrile;cinnamonitrile; dicyanobenzene; dicyanobutene; dicyanoimidazole;dicyanopyridine; cyanotolunitrile; tetracyanoethylene (TCNE);tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ); diethylaminopropionitrile (deapn), andpolyacrylonitriles.

N Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of azide ligands (N monodentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: azide (—N₃) ions; methylazide; ethyl azide; phenyl azide; diphenyltriazene; and phenyl sulfonylazide.

S Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of monothioethers (S monodentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: hydrogen sulfide, dimethylsulfide, diethyl sulfide, dioctyl sulfide, diphenyl sulfide,dicyclohexyl sulfide, tetramethylene sulfide (tetrahydrothiophene, tht),trimethylene sulfide, dimethylene sulfide (ethylene sulfide),pentamethylene sulfide, 1,4-thioxane, oxathiolane, cyclohexene sulfide,cyclooctene sulfide, benzotetrahydrothiophene, dibenzothiophene,naphthotetrahydrothiophene, and thiabicycloheptane.

S Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of disulfides (S monodentates) thatmeet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers forCo⁺³ include, but are not limited to: methyl disulfide, ethyl disulfide,phenyl disulfide, nitrophenide, and 1,2-dithiacyclohexane.

S Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of dithioethers (S monodentates or S-Sbidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: 1,3-dithiane,1,4-dithiane, benzodithiane, dibenzodithiane, naphthodithiane,2,5-dithiahexane (dth); 3,6-dithiaoctane (dto);2,5-dimethyl-3,6-dithiaoctane; 3,7-dithianonane; 2,6-dithiaheptane;1,6-diphenyl-2,5-dithiahexane; 1,4-diphenyl- 1,4-dithiabutane;1,3-dithiolane; 1,4-dithiane (1,4-dithiacyclohexane);1,4-dithiacycloheptane (dtch); 1,5-dithiacyclooctane (dtco);o-phenylenebis(2-thiapropane); o-phenylenebis(2-thiabutane);2,2′-(thiamethyl)biphenyl, and 2,2′-(thiaethyl)biphenyl.

S Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of trithioethers (S monodentates, S-Sbidentates, or S-S tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: 1,3,5-trithiane; 1,3,5-tris(methylthia)cyclohexane;1,3,5-tris(ethylthia)cyclohexane; 1,3,5-tris(phenylthia)cyclohexane;2,5,8-trithianonane; 3,6,9-trithiaundecane; and 2,6,10-trithiaundecane.

S Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of tetrathioethers (S monodentates,S-S bidentates, S-S tridentates, or S-S tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 1,4,10,13-tetrathiatridecane;2,6,10,14-tetrathiapentadecane; 2,5,8,11-tetrathiadodecane;2,5,9,12-tetrathiatridecane; 2,6,9,13-tetrathiatetradecane;1,4-(o-thiomethyl)phenyl- 1,4-dithiabutane; 1,5-(o-thiomethyl)phenyl-1,5-dithiapentane; 1,6-(o-thiomethyl)phenyl- 1,6-dithiahexane;1,4-(o-thiomethyl)phenyl- 1,4-dithiabut-2-ene; and polythioethers.

S Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of hexathioethers (S monodentates, S-Sbidentates, S-S tridentates, S-S tetradentates, or S-S hexadentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:tri(2-((o-thiomethyl)phenyl)ethyl)amine; andtri((o-thiomethyl)phenyl)methylamine.

S Valence Stabilizer #7a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one sulfur atom (S monodentates) that meet the requirementsfor use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but arenot limited to: dihydrothiophene, thiophene, thiazole, thiapyrroline,thiaphospholene, thiaphosphole, oxathiole, thiadiazole, thiatriazole,benzodihydrothiophene, benzothiophene, benzothiazole,benzothiaphosphole, dibenzothiophene, and naphthothiophene.

S Valence Stabilizer #7b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining two sulfur atoms (S monodentates or S-S bidentates) that meetthe requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: dithiole, benzodithiole, andnaphthodithiole.

S Valence Stabilizer #8a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one sulfur atom (S monodentates) that meet the requirementsfor use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but arenot limited to: dihydrothiopyran, thiopyran, thiazine, thiadiazine,thiaphosphorin, thiadiphosphorin, oxathiin, benzothiopyran,dibenzothiopyran, and naphthothiopyran.

S Valence Stabilizer #8b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining two sulfur atoms (S monodentates or S-S bidentates) that meetthe requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: dihydrodithiin, dithiin, benzodithiin,dibenzodithiin (thianthrene), and naphthodithiin.

S Valence Stabilizer #9a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one sulfur atom and having at least one additional sulfuratom binding site not contained in a ring (S Monodentates, S-SBidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates, or S-S Hexadentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:2,5-dimercapto-2,5-dihydrothiophene;2,5-bis(thiomethyl)-2,5-dihydrotbiophene;2,5-bis(2-thiophenyl)-2,5-dihydrothiophene; 2,5-dimercaptothiophene;2,5-bis(thiomethyl)thiophene; 2,5-bis(2-thiophenyl)thiophene;2,5-dimercatothiazole; 2,5-bis(thiomethyl)thiazole;2,5-bis(2-thiophenyl)thiazole; 2,5-dimercapto- 1,3,4-thiadiazole[bismuththiol]; 2-mercaptothianaphthene; 7-(thiomethyl)thianaphthene;1,8-dimercaptodibenzothiophene; 2-mercaptobenzothiazole;2-mercapro-1,3,4-thiadiazole; 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole;2,5-bis(alkylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole; and 7-(thiomethyl)benzothiazole.

S Valence Stabilizer #9b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining two sulfur atoms and having at least one additional sulfuratom binding site not contained in a ring (S Monodentates, S-SBidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates, or S-S Hexadentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: 2-mercapto-1,3-dithiole;2-(dimercaptomethyl)-1,3-dithiole; 4,5-dimercapto-1,3-dithiole;4,5-bis(2-thiophenyl)-1,3-dithiole; 2-mercaptobenzodithiole; and7-mercaptobenzodithiole.

S Valence Stabilizer #10a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one sulfur atom and having at least one additional sulfuratom binding site not contained in a ring (S Monodentates, S-SBidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates, or S-S Hexadentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:2,6-dimercapto-2,5-dihydrothiopyran;2,6-bis(thiomethyl)-2,5-dihydrothiopyran;2,6-bis(2-thiophenyl)-2,5-dihydrothiopyran; 2,6-dimercaptothiopyran;2,6-bis(thiomethyl)thiopyran; 2,6-bis(2-thiophenyl)thiopyran;2,6-dimercaptothiazine; 2,6-bis(thiomethyl)thiazine;2,6-bis(2-thiophenyl)thiazine; 2,6-dimercapto- 1,3,5-thiadiazine;2-mercapto-1-benzothiopyran; 8-mercapto-1-benzothiopyran; and1,9-dimercaptodibenzothiopyran.

S Valence Stabilizer #10b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining two sulfur atoms and having at least one additional sulfuratom binding site not contained in a ring (S Monodentates, S-SBidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates, or S-S Hexadentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: 2-mercapto-1,4-dithiin;2,6-dimercapto-1,4-dithiin; 2,6-bis(2-thiophenyl)-1,4-dithiin;2,3-dimercapto-1,4-benzodithiin; 5,8-dimercapto-1,4-benzodithiin;1,8-dimercaptothianthrene; and 1,4,5,8-tetramercaptothianthrene.

S Valence Stabilizer #11a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one sulfur atom and having at least one additional sulfuratom binding site contained in a ring (S Monodentates, S-S Bidentates,S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: 2,2′-bi-2,5-dihydrothiophene;2,2′,2″-tri-2,5-dihydrothiophene; 2,2′-bithiophene;2,2′,2″-trithiophene; 2,2′-bithiazole; 5,5′-bithiazole;2,2′-bioxathiole; 2,2′-bi-1,3,4-thiadiazole; 2,2′-bithianaphthene;2,2′-bibenzothiazole; 1,1′-bis(dibenzothiophene); and polythiophenes.

S Valence Stabilizer #11b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining two sulfur atoms and having at least one additional sulfuratom binding site contained in a ring (S Monodentates, S-S Bidentates,S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: 2,2′-bi-1,3-dithiole; 4,4′-bi-1,3-dithiole;7,7′-bi-1,2-benzodithiole; 3,3′-bi-1,2-benzodithiole; andtetrathiofulvalene.

S Valence Stabilizer #12a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one sulfur atom and having at least one additional sulfuratom binding site contained in a ring (S Monodentates, S-S Bidentates,S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: 2,2′-bi-2,5-dihydrothiopyran;2,2′,2″-tri-2,5-dihydrothiopyran; 2,2′-bithiopyran;2,2′,2″-trithiopyran; 2,2′-bi-1,4-thiazine; 2,2′-bi-1,3,5-thiadiazine;2,2′-bi-1-benzothiopyran; and 1,1′-bis(dibenzothiopyran)

S Valence Stabilizer #12b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining two sulfur atoms and having at least one additional sulfuratom binding site contained in a ring (S Monodentates, S-S Bidentates,S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: 2,2′-bi-1,4-dithiin; 2,2′-bi-1,3-dithiin;5,5′-bi-1,4-benzodithiin; 2,2′-bi-1,3-benzodithiin; and1,1′-bithianthrene.

S Valence Stabilizer #13a: Examples of two-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein both binding sites are composed ofsulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups) and are not contained incomponent heterocyclic rings (S-S Bidentates) that meet the requirementsfor use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but arenot limited to: dithiacyclobutane ([4]aneS₂); dithiacyclopentane([5]aneS₂); dithiacyclohexane ([6]aneS₂); dithiacycloheptane ([7]aneS₂);dithiacyclooctane ([8]aneS₂); dithiacyclobutene ([4]eneS₂);dithiacyclopentene ([5]eneS₂); dithiacyclohexene ([6]eneS₂);dithiacycloheptene ([7]eneS₂); dithiacyclooctene ([8]eneS₂);dithiacyclobutadiene ([4]dieneS₂); dithiacyclopentadiene ([5]dieneS₂);dithiacyclohexadiene ([6]dieneS₂); dithiacycloheptadiene ([7]dieneS₂);and dithiacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneS₂).

S Valence Stabilizer #13b: Examples of three-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofsulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups) and are not contained incomponent heterocyclic rings (S-S Tridentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: trithiacyclohexane ([6]aneS₃);trithiacycloheptane ([7]aneS₃); trithiacyclooctane ([8]aneS₃);trithiacyclononane ([9]aneS₃); trithiacyclodecane ([10]aneS₃);trithiacycloundecane ([11]aneS₃); trithiacyclododecane ([12]aneS₃);trithiacyclohexene ([6]eneS₃); trithiacycloheptene ([7]eneS₃);trithiacyclooctene ([8]eneS₃); trithiacyclononene ([9]eneS₃);trithiacyclodecene ([10]eneS₃); tnthiacycloundecene ([11]eneS₃);trithiacyclodOdecene ([12]eneS₃); trithiacyclohexatriene ([6]trieneS₃);trithiacycloheptatriene ([7]trieneS₃); trithiacyclooctatriene([8]trieneS₃); trithiacyclononatriene ([9]trieneS₃);trithiacyclodecatriene ([10]trieneS₃); trithiacycloundecatriene([11]trieneS₃); and trithiacyclododecatriene ([12]trieneS₃).

S Valence Stabilizer #13c: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofsulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups) and are not contained incomponent heterocyclic rings (S-S Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: tetrathiacyclooctane ([8]aneS₄);tetrathiacyclononane ([9]aneS₄); tetrathiacyclodecane ([10]aneS₄);tetrathiacycloundecane ([11]aneS₄); tetrathiacyclododecane ([12]aneS₄);tetrathiacyclotridecane ([13]aneS₄); tetrathiacyclotetradecane([14]aneS₄); tetrathiacyclopentadecane ([15]aneS₄);tetrathiacyclohexadecane ([16]aneS₄); tetrathiacycloheptadecane([17]aneS₄); tetrathiacyclooctadecane ([18]aneS₄);tetrathiacyclononadecane ([19]aneS₄); tetrathiacycloeicosane([20]aneS₄); tetrathiacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneS₄);tetrathiacyclononadiene ([9]dieneS₄); tetrathiacyclodecadiene([10]dieneS₄); tetrathiacycloundecadiene ([11]dieneS₄);tetrathiacyclododecadiene ([12]dieneS₄); tetrathiacyclotri decadiene([13]dieneS₄); tetrathiacyclotetradecadiene ([14]dieneS₄);tetrathiacyclopentadecadiene ([15]dieneS₄); tetrathiacyclohexadecadiene([16]dieneS₄); tetrathiacycloheptadecadiene ([17]dieneS₄);tetrathiacyclooctadecadiene ([18]dieneS₄); tetrathiacyclononadecadi ene([19]dieneS₄); tetrathiacycloeicosadi ene ([20]dieneS₄); tetrathiacyclooctatetradiene ([8]tetradieneS₄); tetrathiacyclononatetradiene([9]tetradieneS₄); tetrathiacyclodecatetradiene ([10]tetradieneS₄);tetrathiacycloundecatetradiene ([11]tetradieneS₄);tetrathiacyclododecatetradiene ([12]tetradieneS₄);tetrathiacyclotridecatetradiene ([13]tetradieneS₄);tetrathiacyclotetradecatetradiene ([14]tetradieneS₄);tetrathiacyclopentadecatetradiene ([15]tetradieneS₄);tetrathiacyclohexadecatetradiene ([16]tetradieneS₄);tetrathiacycloheptadecatetradiene ([17]tetradieneS₄);tetrathiacyclooctadecatetradiene ([18]tetradieneS₄);tetrathiacyclononadecatetradiene ([19]tetradieneS₄); andtetrathiacycloeicosatetradiene ([20]tetradieneS₄).

S Valence Stabilizer #13d: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofsulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups) and are not contained incomponent heterocyclic rings (S-S Tridentates or S-S Tetradentates) thatmeet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers forCo⁺³ include, but are not limited to: pentathiacyclodecane ([10]aneS₅);pentathiacycloundecane ([11]aneS₅); pentathiacyclododecane ([12]aneS₅);pentathiacyclotridecane ([13]aneS₅); pentathiacyclotetradecane([14]aneS₅); pentathiacyclopentadecane ([15]aneS₅);pentathiacyclodecatriene ([10]trieneS₅); pentathiacycloundecatriene([11]trieneS₅); pentathiacyclododecatriene ([12]trieneS₅);pentathiacyclotridecatriene ([13]trieneS₅);pentathiacyclotetradecatriene ([14]trieneS₅); andpentathiacyclopentadecatriene ([15]trieneS₅).

S Valence Stabilizer #13e: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofsulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups) and are not contained incomponent heterocyclic rings (S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates, or S-SHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:hexathiacyclododecane ([12]aneS₆); hexathiacyclotridecane ([13]aneS₆);hexathiacyclotetradecane ([14]aneS₆); hexathiacyclopentadecane([15]aneS₆); hexathiacyclohexadecane ([16]aneS₆);hexathiacycloheptadecane ([17]aneS₆); hexathiacyclooctadecane([18]aneS₆); hexathiacyclononadecane ([19]aneS₆); hexathiacycloeicosane([20]aneS₆); hexathiacycloheneicosane ([21]aneS₆); hexathiacyclodocosane([22]aneS₆); hexathiacyclotricosane ([23]aneS₆);hexathiacyclotetracosane ([24]aneS₆); hexathiacyclododecatriene([12]trieneS₆); hexathiacyclotridecatriene ([13]trieneS₆);hexathiacyclotetradecatriene ([14]trieneS₆);hexathiacyclopentadecatriene ([15]trieneS₆); hexathiacyclohexadecatriene([16]trieneS₆); hexathiacycloheptadecatriene ([17]trieneS₆);hexathiacyclooctadecatriene ([18]trieneS₆); hexathiacyclononadecatriene([19]trieneS₆); hexathiacycloeicosatriene ([20]trieneS₆);hexathiacycloheneicosatriene ([21]trieneS₆); hexathiacyclodocosatriene([22]trieneS ₆); hexathiacyclotricosatriene ([23]trieneS₆); andhexathiacyclotetracosatriene ([24]trieneS₆).

S Valence Stabilizer #13f: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofsulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups) and are not contained incomponent heterocyclic rings (S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates, or S-SHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:heptathiacyclotetradecane ([14]aneS₇); heptathiacyclopentadecane([15]aneS₇); heptathiacyclohexadecane ([16]aneS₇);heptathiacycloheptadecane ([17]aneS₇); heptathiacyclooctadecane([18]aneS₇); heptathiacyclononadecane ([19]aneS₇);heptathiacycloeicosane ([20]aneS₇); heptathiacycloheneicosane([21]aneS₇); heptathiacyclotetradecatriene ([14]trieneS₇);heptathiacyclopentadecatriene ([15]trieneS₇);heptathiacyclohexadecatriene ([16]trieneS₇);heptathiacycloheptadecatriene ([17]trieneS₇);heptathiacyclooctadecatriene ([18]trieneS₇);heptathiacyclononadecatriene ([19]trieneS₇); heptathiacycloeicosatriene([20]trieneS₇); and heptathiacycloheneicosatriene ([21]trieneS₇).

S Valence Stabilizer #13g: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofsulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups) and are not contained incomponent heterocyclic rings (S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates, or S-SHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:octathiacyclohexadecane ([16]aneS₈); octathiacycloheptadecane([17]aneS₈); octathiacyclooctadecane ([18]aneS₈);octathiacyclononadecane ([19]aneS₈); octathiacycloeicosane ([20]aneS₈);octathiacycloheneicosane ([21]aneS₈); octathiacyclodocosane ([22]aneS₈);octathiacyclotricosane ([23]aneS₈); octathiacyclotetracosane([24]aneS₈); octathiacyclohexadecatetradiene ([16]tetradieneS₈);octathiacycloheptadecatetradiene ([17]tetradieneS₈);octathiacyclooctadecatetradiene ([18]tetradieneS₈);octathiacyclononadecatetradiene ([19]tetradieneS₈);octathiacycloeicosatetradiene ([20]tetradieneS₈);octathiacycloheneicosatetradiene ([21]tetradieneS₈);octathiacyclodocosatetradiene ([22]tetradieneS₈);octathiacyclotricosatetradiene ([23]tetradieneS₈); andoctathiacyclotetracosatetradiene ([24]tetradieneS₈).

S Valence Stabilizer #13h: Examples of nine-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulebrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofsulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups) and are not contained incomponent heterocyclic rings (S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates, or S-SHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:nonathiacyclooctadecane ([18]aneS₉); nonathiacyclononadecane([19]aneS₉); nonathiacycloeicosane ([20]aneS₉); nonathiacycloheneicosane([21]aneS₉); nonathiacyclodocosane ([22]aneS₉); nonathiacyclotricosane([23]aneS₉); nonathiacyclotetracosane ([24]aneS₉);nonathiacyclopentacosane ([25]aneS₉); nonathiacyclohexacosane([26]aneS₉); nonathiacycloheptacosane ([27]aneS₉);nonathiacyclooctadecatetradiene ([18]tetradieneS₉);nonathiacyclononadecatetradiene ([19]tetradieneS₉);nonathiacycloeicosatetradiene ([20]tetradieneS₉);nonathiacycloheneicosatetradiene ([21]tetradieneS₉);nonathiacyclodocosatetradiene ([22]tetradieneS₉);nonathiacyclotricosatetradiene ([23]tetradieneS₉)nonathiacyclotetracosatetradiene ([24]tetradieneS₉);nonathiacyclopentacosatetradiene ([25]tetradieneS₉);nonathiacyclohexacosatetradiene ([26]tetradieneS₉); andnonathiacycloheptacosatetradiene ([27]tetradieneS₉).

S Valence Stabilizer #13i: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofsulfur (usually thiol or thioether groups) and are not contained incomponent heterocyclic rings (S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates, or S-SHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:decathiacycloeicosane ([20]aneS₁₀); decathiacycloheneicosane([21]aneS₁₀); decathiacyclodocosane([22]aneS₁₀);decathiacyclotricosane([23]aneS₁₀); decathiacyclotetracosane([24]aneS₁₀); decathiacyclopentacosane ([25]aneS₁₀);decathiacyclohexacosane ([26]aneS₁₀); decathiacycloheptacosane([27]aneS₁₀); decathiacyclooctacosane ([28]aneS₁₀);decathiacyclononacosane ([29]aneS₁₀); decathiacyclotriacontane([30]aneS₁₀); decathiacycloeicosapentadiene ([20]pentadieneS₁₀);decathiacycloheneicosapentadiene ([21]pentadieneS₁₀);decathiacyclodocosapentadiene ([22]pentadieneS₁₀);decathiacyclotricosapentadiene ([23]pentadieneS₁₀);decathiacyclotetracosapentadiene ([24]pentadieneS₁₀);decathiacyclopentacosapentadiene ([25]pentadieneS₁₀);decathiacyclohexacosapentadiene ([26]pentadieneS₁₀);decathiacycloheptacosapentadiene ([27]pentadieneS₁₀);decathiacyclooctacosapentadiene ([28]pentadieneS₁₀);decathiacyclononacosapentadiene ([29]pentadieneS₁₀); anddecathiacyclotriacontapentadiene ([30]pentadieneS₁₀).

S Valence Stabilizer #14a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites arecomposed of sulfur and are contained in component 5-memberedheterocyclic rings (S-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺3 include, but are notlimited to: tetrathiophenes; tetrathiazoles; tetrathiaphospholes;tetraoxathioles; tetrathiadiazoles; tetrathiatriazoles; andtetradithioles.

S Valence Stabilizer #14b: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all five 35 binding sites arecomposed of sulfur and are contained in component 5-memberedheterocyclic rings (S-S Tridentates or S-S Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: pentathiophenes; pentathiazoles;pentathiaphospholes; pentaoxathioles; pentathiadiazoles;pentathiatriazoles; and pentadithioles.

S Valence Stabilizer #14c: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composedof sulfur and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings(S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates, or S-S Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: hexathiophenes; hexathiazoles;hexathiaphospholes; hexaoxathioles; hexathiadiazoles; hexathiatriazoles;and hexadithioles.

S Valence Stabilizer #14d: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all seven binding sites arecomposed of sulfur and are contained in component 5-memberedheterocyclic rings (S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates, or S-SHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:heptathiophenes; heptathiazoles; heptathiaphospholes; heptaoxathioles;heptathiadiazoles; heptathiatriazoles; and heptadithioles.

5 Valence Stabilizer #14e: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites arecomposed of sulfur and are contained in component 5-memberedheterocyclic rings (S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates, or S-SHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:octathiophenes; octathiazoles; octathiaphospholes; octaoxathioles;octathiadiazoles; octathiatriazoles; and octadithioles.

S Valence Stabilizer #14f: Examples of nine-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all nine binding sites arecomposed of sulfur and are contained in component 5-memberedheterocyclic rings (S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates, or S-SHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:nonathiophenes; nonathiazoles; nonathiaphospholes; nonaoxathioles;nonathiadiazoles; nonathiatriazoles; and nonadithioles.

S Valence Stabilizer #14g: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all ten binding sites are composedof sulfur and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings(S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates, or S-S Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: decathiophenes; decathiazoles;decathiaphospholes; decaoxathioles; decathiadiazoles; decathiatriazoles;and decadithioles.

S Valence Stabilizer #15a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites arecomposed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 5-memberedheterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S-STetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:dithiatetrathiophenes; tetrathiatetrathiophenes; dithiatetradithioles;and tetrathiatetradithioles.

5 Valence Stabilizer #15b: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all five binding sites arecomposed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 5-memberedheterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S-STridentates or S-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: dithiapentathiophenes; tetrathiapentathiophenes;dithiapentadithioles; and tetrathiapentadithioles.

S Valence Stabilizer #15c: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composedof sulfur and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclicrings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S-S Tridentates, S-STetradentates, or S-S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: ditbiahexaathiophenes; trithiahexathiophenes;dithiahexadithioles; and trithiahexadithioles.

S Valence Stabilizer #15d: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all seven binding sites arecomposed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 5-memberedheterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S-STridentates, S-S Tetradentates, or S-S Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “wide band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: dithiaheptathiophenes;tetrathiaheptathiophenes; dithiaheptadithioles; andtetrathiaheptaclithioles.

S Valence Stabilizer #15e: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites arecomposed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 5-memberedheterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S-STridentates, S-S Tetradentates, or S-S Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: dithiaoctathiophenes;tetrathiaoctathiophenes; dithiaoctadithioles; andtetrathiaoctadithioles.

S Valence Stabilizer #15f: Examples of nine-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all nine binding sites arecomposed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 5-memberedheterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S-STridentates, S-S Tetradentates, or S-S Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: trithianonathiophenes;hexathianonathiophenes; trithianonadithioles; and hexathianonadithioles.

S Valence Stabilizer #15g: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all ten 5 binding sites arecomposed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 5-memberedheterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S-STridentates, S-S Tetradentates, or S-S Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: dithiadecathiophenes;pentathiadecathiophenes; dithiadecadithioles; andpentathiadecadithioles.

S Valence Stabilizer #16a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulcbrates) wherein all four binding sites arecomposed of sulfur and are contained in component 6-memberedheterocyclic rings (S-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: tetrathiopyrans; tetrathiazines; tetrathiaphosphorins;tetrathiadiphosphorins; tetraoxathiins; and tetradithiins.

S Valence Stabilizer #16b: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all five binding sites arecomposed of sulfur and are contained in component 6-memberedheterocyclic rings (S-S Tridentates or S-S Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: pentathiopyrans; pentathiazines;pentathiaphosphorins; pentathiadiphosphorins; pentaoxathiins; andpentadithiins.

S Valence Stabilizer #16c: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composedof sulfur and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings(S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates, or S-S Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: hexathiopyrans; hexathiazines;hexathiaphosphorins; hexathiadiphosphorins; hexaoxathiins; andhexadithiins.

S Valence Stabilizer #16d: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all seven binding sites arecomposed of sulfur and are contained in component 6-memberedheterocyclic rings (S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates, or S-SHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:heptathiopyrans; heptathiazines; heptathiaphosphorins;heptathiadiphosphorins; heptaoxathiins; and heptadithiins.

S Valence Stabilizer #16e: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites arecomposed of sulfur and are contained in component 6-memberedheterocyclic rings (S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates, or S-SHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:octathiopyrans; octathiazines; octathiaphosphorins;octathiadiphosphorins; octaoxathiins; and octadithiins.

S Valence Stabilizer #16f: Examples of nine-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all nine binding sites arecomposed of sulfur and are contained in component 6-memberedheterocyclic rings (S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates, or S-SHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:nonathiopyrans; nonathiazines; nonathiaphosphonns;nonathiadiphosphorins; nonaoxathiins; and nonadithiins.

S Valence Stabilizer #16g: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all ten binding sites are composedof sulfur and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings(S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates, or S-S Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: decathiopyrans; decathiazines;decathiaphosphorins; decathiadiphosphorins; decaoxathiins; anddecadithiins.

S Valence Stabilizer #17a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites arecomposed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 6-memberedheterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S-STetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:dithiatetrathiopyrans; tetrathiatetrathiopyrans; dithiatetrathiazines;tetrathiatetrathiazines; dithiatetrathiaphosphorins;tetrathiatetrathiaphosphorins; dithiatetraoxathiins;tetrathiatetraoxathiins; dithiatetradithiins; andtetrathiatetradithiins.

S Valence Stabilizer #17b: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all five binding sites arecomposed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 6-memberedheterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S-STridentates or S-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: dithiapentathiopyrans; tetrathiapentathiopyrans;dithiapentathiazines; tetrathiapentathiazines;dithiapentathiaphosphorins; tetrathiapentathiaphosphorins;dithiapentaoxathiins; tetrathiapentaoxathiins; dithiapentadithiins; andtetrathiapentadithiins.

S Valence Stabilizer #17c: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composedof sulfur and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclicrings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S-S Tridentates, S-STetradentates, or S-S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: dithiahexathiopyrans; trithiahexathiopyrans;dithiahexathiazines; trithiahexathiazines; dithiahexathiaphosphorins;trithiahexathiaphosphorins; dithiahexaoxathiins; trithiahexaoxathiins;dithiahexadithiins; and trithiahexadithiins.

S Valence Stabilizer #17d: Examples of seven-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all seven binding sites arecomposed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 6-memberedheterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S-STridentates, S-S Tetradentates, or S-S Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: dithiaheptathiopyrans;tetrathiaheptathiopyrans; dithiaheptathiazines; tetrathiaheptathiazines;dithiaheptathiaphosphorins; tetrathiaheptathiaphosphorins;dithiaheptaoxathiins; tetrathiaheptaoxathiins; dithiaheptadithiins; andtetrathiaheptadithiins.

S Valence Stabilizer #17e: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites arecomposed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 6-memberedheterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S-STridentates, S-S Tetradentates, or S-S Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: dithiaoctathiopyrans;tetrathiaoctathiopyrans; dithiaoctathiazines; tetrathiaoctathiazines;dithiaoctathiaphosphorins; tetrathiaoctathiaphosphorins;dithiaoctaoxathiins; tetrathiaoctaoxathiins; dithiaoctadithiins; andtetrathiaoctadithiins.

S Valence Stabilizer #17f: Examples of nine-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all nine binding sites arecomposed of sulfur and are contained in a combination of 6-memberedheterocyclic rings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S-STridentates, S-S Tetradentates, or S-S Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: trithianonathiopyrans;hexatbianonathiopyrans; trithianonathiazines; hexathianonathiazines;trithianonathiaphosphorins; hexathianonathiaphosphorins;trithianonaoxathiins; hexathianonaoxathiins; trithianonadithiins; andhexathianonadithiins.

S Valence Stabilizer #17g: Examples of ten-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all ten binding sites are composedof sulfur and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclicrings and thiol, thioether, or thioketo groups (S-S Tridentates, S-STetradentates, or S-S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: dithiadecathiopyrans; pentathiadecathiopyrans;dithiadecathiazines; pentathiadecathiazines; dithiadecathiaphosphorins;pentathiadecathiaphosphorins; dithiadecaoxathiins;pentathiadecaoxathiins; dithiadecadithiins; and pentathiadecadithiins.

S Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of dithiobiurets(dithioimidodicarbonic diamides), dithioisobiurets, dithiobiureas,trithiotriurets, trithiotriureas, bis(dithiobiurets),bis(dithioisobiurets), bis(dithiobiureas), poly(dithiobiurets),poly(dithioisobiurets), and poly(dithiobiureas) (S-S Bidentates, S-STridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: dithiobiuret, dithioisobiuret, dithiobiurea, trithiotriuret,trithiotriurea, nitrodithiobiuret, dinitrodithiobiuret,aminodithiobiuret, diaminodithiobiuret, oxydithiobiuret,dioxydithiobiuret, cyanodithiobiuret, methyldithiobiuret,ethyldithiobiuret, isopropyldithiobiuret, phenyldithiobiuret,benzyldithiobiuret, cyclohexyldithiobiuret, norbomyldithiobiuret,adamantyldithiobiuret, dimethyldithiobiuret, diethyldithiobiuret,diisopropyldithiobiuret, diphenyldithiobiuret, dibenzyldithiobiuret,dicyclohexyldithiobiuret, dinorbornyldithiobiuret, anddiadamantyldithiobiuret.

S Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of thioacylthioureas,thioaroylthioureas, bis(thioacylthioureas), bis(thioaroylthioureas),poly(thioacylthioureas), and poly(thioaroylthioureas) (S-S Bidentates,S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺3 include, but are notlimited to: thioformylthiourea, thioacetylthiourea, thiobenzoylthiourea,thiocyclohexoylthiourea, pentafluorothiobenzoylthiourea,N-methylthioacetylthiourea, N-phenylthiobenzoylthiourea, andN-cyclohexylthiocyclohexoylthiourea.

S Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of dithioacyl disulfides,bis(dithioacyl disulfides), and poly(dithioacyl disulfides), (S-SBidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: dithioacetyl disulfide; dithiopropanoyldisulfide; dithiobenzoyl disulfide; and dithiopentafluorobenzoyldisulfide.

S Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of tetrathioperoxydicarbonicdiamides, bis(tetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamides), andpoly(tetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamides) (S-S Bidentates, S-STridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: tetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N-phenyltetrathioperoxydicarbonicdiamide; N-benzyltetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamide;N-cyclohexyltetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamide;N-norbornyltetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamide;N,N′-diphenyltetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamide;N,N′-dibenzyltetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamide;N,N′-dicyclohexyltetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamide; andN,N′-dinorbornyltetrathioperoxydicarbonic diamide.

S Valence Stabilizer #22: Examples of hexathio-, pentathio-, andtetrathioperoxydicarbonic acids, bis(hexathio-, pentathio-, andtetrathioperoxydicarbonic acids), poly(hexathio-, pentathio-, andtetrathioperoxydicarbonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S-SBidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: hexathioperoxydicarbonic acid,pentathioperoxydicarbonic acid, tetrathioperoxydicarbonic acid,S-phenylhexathioperoxydicarbonic acid; S-benzylhexathioperoxydicarbonicacid; S-cyclohexylhexathioperoxydicarbonic acid;S-norbornyihexathioperoxydicarbonic acid;5,S′-diphenyihexathioperoxydicarbonic acid;S,S′-dibenzylhexathioperoxydicarbonic acid;S,S′-dicyclohexyihexathioperoxydicarbonic acid; andS,S′-dinorbomyihexathioperoxydicarbonic acid.

S Valence Stabilizer #23: Examples of dithioperoxydiphosphoramides,bis(dithioperoxydiphosphoramides), andpoly(dithioperoxydiphosphoramides) (S-S Bidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-STetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:dithioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-methyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide,N-isopropyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide,N-tert-butyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide,N-phenyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide,N-pentafluorophenyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide,N-benzyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide,N-cyclohexyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide,N-norbornyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide,N,N′″-dimethyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide,N,N′″-diisopropyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide,N,N′″-di-tert-butyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide,N,N′″-diphenyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide,N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide,N,N′″-dibenzyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide,N,N′″-dicyclohexyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide, andN,N′″-dinorbornyldithioperoxydiphosphoramide.

S Valence Stabilizer #24: Examples of dithioperoxydiphosphoric acids,bis(dithioperoxydiphosphoric acids), poly(dithioperoxydiphosphoricacids), and derivatives thereof (S-S Bidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-STetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:dithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, methyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid,isopropyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid,tert-butyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, phenyldithioperoxydiphosphoricacid, pentafluorophenyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid,benzyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, cyclohexyldithioperoxydiphosphoricacid, norbornyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid,dimethyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid,diisopropyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid,di-tert-butyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid,diphenyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid,di-pentafluorophenyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid,dibenzyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid,dicyclohexyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid, anddinorbomyldithioperoxydiphosphoric acid.

S Valence Stabilizer #25: Examples of dithioimidodiphosphonic acids,dithiohydrazidodiphosphonic acids, bis(dithioimidodiphosphonic acids),bis(dithiohydrazidodiphosphonic acids), poly(dithioimidodiphosphonicacids), poly(dithiohydrazidodiphosphonic acids), and derivatives thereof(S-S Bidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: dithioimidodiphosphonic acid,methyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, isopropyldithioimidodiphosphonicacid, tert-butyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid,phenyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid,pentafluorophenyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid,benzyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, cyclohexyldithioimidodiphosphonicacid, norbornyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid,dimethyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid,diisopropyldiothioimidodiphosphonic acid,di-tert-butyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid,diphenyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid,di-pentafluorophenyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid,dibenzyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid,dicyclohexyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid, anddinorbornyldithioimidodiphosphonic acid. [Note: The phosphite (P⁺³)valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valencemetal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

S Valence Stabilizer #26: Examples of dithioimidodiphosphonamides,dithiohydrazidodiphosphonamides, bis(dithioimidodiphosphonamides),bis(dithiohydrazidodiphosphonamides), poly(dithioimidodiphosphonamides),and poly(dithiohydrazidodiphosphonamides) (S-S Bidentates, S-STridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: dithioimidodiphosphonamide, N-methyldithioimidodiphosphonamide,N-isopropyldithioimidodiphosphonamide,N-tert-butyldithioimidodiphosphonamide,N-phenyldithioimidodiphosphonamide,N-pentafluorophenyldithioimidodiphosphonamide,N-benzyldithioimidodiphosphonamide,N-cyclohexyldithioimidodiphosphonamide,N-norbornyldithioimidodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-dimethyldithioimidodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-diisopropyldithioimidodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-di-tert-butyldithioimidodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-diphenyldithioimidodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldithioimidodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-dibenzyldithioimidodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-dicyclohexyldithioimidodiphosphonamide, andN,N′″-dinorbornyldithioimidodiphosphonamide. [Note: The phosphite (P⁺³)valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valencemetal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

S Valence Stabilizer #27: Examples of dithiodiphosphonamides,bis(dithiodiphosphonamides), and poly(dithiodiphosphonamides) (S-SBidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: dithiodiphosphonamide,N-methyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-isopropyldithiodiphosphonamide,N-tert-butyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-phenyldithiodiphosphonamide,N-pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-benzyldithiodiphosphonamide,N-cyclohexyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-norbornyldithiodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-dimethyldithiodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-diisopropyldithiodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-di-tertbutyldithiodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-diphenyldithiodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-dibenzyldithiodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-dicyclohexyldithiodiphosphonamide, andN,N′″-dinorbornyldithiodiphosphonamide. [Note: The phosphite (P⁺³)valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valencemetal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

S Valence Stabilizer #28: Examples of dithiodiphosphonic acids,bis(dithiodiphosphonic acids), poly(dithiodiphosphonic acids), andderivatives thereof (S-S Bidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: dithiodiphosphonic acid,methyldithiodiphosphonic acid, isopropyldithiodiphosphonic acid,tert-butyldithiodiphosphonic acid, phenyldithiodiphosphonic acid,pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphonic acid, benzyldithiodiphosphonic acid,cyclohexyldithiodiphosphonic acid, norbornyldithiodiphosphonic acid,dimethyldithiodiphosphonic acid, diisopropyldiothiodiphosphonic acid,di-tert-butyldithiodiphosphonic acid, diphenyldithiodiphosphonic acid,di-pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphonic acid, dibenzyldithiodiphosphonicacid, dicyclohexyldithiodiphosphonic acid, anddinorbornyldithiodiphosphonic acid. [Note: The phosphite (P⁺³) valenceof the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ionsmuch more difficult, though still possible.]

S Valence Stabilizer #29: Examples of dithioperoxydiphosphonamides,bis(dithioperoxydiphosphonamides), andpoly(dithioperoxydiphosphonamides) (S-S Bidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-STetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:dithioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-methyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide,N-isopropyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide,N-tert-butyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide,N-phenyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide,N-pentafluorophenyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide,N-benzyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide,N-cyclohexyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide,N-norbornyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide,N,N′″-dimethyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide,N,N′″-diisopropyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide,N,N′″-di-tert-butyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide,N,N′″-diphenyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide,N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide,N,N′″-dibenzyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide,N,N′″-dicyclohexyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide, andN,N′″-dinorbornyldithioperoxydiphosphonamide. [Note: The phosphite (P⁺³)valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valencemetal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

S Valence Stabilizer #30: Examples of dithioperoxydiphosphonic acids,bis(dithioperoxydiphosphonic acids), poly(dithioperoxydiphosphonicacids), and derivatives thereof (S-S Bidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-STetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:dithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, methyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid,isopropyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid,tert-butyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, phenyldithioperoxydiphosphonicacid, pentafluorophenyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid,benzyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, cyclohexyldithioperoxydiphosphonicacid, norbornyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid,dimethyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid,diisopropyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid,di-tert-butyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid,diphenyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid,di-pentafluorophenyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid,dibenzyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid,dicyclohexyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid, anddinorbornyldithioperoxydiphosphonic acid. [Note: The phosphite (P⁺³)valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valencemetal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

S Valence Stabilizer #31: Examples of dithiophosphonic acids(phosphonodithioic acids), bis(dithiophosphonic acids),poly(dithiophosphonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S-S Bidentates,S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: dithiophosphonic acid, O-phenyldithiophosphomc acid,O-benzyldithiophosphonic acid, O-cyclohexyldithiophosphonic acid,O-norbornyldithiophosphonic acid, O,P-diphenyldithiophosphonic acid,O,P-dibenzyldithiophosphonic acid, O,P-dicyclohexyldithiophosphonicacid, and O,P-dinorbornyldithiophosphonic acid. [Note: The phosphite(P⁺³) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of highvalence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

S Valence Stabilizer #32: Examples of trithiophosphonic acids(phosphonotrithioic acids), bis(trithiophosphonic acids),poly(trithiophosphonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S-S Bidentates,S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺3 include, but are notlimited to: trithiophosphonic acid, S-phenyltrithiophosphonic acid,S-benzyltrithiophosphonic acid, S-cyclohexyltrithiophosphonic acid,S-norbornyltrithiophosphonic acid, S,P-diphenyltrithiophosphonic acid,S,P-dibenzyltrithiophosphonic acid, S,P-dicyclohexyltrithiophosphonicacid, and S,P-dinorbornyltrithiophosphonic acid. [Note: The phosphite(P⁺³) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of highvalence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

S Valence Stabilizer #33: Examples of phosphono(dithioperoxo)thioicacids, bis[phosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acids],poly[phosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acids], and derivatives thereof (S-SBidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: phosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acid,O-phenylphosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acid,O-benzylphosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acid,O-cyclohexylphosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acid,O-norbornylphosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acid,O,P-diphenylphosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acid,O,P-dibenzylphosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acid,O,P-dicyclohexylphosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acid, andO,P-dinorbomylphosphono(dithioperoxo)thioic acid. [Note: The phosphite(P⁺³) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of highvalence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

S Valence Stabilizer #34: Examples of phosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioicacids, bis[phosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acids],poly[phosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acids], and derivatives thereof(S-S Bidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: phosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid,S-phenylphosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid,S-benzylphosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid,S-cyclohexylphosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid,S-norbornylphosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid,S,P-diphenylphosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid,S,P-dibenzylphosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid,S,P-dicyclohexylphosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid, andS,P-dinorbornylphosphono(dithioperoxo)dithioic acid. [Note: Thephosphite (P⁺³) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization ofhigh valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

S Valence Stabilizer #35: Examples of S-(alkylthio)thiocarboxylic acids,S-(arylthio)thiocarboxylic acids, and S,S-thiobisthiocarboxylic Acids(S-S Bidentates and S-S Tridentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: (methylthio)thioacetic acid; (methylthio)thiobenzoic acid;(methylthio)thionicotinic acid; (methylthio)thionapthoic acid;(phenylthio)thioacetic acid; (phenylthio)thiobenzoic acid;(phenylthio)thionaphthoic acid; (norbomylthio)thioacetic acid;(norbornylthio)thiobenzoic acid; (norbornylthio)thionapthoic acid;thiobisthioacetic acid; thiobisthiobenzoic acid; and thiobisthionapthoicacid.

S Valence Stabilizer #36: Examples of S-(alkyldisulfido)thiocarboxylicacids, S-(aryldisulfido)thiocarboxylic acids, andS,S′-disulfidobisthiocarboxylic acids (S-S Bidentates and S-STridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:(methyldisulfido)thioacetic acid; (methyldisulficlo)thiobenzoic acid;(methyldisulfido)thionicotinic acid; (methyldisulfido)tbionapthoic acid;(phenyldisulfido)thioacetic acid; (phenyldisulfido)thiobenzoic acid;(phenyldisulfido)thionaphthoic acid; (norbornyldisulfido)thioaceticacid; (norbornyldisulfido)thiobenzoic acid;(norbornyldisulfido)thionapthoic acid; S,S′-disulfidobisthioacetic acid;S,S′-disulfidobisthiobenzoic acid; and S,S′-disulfidobisthionapthoicacid.

S Valence Stabilizer #37: Examples of 1,2-dithiolates,bis(1,2-dithiolates), and poly(1,2-dithiolates) (S-S Bidentates, S-STridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: 2,3-butanedithiol; 1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethanedithiol;1,2-di(pentafluorophenyl)-1,2-ethanedithio; 1,2-dicyclohexyl-1,2-ethanedithiol; 1,2-dinorbornyl-1,2-ethanedithiol;2,3-dimercaptopropanol; 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid;poly[bis(arylthio)acetylene]s; and poly[bis(alkylylthio)acetylene]s.

S Valence Stabilizer #38: Examples of rhodanines and bis(rhodanines)(S-S Bidentates and S-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: 3-methyirhodanine; 3-ethylrhodanine; 3-isopropylrhodanine;3-phenylrhodanine; 3-benzylrhodanine; 3-cyclohexylrhodanine;3-norbornylrhodanine; 5-methyfrhodanine; 5-ethyfrhodanine;5-isopropylrhodanine; 5-phenylrhodanine; 5-benzylrhodanine;5-cyclohexylrhodanine; 5-norbornyirhodanine; 3,3′-ethylenebisrhodanine;3,3′-propylenerhodanine; 3,3′-butylenerhodanine;5,5′-ethylenebisrhodanine; 5,5′-propylenerhodanine; and5,5′-butylenerhodanine. [Note: rhodanines and bis(rhodanines) tend tostabilize lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

S Valence Stabilizer #39: Examples of dithiocarbimates,bis(dithiocarbimates), and poly(dithiocarbimates) (S-S Bidentates, S-STridentates, and S-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: methyldithiocarbimate; trifluoromethyldithiocarbimate;ethyldithiocarbimate; propyldithiocarbimate; isopropyldithiocarbimate;butyldithiocarbimate; tertbutyldithiocarbimate; cyanodithiocarbimate(CDC); cyanamidodithiocarbimate; azidodithiocarbimate;phenyldithiocarbimate; pentafluorophenyldithiocarbimate;benzyldithiocarbimate; naphthyldithiocarbimate;cyclohexyldithiocarbimate; norbornyldithiocarbimate; andadamantyldithiocarbimate. [Note: Carbimates tend to stabilize loweroxidation states in metal ions.]

S Valence Stabilizer #40: Examples of thioxanthates, bis(thioxanthates),and poly(thioxanthates) (S-S Bidentates and S-S Tetradentates) that meetthe requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: methyl thioxanthate (MeSxan); ethylthioxanthate (EtSxan); isopropyl thioxanthate (iPrSxan); trifluoromethylthioxanthate (CF₃Sxan); cyanothioxanthate; cyanamidothioxanthate; phenylthioxanthate (PhSxan); benzyl thioxanthate (BzSxan); pentafluorophenylthioxanthate; cyclohexyl thioxanthate (cHxSxan); and norbornylthioxanthate. [Note: Thioxanthates tend to stabilize lower oxidationstates in metal ions.]

S Valence Stabilizer #41: Examples of xanthates, bis(xanthates), andpoly(xanthates) (S-S Bidentates and S-S Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: methyl xanthate (Mexan); ethyl xanthate(Etxan); isopropyl xanthate (iPrxan); trifluoromethyl xanthate (CF₃xan);cyanoxanthate; cyanamidoxanthate; phenyl xanthate (Phxan); benzylxanthate (Bzxan); pentafluorophenyl xanthate; cyclohexyl xanthate(cHxxan); and norbornyl xanthate. [Note: Xanthates tend to stabilizelower oxidation states in metal ions.]

S Valence Stabilizer #42: Examples of phosphinodithioformates (S-SBidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:trimethyiphosphinodithioformate; triethylphosphinodithioformate;triphenylphosphinodithioformate; tricyclohexylphosphinodithioformate;dimethylphosphinodithioformate; diethyiphosphinodithioformate;diphenylphosphinodithioformate; and dicyclohexylphosphinodithioformate.

S Valence Stabilizer #43: Examples of alkyl- and aryl- dithioborates,trithioborates, perthioborates, bis(dithioborates), bis(trithioborates),and bis(perthioborates) (S-S Bidentates and S-S Tetradentates) that meetthe requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: S,O-diethyl dithioborate;S,O-diisopropyl dithioborate; S,O-diphenyl dithioborate; S,O-dibenzyidithioborate; S,O-dicyciohexyl dithioborate; S,O-dinorbornyldithioborate; diethyl trithioborate; diisopropyl trithioborate; diphenyltrithioborate; dibenzyl trithioborate; dicyclohexyl trithioborate; anddinorbomyl trithioborate.

S Valence Stabilizer #44: Examples of alkyl- and aryl- dithioboronatesand bis(dithioboronates) (S-S Bidentates and S-S Tetradentates) thatmeet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers forCo⁺³ include, but are not limited to: diethyl dithioboronate;diisopropyl ditbioboronate; diphenyl dithioboronate; dibenzyldithioboronate; dicyclohexyl dithioboronate; and dinorbornyldithioboronate. [Note: boronates tend to stabilize lower oxidationstates in metal ions.]

S Valence Stabilizer #45: Examples of trithioarsonic acids(arsonotrithioic acids), dithioarsonic acids (arsonodithioic acids),tetrathioarsonic acids (arsonotetrathioic acids), and derivativesthereof (S-S Bidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meetthe requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: trithioarsonic acid,O-phenyltrithioarsonic acid, O-benzyltrithioarsonic acid,O-cyclohexyltrithioarsonic acid, O-norbornyltrithioarsonic acid,O,S-diphenyltrithioarsonic acid, O,S-dibenzyltrithioarsonic acid,O,S-dicyclohexyltrithioarsonic acid, O,S-dinorbomyltrithioarsonic acid;dithioarsonic acid, O-phenyldithioarsonic acid, O-benzyldithioarsonicacid, O-cyclohexyldithioarsonic acid, O-norbornyldithioarsonic acid,O,O-diphenyldithioarsonic acid, O,O-dibenzyldithioarsonic acid,O,O-dicyclohexyldithioarsonic acid, and O,O-dinorbornyldithioarsonicacid.

S Valence Stabilizer #46: Examples of trithioantimonic acids(stibonotrithioic acids), dithioantimonic acids (stibonodithioic acids),tetrathioantimonic acids (stibonotetrathioic acids), and derivativesthereof (S-S Bidentates, S-S Tridentates, S-S Tetradentates) that meetthe requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: trimethyltrithioantimonate;triethyltrithioantimonate; and triphenyltrithioantimonate.

S Valence Stabilizer #47: Examples of phosphine P-sulfides andamino-substituted phosphine sulfides (S Monodentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: trimethyiphosphine sulfide (TMPS);triethylphosphine sulfide (TEPS); triphenylphosphine sulfide (TPhPS);tribenzylphosphine sulfide (TBzPS); tricyclohexylphosphine sulfide(TcHxPS); and trinorbornyiphosphine sulfide for phosphine P-sulfides;and tris(dimethylamino)phosphine sulfide; trimorpholinophosphinesulfide; tripiperidinophosphine sulfide; tripyrrolidinophosphinesulfide; and tri(cyclohexylamino)phosphine sulfide for amino-substitutedphosphine sulfides.

S Valence Stabilizer #48: Examples of arsine As-sulfides andamino-substituted arsine sulfides (S Monodentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: trimethylarsine sulfide; triethylarsinesulfide; triphenylarsine sulfide; tribenzylarsine sulfide;tricyclohexylarsine sulfide; and trinorbornylarsine sulfide for arsineAs-sulfides; and tris(dimethylamino)arsine sulfide; trimorpholinoarsinesulfide; tripiperidinoarsine sulfide; tripyrrolidinoarsine sulfide; andtri(cyclohexylamino)arsine sulfide for amino-substituted arsinesulfides.

S Valence Stabilizer #49: Examples of thiocyanate ligands (Smonodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:selenocyanate (-SCN).

S Valence Stabilizer #50: Examples of thiolates that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: thiophenol; naphthalenethiol;1-dodecanethion; hexadecyl mercaptan; benzenethiol (bt);polybenzenethiols; and polythioarylenes.

S Valence Stabilizer #51: Examples of sulfide that meet the requirementsfor use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but arenot limited to: sulfides (—S²⁻); disulfides (—S₂ ²⁻); and polysulfides(—S_(x) ²⁻).

P Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of monophosphines (P monodentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: phosphine, phenylphosphine,diphenylphosphine, triphenyiphosphine, tricyclohexyiphosphine,phenyldimethyiphosphine, phenyldiethylphosphine,methyldiphenylphosphine, ethyldiphenylphosphine, phosphirane,phosphetane, phospholane, phosphorinane, benzophospholane,benzophosphorinane, dibenzophospholane, dibenzophosphorinane,naphthophospholane, naphthophosphorinane, phosphinonorbomane, andphosphinoadamantane.

P Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of diphosphines (P monodentates or P-Pbidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: diphospholane,benzodiphospholane, naphthodiphospholane, diphosphorinane,benzodiphosphorinane, dibenzodiphosphorinane, naphthodiphosphorinane,bis(diphenylphosphino)methane, bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane,bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, bis(diphenylphosphino)butane,bis(diphenylphosphino)pentane, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene, ando-phenylenebis(diphenylphosphine). (Note: the aryl derivatives areair-stable, whereas the alkyl derivatives are air-sensitive andtherefore unsuitable for these applications.)

P Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of triphosphines (P monodentates, P-Pbidentates, or P-P tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: triphosphorinane,P,P′-tetraphenyl-2-methyl-2-(P-diphenyl)phosphinomethyl-1,3-propanediphosphine;P,P-[2-(P-diphenyl)phosphinoethyl]diethyl-P-phenylphosphine;P,P-[2-(P-diphenyl)phosphino]diphenyl-P-phenylphosphine; andhexahydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,5-triphosphazine. (Note: the arylderivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkyl derivatives areair-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for these applications.)

P Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of tetraphosphines (P monodentates,P-P bidentates, P-P tridentates, and P-P tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to:P,P′-tetraphenyl-2,2-[(P-diphenyl)phosphinomethyl]-1,3-propanediphosphine;tri[o-(P-diphenyl)phosphinophenyl]phosphine; and1,1,4,7,10,10-hexaphenyl-1,4,7,10-tetraphosphadecane. (Note: the arylderivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkyl derivatives areair-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for these applications.)

P Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of pentaphosphines (P monodentates,P-P bidentates, P-P tridentates, and P-P tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺3include, but are not limited to:4-[2-(P-diphenyl)phosphinoethyl]-1,1,7,10,10-pentaphenyl-1,4,7,10-tetraphosphadecane.(Note: the aryl derivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkylderivatives are air-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for theseapplications.)

P Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of hexaphosphines (P-P bidentates, P-Ptridentates, P-P tetradentates, and P-P hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to:1,1,10,10-tetraphenyl-4,7-[2-(P,P-diphenyl)phosphinoethyl]-1,4,7,10-tetraphosphadecane.(Note: the aryl derivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkylderivatives are air-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for theseapplications.)

P Valence Stabilizer #7a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one phosphorus atom (P monodentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 1-phospholene, 2-phospholene,3-phospholene, phosphole, oxaphosphole, thiaphosphole, benzophospholene,benzophosphole, benzoxaphosphole, benzothiaphosphole,dibenzophospholene, dibenzophosphole, naphthophospholene,naphthophosphole, naphthoxaphosphole, naphthothiaphosphole.

P Valence Stabilizer #7b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining two phosphorus atoms (P monodentates or P-P bidentates) thatmeet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers forCo⁺³ include, but are not limited to: diphospholene, diphosphole,oxadiphospholene, thiadiphospholene, benzodiphospholene,benzodiphosphole, naphthodiphospholene, and naphthodiphosphole.

P Valence Stabilizer #7c: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining three phosphorus atoms (P monodentates or P-P bidentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: triphosphole.

P Valence Stabilizer #8a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one phosphorus atom (P monodentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: phosphorin, oxaphosphorin,thiaphosphorin, benzophosphorin, benzoxaphosphorin, benzothiaphosphorin,acridophosphine, phosphanthridine, dibenzoxaphosphorin,dibenzothiaphosphorin, naphthophosphorin, naphthoxaphosphorin, andnaphthothiaphosphorin.

P Valence Stabilizer #8b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining two phosphorus atoms (P monodentates or P-P bidentates) thatmeet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers forCo⁺³ include, but are not limited to: o-diphosphorin, m-diphosphorin,p-diphosphorin, oxadiphosphorin, thiadiphosphorin, benzodiphosphorin,benzoxadiphosphorin, benzothiadiphosphorin, dibenzodiphosphorin,dibenzoxadiphosphorin, dibenzothiadiphosphorin, naphthodiphosphorin,naphthoxadiphosphorin, and naphthothiadiphosphorin.

P Valence Stabilizer #8c: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining three phosphorus atoms (P monodentates or P-P bidentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: 1,3,5-triphosphorin,1,2,3-triphosphorin, benzo-1,2,3-triphosphorin, andnaphtho-1,2,3-triphosphorin.

P Valence Stabilizer #9a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one phosphorus atom and having at least one additionalphosphorus atom binding site not contained in a ring (P Monodentates,P-P Bidentates, P-P Tridentates, P-P Tetradentates, or P-P Hexadentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:2-(P-phenylphosphino)-1-phospholene;2,5-(P-phenylphosphino)-1-phospholene;2-(P-phenylphosphino)-3-phospholene; 2,5-(P-phenylphosphino)-3-phospholene; 2-(P-phenylphosphino)phosphole;2,5-(P-phenylphosphino)phosphole; 2-(P-phenylphosphino)benzophosphole;7-(P-phenylphosphino)benzophosphole; and1,8-(P-phenylphosphino)dibenzophosphole.

P Valence Stabilizer #9b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining two phosphorus atoms and having at least one additionalphosphorus atom binding site not contained in a ring (P Monodentates,P-P Bidentates, P-P Tridentates, P-P Tetradentates, or P-P Hexadentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:2-(P-phenylphosphino)-1,3-diphospholene;2,5-(P-phenylphospbino)-1,3-diphospholene;2-(P-phenyiphosphino)-1,3-diphosphole;2,5-(P-phenylphosphino)-1,3-diphosphole;2-(P-phenylphosphino)benzodiphosphole; and7-(P-phenylphosphino)benzodiphosphole.

P Valence Stabilizer #9c: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining three phosphorus atoms and having at least one additionalphosphorus atom binding site not contained in a ring (P Monodentates,P-P Bidentates, P-P Tridentates, P-P Tetradentates, or P-P Hexadentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:2-(P-phenylphosphino)-1,3,4-triphosphole; and2,5-(P-phenylphosphino)-1,3,4-triphosphole.

P Valence Stabilizer #10a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one phosphorus atom and having at least one additionalphosphorus atom binding site not contained in a ring (P Monodentates,P-P Bidentates, P-P Tridentates, P-P Tetradentates, or P-P Hexadentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:2-(P-phenylphosphino)phosphorin; 2,5-(P-phenylphosphino)phosphorin;2-(P-phenylphosphino)benzophosphorin;7-(P-phenylphosphino)benzophosphorin; and1,9-(P-phenylphosphino)acridophosphine.

P Valence Stabilizer #10b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining two phosphorus atoms and having at least one additionalphosphorus atom binding site not contained in a ring (P Monodentates,P-P Bidentates, P-P Tridentates, P-P Tetradentates, or P-P Hexadentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:2-(P-phenylphosphino)-4-diphosphorin;2,6-(P-phenylphosphino)-4-diphosphorin;2,3,5,6-(P-phenylphosphino)-4-diphosphorin;2-(P-phenylphosphino)benzo-1,4-diphosphorin;2,3-(P-phenylphosphino)benzo-1,4-diphosphorin;2,8-(P-phenylphosphino)benzo-1,4-diphosphorin;2,3,5,8-(P-phenylphosphino)benzo-1,4-diphosphorin;1,9-(P-phenylphosphino)dibenzodiphosphorin; and1,4,6,9-(P-phenylphosphino)dibenzodiphosphorin.

P Valence Stabilizer #10c: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining three phosphorus atoms and having at least one additionalphosphorus atom binding site not contained in a ring (P Monodentates,P-P Bidentates, P-P Tridentates, P-P Tetradentates, or P-P Hexadentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:2-(P-phenylphosphino)-1,3,5-triphosphorin;2,6-(P-phenylphosphino)-1,3,5-triphosphorin;4-(P-phenylphosphino)-1,2,3-triphosphorin; and8-(P-phenylphosphino)benzo-1,2,3-triphosphorin.

P Valence Stabilizer #11a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one phosphorus atom and having at least one additionalphosphorus atom binding site contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P-PBidentates, P-P Tridentates, P-P Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-1-phospholene;2,2′,2″-tri-1-phospholene; 2,2′-bi-3-phospholene;2,2′,2″-tri-3-phospholene; 2,2′-biphosphole; 2,2′,2″-triphosphole; and2,2′-bibenzophosphole.

P Valence Stabilizer #11b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining two phosphorus atoms and having at least one additionalphosphorus atom binding site contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P-PBidentates, P-P Tridentates, P-P Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-1,3-diphospholene;2,2′-bi-1,3-diphosphole; and 2,2′-bibemzo-1,3-diphosphole.

P Valence Stabilizer #11c: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining three phosphorus atoms and having at least one additionalphosphorus atom binding site contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P-PBidentates, P-P Tridentates, P-P Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to :2,2′-bi-1,3,4-triphosphole; and2,2′,2″-tri-1,3,4-triphosphole.

P Valence Stabilizer #12a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one phosphorus atom and having at least one additionalphosphorus atom binding site contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P-PBidentates, P-P Tridentates, P-P Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-biphosphorin;2,2′,2″-triphosphorin; 2,2′,2″,2′″-tetraphosphorin;2,2′-bibenzophosphorin; and 8,8′-bibenzophosphorin.

P Valence Stabilizer #12b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining two phosphorus atoms and having at least one additionalphosphorus atom binding site contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P-PBidentates, P-P Tridentates, P-P Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 3,3′-bi-1,2-diphosphorin;3,3′,3″-tri-1,2-diphosphorin; 2,2′-bi-1,4-diphosphorin;2,2′,2″-tri-1,4-diphosphorin; 3,3′-bibenzo-1,2-diphosphorin;8,8′-bibenzo-1,2-diphosphorin; 2,2′-bibenzo-1,4-diphosphorin; and8,8′-bibenzo-1,4-diphosphorin.

P Valence Stabilizer #12c: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining three phosphorus atoms and having at least one additionalphosphorus atom binding site contained in a ring (P Monodentates, P-PBidentates, P-P Tridentates, P-P Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-1,3,5-triphosphorin;2,2′,2″-tri-1,3,5-triphosphorin; 4,4′-bi-1,2,3-triphosphorin;4,4′-bibenzo-1,2,3-triphosphorin; and 8,8′-bibenzo-1,2,3-triphosphorin.

P Valence Stabilizer #13a: Examples of two-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein both binding sites are composed ofphosphorus and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (P-PBidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:P,P-diphenyldiphosphacyclobutane ([4]aneP₂);P,P-diphenyldiphosphacyclopentane ([5]aneP₂);P,P-diphenyldiphosphacyclohexane ([6]aneP₂);P,P-diphenyldiphosphacycloheptane ([7]aneP₂);P,P-diphenyldiphosphacyclooctane ([8]aneP₂);P,P-diphenyldiphosphacyclobutene ([4]eneP₂);P,P-diphenyldiphosphacyclopentene ([5]eneP₂);P,P-diphenyldiphosphacyclohexene ([6]eneP₂);P,P-diphenyldiphosphacycloheptene ([7]eneP₂); andP,P-diphenyldiphosphacyclooctene ([8]eneP₂).

P Valence Stabilizer #13b: Examples of three-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofphosphorus and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (P-PTridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclohexane ([6]aneP₃);P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacycloheptane ([7]aneP₃);P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclooctane ([8]aneP₃);P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclononane ([9]aneP₃);P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclodecane ([10]aneP₃);P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacycloundecane ([11]aneP₃);P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclododecane ([12]aneP₃);P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclohexatriene ([6]trieneP₃);P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacycloheptatriene ([7]trieneP₃);P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclooctatriene ([8]trieneP₃);P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclononatriene ([9]trieneP₃);P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclodecatriene ([10]trieneP₃);P,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacycloundecatriene ([11]trieneP₃); andP,P,P-triphenyltriphosphacyclododecatriene ([12]trieneP₃).

P Valence Stabilizer #13c: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofphosphorus and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (P-PTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclooctane ([8]aneP₄);P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclononane ([9]aneP₄);P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclodecane ([10]aneP₄);P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacycloundecane ([11]aneP₄);P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclododecane ([12]aneP₄);P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclotridecane ([13]aneP₄);P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclotetradecane ([14]aneP₄);P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclopentadecan ([15]aneP₄);P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclohexadecane ([16]aneP₄);P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacycloheptadecan ([17]aneP₄);P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclooctadecan ([18]aneP₄);P,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacyclononadecan ([19]aneP₄); andP,P,P,P-tetraphenyltetraphosphacycloeicosan ([20]aneP₄).

P Valence Stabilizer #13d: Examples of five-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofphosphorus and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (P-PTridentates, or P-P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: P,P,P,P,P-pentaphenylpentaphosphacyclodecane ([10]aneP₅);P,P,P,P,P-pentaphenylpentaphosphacycloundecane ([11]aneP₅);P,P,P,P,P-pentaphenylpentaphosphacyclododecane ([12]aneP₅);P,P,P,P,P-pentaphenylpentaphosphacyclotridecane ([13]aneP₅);P,P,P,P,P-pentaphenylpentaphosphacyclotetradecane ([14]aneP₅); andP,P,P,P,P-pentaphenylpentaphosphacyclopentadecane ([15]aneP₅).

P Valence Stabilizer #13e: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulcbrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofphosphorus and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (P-P-PTridentates, P-P-P-P Tetradentates, or P-P-P-P-P-P Hexadentates) thatmeet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers forCo⁺³ include, but are not limited to:P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclododecane ([12]aneP₆);P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclotridecane ([13]aneP₆);P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclotetradecane ([14]aneP₆);P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclopentadecane ([15]aneP₆);P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenyihexaphosphacyclohexadecane ([16]aneP₆);P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexapho sphacycloheptadecane ([17]aneP₆);P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclooctadecane ([18]aneP₆);P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclononadecane ([19]aneP₆);P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphsphacycloeicosane ([20]aneP₆);P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacycloheneicosane ([21]aneP₆);P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclodocosane ([22]aneP₆);P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclotricosane ([23]aneP₆);P,P,P,P,P,P-hexaphenylhexaphosphacyclotetracosan ([24]aneP₆).

P Valence Stabilizer #13f: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofphosphorus and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (P-PTridentates, P-P Tetradentates, or P-P Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to:P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P-octaphenyloctaphosphacyclohexadecan ([16]aneP₈);P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P-octaphenyloctaphosphacycloheptadecane ([17]aneP₈);P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P-octaphenyloctaphosphacyclooctadecane ([18]aneP₈);P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P-octaphenyloctaphosphacyclononadecane ([19]aneP₈);P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P-octaphenyloctaphsphacycloeicosane ([20]aneP₈);P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P-octaphenyloctaphosphacycloheneicosane ([21]aneP₈);P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P-octaphenyloctaphosphacyclodocosane ([22]aneP₈);P,P,P,P,P,P,P,P-octaphenyloctaphosphacyclotricosan ([23]aneP₈); andP,P,P,P,P,P,P,P-octaphenyloctaphosphacyclotetracosan ([24]aneP₈).

P Valence Stabilizer #14a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclies,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites arecomposed of phosphorus and are contained in component 5-memberedheterocyclic rings (P-P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: tetraphospholenes; tetraphospholes; tetraoxaphospholes;tetradiphospholenes; tetradiphospholes; and tetraoxadiphospholes.

P Valence Stabilizer #14b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composedof phosphorus and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclicrings (P-P Tetradentates and P-P Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: hexaphospholenes; hexaphospholes;hexaoxaphospholes; hexadiphospholenes; hexadiphospholes; andhexaoxadiphospholes.

P Valence Stabilizer #14c: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites arecomposed of phosphorus and are contained in component 5-memberedheterocycic rings (P-P Tridentates; P-P Tetradentates; or P-PHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:octaphospholenes; octaphospholes; octaoxaphospholes; octadiphospholenes;octadiphospholes; and octaoxadiphospholes.

P Valence Stabilizer #15a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites arecomposed of phosphorus and are contained in a combination of 5-memberedheterocyclic rings and phosphine groups (P-P Tridentates, P-PTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:diphosphatetraphospholenes; tetraphosphatetraphospholenes;diphosphatetraphospholes; tetraphosphatetraphospholes;diphoshatetradiphospholes; and tetraphosphatetradiphospholes.

P Valence Stabilizer #15b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composedof phosphorus and are contained in a combination of 5-memberedheterocyclic rings and phosphine groups (P-P Tridentates, P-PTetradentates, and P-P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: diphosphahexaphospholenes; thaphosphahexaphospholenes;diphosphahexaphospholes; triphosphahexaphospholes;diphoshahexadiphospholes; and triphosphahexadiphospholes.

P Valence Stabilizer #15c: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics(including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites arecomposed of phosphorus and are contained in a combination of 5-memberedheterocyclic rings and phosphine groups (P-P Tridentates, P-PTetradentates, and P-P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: diphosphaoctaphospholenes; tetraphosphaoctaphospholenes;diphosphaoctaphospholes; tetraphosphaoctaphospholes;diphoshaoctadiphospholes; and tetraphosphaoctadiphospholes.

P Valence Stabilizer #16a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites arecomposed of phosphorus and are contained in component 6-memberedheterocyclic rings (P-P Tetradentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: cyclotetraphosphorins; cyclotetraaoxaphosphorins;cyclotetradiphosphorins; and cyclotetraoxadiphosphorins.

P Valence Stabilizer #16b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composedof phosphorus and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclicrings (P-P Tridentates, P-P Tetradentates, and P-P Hexadentates) thatmeet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers forCo⁺³ include, but are not limited to: cyclohexaphosphorins;cyclohexaoxaphosphorins; cyclohexadiphosphorins; andcyclohexaoxadiphosphorins.

P Valence Stabilizer #16c: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites arecomposed of phosphorus and are contained in component 6-memberedheterocyclic rings (P-P Tridentates, P-P Tetradentates, and P-PHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:cyclooctaphosphorins; cyclooctaoxaphosphorins; cyclooctadiphosphorins;and cyclooctaoxadiphosphorins.

P Valence Stabilizer #17a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites arecomposed of phosphorus and are contained in a combination of 6-memberedheterocyclic rings and phosphine groups (P-P Tridentates, P-PTetradentates, or P-P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: diphosphacyclotetraphosphorins;tetraphosphacyclotetraphosphorins; diphosphacyclotetraoxaphosphorins;tetraphosphacyclotetraoxaphosphorins; cliphosphacyclotetradiphosphorins;tetraphosphacyclotetradiphosphorins;diphosphacyclotetraoxadiphosphorins; andtetraphosphacyclotetraoxadiphosphorins.

P Valence Stabilizer #17b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composedof phosphorus and are contained in a combination of 6-memberedheterocyclic rings and phosphine groups (P-P Tridentates, P-PTetradentates, or P-P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: diphosphacyclohexaphosphorins;triphosphacyclohexaphosphorins; diphosphacyclohexaoxaphosphorins;triphosphacyclohexaoxaphosphorins; diphosphacyclohexadiphosphorins;triphosphacyclohexadiphosphorins; diphosphacyclohexaoxadiphosphorins;and triphosphacyclohexaoxadiphosphorins.

P Valence Stabilizer #17c: Examples of eight-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all eight binding sites arecomposed of phosphorus and are contained in a combination of 6-memberedheterocyclic rings and phosphine groups (P-P Tridentates, P-PTetradentates, or P-P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: diphosphacyclooctaphosphorins; tetraphosphacyclooctaphosphorins; diphosphacyclooctaoxaphosphorins;tetraphosphacyclooctaoxaphosphorins; diphosphacyclooctadiphosphorins;tetraphosphacyclooctadiphosphorins; diphosphacyclooctaoxadiphosphorins;and tetraphosphacyclooctaoxadiphosphorins.

O Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of biurets (imidodicarbonic diamides),isobiurets, biureas, triurets, triureas, bis(biurets), bis(isobiurets),bis(biureas), poly(biurets), poly(isobiurets), and poly(biureas) (O-OBidentates, O-O Tridentates, O-O Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: biuret, isobiuret, biurea, triuret,triurea, nitrobiuret, dinitrobiuret, aminobiuret, diaminobiuret,oxybiuret, dioxybiuret, cyanobiuret, methylbiuret, ethylbiuret,isopropylbiuret, phenylbiuret, benzylbiuret, cyclohexylbiuret,norbornylbiuret, adamantylbiuret, dimethylbiuret, diethylbiuret,diisopropylbiuret, diphenylbiuret, clibenzylbiuret, dicyclohexylbiuret,dinorbornylbiuret, and diadamantylbiuret.

O Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of acylureas, aroylureas,bis(acylureas), bis(aroylureas), poly(acylureas), and poly(aroylureas)(O-O Bidentates, O-O Tridentates, O-O Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: formylurea, acetylurea, benzoylurea,cyclohexoylurea, pentafluorobenzoylurea, N-methylacetylurea,N-phenylbenzoylurea, and N-cyclohexylcyclohexoylurea.

O Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of imidodialdehydes,hydrazidodialdehydes (acyl hydrazides), bis(imidodialdehydes),bis(hydrazidodialdehydes), poly(imidodialdehydes), andpoly(hydrazidodialdehydes) (O-O Bidentates, O-O Tridentates, O-OTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:diacetamide, dipropanamide, dibutanamide, dibenzamide, anddicyclohexamide.

O Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of imidodicarbonic acids,hydrazidodicarbonic acids, bis(imidodicarbonic acids),bis(hydrazidodicarbonic acids), poly(imidodicarbonic acids),poly(hydrazidodicarbonic acids) and derivatives thereof (O-O Bidentates,O-O Tridentates, O-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: imidodicarbonic acid, hydrazidodicarbonic acid,O-phenylimidodicarbonic acid, O-benzylimidodicarbonic acid,O-cyclohexylimidodicarbonic acid, O-norbornylimidodicarbonic acid,O,O′-diphenylimidodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dibenzylimidodicarbonic acid,O,O′-dicyclohexylimidodicarbonic acid, andO,O′-dinorbornylimidodicarbonic acid.

O Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of imidodisulfamic acid,imidodisulfuric acid, bis(imidodisulfamic acid), bis(imidodisulfuricacid), poly(imidodisulfamic acid), and poly(imidodisulfuric acid) andderivatives thereof (O-O Bidentates, O-O Tridentates, O-O Tetradentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: imidodisulfamic acid,imidodisulfuric acid, N-phenylimidodisulfamic acid,N-benzylimidodisulfamic acid, N-cyclohexylimidodisulfamic acid,N-norbornylimidodisulfamic acid, N,N′-diphenylimidodisulfamic acid,N,N′-dibenzylimidodisulfamic acid, N,N′-dicyclohexylimidodisulfamicacid, and N,N′-norbornylimidodisulfamic acid.

O Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of 1,3-diketones (beta-diketonates),1,3,5-triketones, bis(1,3-diketones), and poly(1,3-diketones), all witha molecular weight greater than 125 (O-O Bidentates, O-O Tridentates,O-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:hexafluoropentanedione; dibenzoylmethane(1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanedione); benzoylpinacolone;dicyclohexoylmethane; diphenylpentanetrionate; dibenzoylacetone;benzoylacetylacetone; dibenzoylacetylacetone; tetramethylnonanetrionate;hexafluoroheptanetrionate; trifluoroheptanetrionate;trifluoroacetylcamphor (facam); and 1,3-indandione.

O Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of 1,2-diketones (aipha-diketonates),1,2,3-triketones, tropolonates, o-quinones, bis(1,2-diketones), andpoly(1,2-diketones), all with a molecular weight greater than 100 (O-OBidentates, O-O Tridentates, O-O Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: tropolone; 1,2-benzoquinone(o-quinone); di-tert-butyl-1,2-benzoquinone;hexafluoro-1,2-benzoquinone; 1,2-naphthoquinone; 9,10-phenanthroquinone;and 1,2-indandione.

O Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of malonamides (malonodiamides),bis(malonamides), and polymalonamides (O-O Bidentates, O-O Tridentates,O-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:malonamide, N-phenylmalonamide, N-benzylmalonamide,N-pentafluorophenylmalonamide, N-cyclohexylmalonamide,N-norbornylmalonamide, N,N′-diphenylmalonamide, N,N′-dibenzylmalonamide,N,N′-dipentafluorophenylmalonamide, N,N′-dicyclohexylmalonamide, andN,N′-norbornylmalonamide.

O Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of 2-acylacetamides,bis(2-acylacetamides), and poly(2-acylacetamides) (O-O Bidentates, O-OTridentates, O-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: 2-acetoacetamide, N-phenyl-2-acetoacetamide,N-pentafluorophenyl-2-acetoacetamide, N-benzyl-2-acetoacetamide,N-cyclohexyl-2-acetoacetamide, N-norbornyl-2-acetoacetamide,N-phenyl-2-benzoacetamide,N-pentafluorophenyl-2-pentafluorobenzoacetamide, andN-cyclohexyl-2-cyclohexoacetamide.

O Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of monothiodicarbonic diamides,bis(monothiodicarbonic diamides), and poly(monothiodicarbonic diamides)(O-O Bidentates, O-O Tridentates, O-O Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: monothiodicarbonic diamide;N-phenylmonothiodicarbonic diamide;N-pentafluorophenylmonothiodicarbonic diamide; N-benzylmonothiodicarbonic diamide; N-cyclohexylmonothiodi carbonic diamide;N-norbornylmonothiodicarbonic diamide; N,N′-diphenylmonothiodicarbonicdiamide; N,N′-dipentafluorophenylmonothiodicarbonic diamide;N,N′-dibenzylmonothiodicarbonic diamide;N,N′-dicyclohexylmonothiodicarbonic diamide; andN,N′-dinorbornylmonothiodicarbonic diamide.

O Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of monothiodicarbonic acids,bis(monothiodicarbonic acids), poly(monothiodicarbonic acids), andderivatives thereof (O-O Bidentates, O-O Tridentates, O-O Tetradentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: monothiodicarbonic acid,O-phenylmonothiodicarbonic acid, O-benzylmonothiodicarbonic acid,O-cyclohexylmonothiodicarbonic acid, O-norbornylmonothiodicarbonic acid,O,O′-diphenylmonothiodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dibenzylmonothiodicarbonicacid, O,O′-dicyclohexylmonothiodicarbonic acid, andO,O′-dinorbornylmonothiodicarbonic acid.

O Valence Stabilizer #12: Examples of dithioperoxydicarbonic acids,bis(dithioperoxydicarbonic acids), poly(dithioperoxydicarbonic acids),and derivatives thereof (O-O Bidentates, O-O Tridentates, O-OTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:dithioperoxydicarbonic acid, O-phenyldithioperoxydicarbonic acid;O-benzyldithioperoxydicarbonic acid; O-cyclohexyldithioperoxydicarbonicacid; O-norbornyldithioperoxydicarbonic acid;O,O′-diphenyldithioperoxydicarbonic acid;O,O′-dibenzyldithioperoxydicarbonic acid;O,O′-dicyclohexyldithioperoxydicarbonic acid; andO,O′-dinorbornyldithioperoxydicarbonic acid.

O Valence Stabilizer #13: Examples of trithionic acid, bis(trithionicacid), poly(trithionic acid), and derivatives thereof (O-O Bidentates,O-O Tridentates, O-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: diphenyl trithionate, dipentafluorodiphenyl trithionate,dicyclohexyl trithionate, and dinorbornyl trithionate.

O Valence Stabilizer #14: Examples of hypophosphoric acids,bis(hypophosphoric acids), and poly(hypophosphoric acids), andderivatives thereof (O-O Bidentates, O-O Tridentates, O-O Tetradentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: hypophosphoric acid,O-methylhypophosphoric acid, O-isopropyihypophosphoric acid,O-tert-butylhypophosphoric acid, O-phenyihypophosphoric acid,O-pentafluorophenyihypophosphoric acid, O-benzylhypophosphoric acid,O-cyclohexyihypophosphoric acid, O-norbornylhypophosphoric acid,O,O′-dimethylhypophosphoric acid, O,O′-diisopropylhypophosphoric acid,O,O′-di-tert-butylhypophosphoric acid, O,O′-diphenyihypophosphoric acid,O,O′-di-pentafluorophenylhypophosphoric acid,O,O′-dibenzylhypophosphoric acid, O,O′-dicyclohexylhypophosphoric acid,and O,O′-dinorbornyihypophosphoric acid.

O Valence Stabilizer #15: Examples of hypophosphoramides,bis(hypophosphoramides), and poly(hypophosphoramides) (O-O Bidentates,O-O Tridentates, O-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: hypophosphoramide, N-methylhypophosphoramide,N-isopropylhypophosphoramide, N-tert-butylhypophosphoramide,N-phenylhypophosphoramide, N-pentafluorophenylhypophosphoramicle,N-benzylhypophosphoramide, N-cyclohexylhypophosphoramide,N-norbomylhypophosphoramide, N,N′″-dimethylhypophosphoramide,N,N′″-diisopropylhypophosphoramide,N,N′″-di-tert-butylhypophosphoramide, N,N′″-diphenylhypophosphoramide,N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenylhypophosphoramide,N,N′″-dibenzylhypophosphoramide, N,N′″-dicyclohexylhypophosphoramide,and N,N′″-dinorbornylhypophosphoramide.

O Valence Stabilizer #16: Examples of imidodiphosphoric acids,hydrazidodiphosphoric acids, bis(imidodiphosphoric acids),bis(hydrazidodiphosphoric acids), poly(imidodiphosphoric acids),poly(hydrazidodiphosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (O-OBidentates, O-O Tridentates, O-O Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: imidodiphosphoric acid,methylimidodiphosphoric acid, isopropylimidodiphosphoric acid,tert-butylimidodiphosphoric acid, phenylimidodiphosphoric acid,pentafluorophenylimidodiphosphoric acid, benzylimidodiphosphoric acid,cyclohexylimidodiphosphoric acid, norbornylimidodiphosphoric acid,dimethylimidodiphosphoric acid, diisopropylimidodiphosphoric acid,di-tert-butylimidodiphosphoric acid, diphenylimidodiphosphoric acid,di-pentafluorophenylimidodiphosphori c acid, dibenzylimidodiphosphoricacid, dicyclohexylimidodiphosphoric acid, anddinorbornylimidodiphosphoric acid.

O Valence Stabilizer #17: Examples of imidodiphosphoramides,hydrazidodiphosphoramides, bis(imidodiphosphoramides),bis(hydrazidodiphosphoramides), poly(imidodiphosphoramides), andpoly(hydrazidodiphosphoramides) (O-O Bidentates, O-O Tridentates, O-OTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:imidodiphosphoramide, N-methylimidodiphosphoramide,N-isopropylimidodiphosphoramide, N-tert-butylimidodiphosphoramide,N-phenylimidodiphosphoramide, N-pentafluorophenylimidodiphosphoramide,N-benzylimidodiphosphoramide, N-cyclohexylimidodiphosphoramide,N-norbornylimidodiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dimethylimidodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-diisopropylimidodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-di-tert-butylimidodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-diphenylimidodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenylimidodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-dibenzylimidodiphosphoramide,N,N′″-dicyclohexylimidodiphosphoramide, andN,N′″-dinorbornylimidodiphosphoramide.

O Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of diphosphoramides,bis(diphosphoramides), and poly(diphosphoramides) (O-O Bidentates, O-OTridentates, O-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: diphosphoramide, N-methyldiphosphoramide,N-isopropyldiphosphoramide, N-tert-butyldiphosphoramide,N-phenyldiphosphoramide, N-pentafluorophenyldiphosphoramide,N-berizyldiphosphoramide, N-cyclohexyldiphosphoramide,N-norbornyldiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dimethyldiphosphoramide,N,N′″-diisopropyldiphosphoramide, N,N′″-di-tert-butyldiphosphoramide,N,N′″-diphenyldiphosphoramide,N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldiphosphoramide,N,N′″-dibenzyldiphosphoramide, N,N′″-dicyclohexyldiphosphoramide, andN,N′″-dinorbornyldiphosphoramide.

O Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of imidodiphosphonic acids,hydrazidodiphosphonic acids, bis(imidodiphosphonic acids),bis(hydrazidodiphosphonic acids), poly(imidodiphosphonic acids),poly(hydrazidodiphosphonic acids), and derivatives thereof (O-OBidentates, O-O Tridentates, O-O Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: imidodiphosphonic acid,methylimidodiphosphonic acid, isopropylimidodiphosphonic acid,tert-butylimidodiphosphonic acid, phenylimidodiphosphonic acid,pentafluorophenylimidodiphosphonic acid, benzylimidodiphosphonic acid,cyclohexylimidodiphosphonic acid, norbomylimidodiphosphonic acid,dimethylimidodiphosphonic acid, diisopropylimidodiphosphonic acid,di-tert-butylimidodiphosphonic acid, diphenylimidodiphosphonic acid,di-pentafluorophenylimidodiphosphonic acid, dibenzylimidodiphosphonicacid, dicyclohexylimidodiphosphonic acid, anddinorbornylimidodiphosphonic acid. [Note: The phosphite (P⁺³) valence ofthe phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ionsmuch more difficult, though still possible.]

O Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of imidodiphosphonamides,hydrazidodiphosphonamides, bis(imidodiphosphonamides),bis(hydrazidodiphosphonamides), poly(imidodiphosphonamides), andpoly(hydrazidodiphosphonamides) (O-O Bidentates, O-O Tridentates, O-OTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:imidodiphosphonamide, N-methylimidodiphosphonamide,N-isopropylimidodiphosphonamide, N-tert-butylimidodiphosphonamide,N-phenylimidodiphosphonamide, N-pentafluorophenylimidodiphosphonamide,N-benzylimidodiphosphonamide, N-cyclohexylimidodiphosphonamide,N-norbornylimidodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dimethylimidodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-diisopropylimidodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-di-tert-butylimidodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-diphenylimidodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenylimidodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-dibenzylimidodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-dicyclohexylimidodiphosphonamide, andN,N′″-dinorbornylimidodiphosphonamide. [Note: The phosphite (P⁺³)valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valencemetal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

O Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of diphosphonamides,bis(diphosphonamides), and poly(diphosphonamides) (O-O Bidentates, O-OTridentates, O-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: diphosphonamide, N-methyldiphosphonamide,N-isopropyldiphosphonamide, N-tert-butyldiphosphonamide,N-phenyldiphosphonamide, N-pentafluorophenyldiphosphonamide,N-benzyldiphosphonamide, N-cyclohexyldiphosphonamide,N-norbomyldiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dimethyldiphosphonamide,N,N′″-diisopropyldiphosphonamide, N,N′″-di-tert-butyldiphosphonamide,N,N′″-diphenyldiphosphonamide,N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldiphosphonamide,N,N′″-dibenzyldiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dicyclohexyldiphosphonamide, andN,N′″-dinorbornyldiphosphonamide. [Note: The phosphite (P⁺³) valence ofthe phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ionsmuch more difficult, though still possible.]

O Valence Stabilizer #22: Examples of beta-hydroxyketones,beta-hydroxyaldehydes, bis(beta-hydroxyketones),bis(beta-hydroxyaldehydes), poly(beta-hydroxyketones), andpoly(beta-hydroxyaldehydes) (O-O Bidentates, O-O Tridentates, O-OTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:4-hydroxypentan-2-one; 1,3-diphenyl-3-hydroxypropanal;1,3-dibenzyl-3-hydroxypropanal; 1,3-dicyclohexyl-3 -hydroxypropanal;1,3-dinorbornyl-3 -hydroxypropanal; 1,3-di(2-thienyl)-3-hydroxypropanal;1,3-di(2-furyl)-3-hydroxypropanal; o-hydroxyacetophenone; juglone;alizarin; 1-hydroxyanthraquinone; 1,8-hydroxyanthraquinone;1-hydroxyacridone; and beta-hydroxybenzophenone.

O Valence Stabilizer #23: Examples of N-(aminomethylol)ureas[N-(aminohydroxymethyl)ureas], bis[N-(aminomethylol)ureas], andpoly[N-(aminomethylol)ureas] (O-O Bidentates, O-O Tridentates, O-OTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)urea; N,N″-dimethyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)urea;N,N′-diethyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)urea;N,N″-isopropyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)urea;N,N″-diphenyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)urea;N,N″-dibenzyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)urea;N,N″-dicyclohexyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)urea; andN,N″-dinorbornyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)urea.

O Valence Stabilizer #24: Examples of oxamides, bis(oxamides), andpoly(oxamides) (O-O Bidentates, O-O Tridentates, O-O Tetradentates) thatmeet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers forCo⁺³ include, but are not limited to: oxamide, N-methyloxamide;N-ethyloxamide; N-isopropyloxamide; N-phenyloxamide; N-benzyloxamide;N-cyclohexyloxamide; N-norbornyloxamide; N,N′-dimethyloxamide;N,N′-diethyloxamide; N,N′-diisopropyloxamide; N,N′-diphenyloxamide;N,N′-dibenzyloxamide; N,N′-dicyclohexyloxamide; andN,N′-dinorbornyloxamide.

O Valence Stabilizer #25: Examples of squaric acids and derivativesthereof (O-O Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrowband” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:deltic acid; squaric acid; croconic acid; and rhodizonic acid.

O Valence Stabilizer #26: Examples of dicarboxylic acids,bis(dicarboxylie acids), poly(dicarboxylic acids), and derivativesthereof (O-O Bidentates and O-O Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: oxalic acid; malonic acid; succinicacid; diphenyl oxalate; diphenyl malonate; and diphenyl succinate.

O Valence Stabilizer #27: Examples of carbonates and bis(carbonates)(O-O Bidentates and O-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: carbonate; bicarbonate; O,O-diethylcarbonate;diisopropylcarbonate; diphenylcarbonate; dibenzylcarbonate;dicyclohexylcarbonate; and dinorbomylcarbonate.

O Valence Stabilizer #28: Examples of carbamates, bis(carbamates), andpoly(carbamates) (including N-hydroxycarbamates andN-mercaptocarbamates) (O-O Bidentates, O-O Tridentates, and O-OTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:dimethylcarbamate (dmc); di(trifluorodimethyl)carbamate; ethylcarbamate; diethylcarbamate (dec); dipropylcarbamate;diisopropylcarbamate; dibutylcarbamate; ditertbutylcarbamate;dicyanamidocarbamate; diphenylcarbamate; di(pentafluorophenyl)carbamate;dibenzylcarbamate; dinaphthylcarbamate; dicyclohexylcarbamate;dinorbornylcarbamate; diadamantylcarbamate; pyrrolidinocarbamate (pyrc);piperidinocarbamate (pipc); morpholinocarbamate (morc);thiamorpholinocarbamate; 3-pyrrolinocarbamate; pyrrolocarbamate;oxazolocarbamate; isoxazolocarbamate; thiazolocarbamate;isothiazolocarbamate; indolocarbamate; carbazolocarbamate;pyrazolinocarbamate; imidazolinocarbamate; pyrazolocarbamate;imidazolocarbamate; indazolocarbamate; and triazolocarbamate.

O Valence Stabilizer #29: Examples of carbazates (carbazides),bis(carbazates), and poly(carbazates) (O-O Bidentates, O-O Tridentates,and O-O Tetradentates; or possibly N-O Bidentates, N-O Tridentates, andN-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:N,N′-dimethylcarbazate; N,N′-di(trifluoromethyl)carbazate;N,N′-diethylcarbazate; N,N′-diphenylcarbazate; N,N′-dibenzylcarbazate;N,N′-di(pentafluorophenyl)carbazate; N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbazate; andN,N′-dinorbornylcarbazate.

O Valence Stabilizer #30: Examples of carbimates, bis(carbimates), andpoly(carbimates) (O-O Bidentates, O-O Tridentates, and O-OTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:methylcarbimate; trifluoromethylcarbimate; ethylcarbimate;propylcarbimate; isopropylcarbimate; butylcarbimate; tertbutylcarbimate;cyanocarbimate; cyanamidocarbimate; azidocarbimate; phenylcarbimate;pentafluorophenylcarbimate; benzylcarbimate; naphthylcarbimate;cyclohexylcarbimate; norbornylcarbimate; and adamantylcarbimate. [Note:Carbimates tend to stabilize lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

O Valence Stabilizer #31: Examples of arsonic acids, bis(arsonic acids),poly(arsonic acids), and derivatives thereof (O-O Bidentates, O-OTridentates, O-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: arsonic acid, O-phenylarsonic acid, O-benzylarsonic acid,O-cyclohexylarsonic acid, O-norbornylarsonic acid, O,O-diphenylarsonicacid, O,O-dibenzylarsonic acid, O,O-dicyclohexylarsonic acid,O,O-dinorbornylarsonic acid; and aminophenylarsonic acids.

O Valence Stabilizer #32: Examples of alkyl- and aryl- borates andbis(borates) (O-O Bidentates and O-O Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: triethyl borate; diisopropyl borate;diphenyl borate; dibenzyl borate; dicyclohexyl borate; and dinorbomylborate.

O Valence Stabilizer #33: Examples of alkyl- and aryl- boronates andbis(boronates) (O-O Bidentates and O-O Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: diethyl boronate; diisopropyl boronate;diphenyl boronate; dibenzyl boronate; dicyclohexyl boronate; anddinorbornyl boronate. [Note: boronates tend to stabilize lower oxidationstates in metal ions.]

O Valence Stabilizer #34: Examples of phosphine P-oxides andamino-substituted phosphine oxides (O Monodentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: trimethylphosphine oxide (TMPO);triethylphosphine oxide (TEPO); triphenyiphosphine oxide (TPhPO);tribenzylphosphine oxide (TBzPO); tricyclohexyiphosphine oxide (TcHxPO);and trinorbornyiphosphine oxide for phosphine P-oxides; andhexamethyiphosphoramide (HMPA); trimorpholinophosphine oxide (TMrPO);tripiperidinophosphine oxide; tripyrrolidinophosphine oxide; andtri(cyclohexylamino)phosphine oxide for amino-substituted phosphineoxides.

O Valence Stabilizer #35: Examples of arsine As-oxides andamino-substituted arsine oxides (O Monodentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: trimethylarsine oxide (TMAsO);triethylarsine oxide (TEAsO); triphenylarsine oxide (TPhAsO);tribenzylarsine oxide (TBzAsO); tricyclohexylarsine oxide (TcHxAsO); andtrinorbornylarsine oxide for arsine As-oxides; and hexamethylarsonamide;trimorpholinoarsine oxide; tripiperidinoarsine oxide;tripyrrolidinoarsine oxide; and tri(cyclohexylamino)arsine oxide foramino-substituted arsine oxides.

O Valence Stabilizer #36: Examples of cyanate ligands (O monodentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺3 include, but are not limited to: cyanate (—OCN).

N-S Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of thioimidates, dithioimidates,polythioimidates, and derivatives of thioimidic acid (N-S bidentates andN-S tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: S-methylformathioimidate; S-ethyl formathioimidate; S-methyl acetathioimidate;S-ethyl acetathioimidate; S-methyl benzthioimidate; S-ethylbenzthioimidate; S-methyl cyclohexylthioimidate; S-ethylcyclohexylthioimidate; S-methyl pentafluorobenzthioimidate; S-ethylpentafluorobenzthioimidate; S-methyl 2-pyridylthioimidate; S-ethyl2-pyridylthioimidate; S,S′-dimethyl benzdithioimidate; S,S′-dimethyltetrafluorobenzdithioimidate; 2-iminothiolane; and2-iminotetrahydrothiopyran. [Note: Many thioimidate complexes aredecomposed by water, but their stability can be enhanced through the useof fluorinated solubility control anions (e.g. PF₆).]

N-S Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of thioguanylureas,guanidinothioureas, bis(thioguanylureas), bis(guanidinothioureas,poly(thioguanylureas), and poly(guanidinothioureas) (N-S Bidentates andN-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:thioguanylurea (amidinothiourea); guanidinothiourea;methylthioguanylurea; ethylthioguanylurea; isopropylthioguanylurea;butylthioguanylurea; benzylthioguanylurea; phenyithioguanylurea;tolyithioguanylurea; naphthylthioguanylurea; cyclohexylthioguanylurea;norbornyithioguanylurea; adamantyithioguanylurea;dimethylthioguanylurea; diethylthioguanylurea;diisopropylthioguanylurea; dibutyithioguanylurea;dibenzylthioguanylurea; diphenylthioguanylurea; ditolyithioguanylurea;dinaphthylthioguanylurea; dicyclohexylthioguanylurea;dinorbornylthioguanylurea; diadamantylthioguanylurea;ethylenebis(thioguanylurea); propylenebis(thioguanylurea);phenylenebis(thioguanylurea); piperazinebis(thioguanylurea);oxalylbis(thioguanylurea); malonylbis(thioguanylurea);succinylbis(thioguanylurea); and phthalylbis(thioguanylurea). [Note:thioguanylureas generally tend to favor lower oxidation states incomplexed metals.]

N-S Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of amidinothioamides,guanidinothioamides, bis(amidinothioamides), bis(guanidinothioamides),poly(amidinothioamides), and poly(guanidinothioamides) (including bothN-amidinothioamides and 2-amidinothioacetamides) (N-S Bidentates, N-STridentates, and N-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: amidinothioacetamide; guanidinothioamide,amidinothiopropanamide; amidinothiobutanamide; amidinothiobenzamide;amidinothiotoluamide; amidinothiocyclohexamide;N-methylamidinothioacetamide; N-ethylamidinothiopropanamide;N-propylamidinothiobutanamide; N-phenylamidinothiobenzamide;N-tolylamidinothiotoluamide; N-cyclohexylamidinothiocyclohexamide;bis(amidinothiooxamide); bis(amidinothiomalonamide);bis(amidinothiosuccinamide); bis(amidinothiophthalamide);2-amidinothioacetamide (thiomalonamamidine);N-methyl-2-amidinothioacetamide; N-ethyl-2-amidinothioacetamide;N-phenyl-2-amidinothioacetamide; N-benzyl-2-amidinothioacetamide;N-cyclohexyl-2-amidinothioacetamide;N,N′-dimethyl-2-amidinothioacetamide;N,N′-diethyl-2-amidinothioacetamide;N,N′-diphenyl-2-amidinothioacetamide;N,N′-dibenzyl-2-amidinothioacetamide; andN,N′-dicyclohexyl-2-amidinothioacetamide. [Note: amidinothioamidesgenerally tend to favor lower oxidation states in complexed metals.]

N-S Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of imidoylthioamides,bis(imidoylthioamides), and poly(imidoylthioamides) (N-S Bidentates, N-STridentates, and N-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: acetimidoylthioacetamide; acetimidoylthiopropanamide;acetimidoylthiobutanamide; acetimidoylthiobenzamide;acetimidolyithiotoluamide; acetimidoylthiocyclohexamide;propimidoylthiopropanamide; butimidoylthiobutanamide;benzimidoylthiobenzamide; ethylenebis(acetimidoylthioacetamide);propylenebis(acetimidoylthioacetamide); andphenylenebis(acetimidoylthioacetamide). [Note: imidoylthioamidesgenerally tend to favor lower oxidation states in complexed metals.]

N-S Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of thioureas, bis(thioureas), andpoly(thioureas), including thiourylene complexes (N-S bidentates and N-Stetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: thiourea;methyithiourea; ethylthiourea; isopropyithiourea; benzylthiourea;phenylthiourea; cyclohexylthiourea; naphthylthiourea (ntu);biphenyithiourea; norbornylthiourea; adamantylthiourea;N,N′-dimethyithiourea; N,N′-diethylthiourea; N,N′-diisopropylthiourea;N,N′-dibenzylthiourea; N,N′-dicyclohexylthiourea;N,N′-dinapthylthiourea; N,N′-dibiphenyithiourea;N,N′-dinorbomylthiourea; N,N′-diadamantylthiourea; tetramethylthiourea;ethylenethiourea (2-imidazolidinethione)(etu);4,5-dihydroxy-2-imidazolinethione (dhetu); propylenethiourea;N-(thiazol-2-yl)thiourea; diphenylphosphinothioyl thioureas;allylthiourea; N-allyl-N′-pyridylthiourea; N-allyl-N′-anisyithiourea;N-allyl-N′-naphthylthiourea; N-allyl-N′-phenylthiourea; thioglycoluril(acetylenethiourea); and bis(pyridylmethyl)thiourea. [Note: thioureasgenerally tend to favor lower oxidation states in complexed metals.]

N-S Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of thiocarboxamides,bis(thiocarboxamides), and poly(thiocarboxamides), (N-S bidentates, N-Stridentates, and N-S tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: thiocarbamide (tu); thioacetamide (taa); thiopropionamide;thiobutanamide; thiobenzamide (1-phenylthioformamide)(tba);1-naphthylthioformamide; 1-cyclohexyithioformamide);1-norbornyithioformamide; 1-adamantylthiofonnamide;N,N-dimethylthioformamide; N,N-dimethylthioacetamide;pyridine-2-thiocarboxamide (thiopicolinamide);pyrazine-2,3-dithiocarboxamide; thionicotinamide;2-thiophenethiocarboxamide; N,N-dimethylthiobenzamide;N-ethylthiocarbamide (N-etu); tetramethylthiocarbamide (tmtu);2-thioacetamidothiazole (tatz); and polythioacrylamides. [Note:thiocarboxamides generally tend to favor lower oxidation states incomplexed metals.]

N-S Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of imidosulfurous diamides andbis(imidosulfurous diamides) (N-S Bidentates, N-S Tridentates, and N-STetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:N,N′-diphenylimidosulfurous diamide; N,N′-dibenzylimidosulfurousdiamide; and phenylenebis(imidosulfurous diamide). [Note: Thesecomplexes tend to hydrolyze unless stabilized with a fluorinated anionicsolubility control agent. The sulfite (S⁺⁴) valence of the sulfur atommakes stabilizization of high valence metal ions much more difficult,though still possible.]

N-S Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of sulfurdiimines,bis(sulfurdiimines), and poly(sulfurdiimines) (N-S Bidentates, N-STridentates, and N-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: N,N′-diphenylsulfurdiimine; N,N′-dibenzylsulfurdiimine; andphenylenebis(sulfurdiimine). [Note: These complexes tend to hydrolyzeunless stabilized with a fluorinated anionic solubility control agent.The sulfite (S⁺⁴) valence of the sulfur atom makes stabilizization ofhigh valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

N-S Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of phosphonimidothioic acid,phosphonimidodithioic acid, bis(phosphonimidothioic acid);bisQthosphonimidodithioic acid), and derivatives thereof (N-SBidentates, N-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: phosphonimidothioic acid, phosphonimidodithioic acid;O-phenylphosphonimidothioic acid; O-benzylphosphonimidothioic acid;O-cyclohexylphosphonimidothioic acid; O-norbornylphosphonimidothioicacid; S-phenylphosphonimidodithioic acid; S-benzylphosphonimidodithioicacid; S-cyclohexylphosphonimidodithioic acid; andS-norbornylphosphonimidodithioic acid. [Note: The phosphite (P⁺³)valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valencemetal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

N-S Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of phosphonothioic diamides,bis(phosphonothioic diamides), and poly(phosphonothioic diamides) (N-SBidentates and N-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: phosphonothioic diamide, phosphonothioic dihydrazide,phosphonamidothioic hydrazide, N-phenylphosphonothioic diamide,N-benzylphosphonothioic diamide, N-cyclohexylphosphonothioic diamide,and N-norbomylphosphonothioic diamide. [Note: The phosphite (P⁺³)valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valencemetal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

N-S Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of phosphonamidothioic acid,phosphonamidimidodithioic acid, bis(phosphonamidothioic acid),bis(phosphonamidimidodithioic acid), poly(phosphonamidothioic acid), andpo1yphosphonamidimidodithioic acid), and derivatives thereof (N-SBidentates and N-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: phosphonamidothioic acid, phosphonamidimidodithioic acid,phosphonohydrazidodithioic acid, phosphonohydrazidothioic acid,S-phenylphosphonamidimidodithioic acid,S-benzylphosphonamidimidodithioic acid,5-cyclohexylphosphonamidimidodithioic acid, andS-norbornylphosphonamidimidodithioic acid. [Note: The phosphite (P⁺³)valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valencemetal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

N-S Valence Stabilizer #12: Examples of beta-aminothiones (N-substituted3-amino-2-propenethioaldehydes), bis(beta-aminothiones), andpoly(beta-aminothiones) (N-S Bidentates and N-S Tetradentates) that meetthe requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 4-methylamino-3-penten-2-thione;4-ethylamino-3-penten-2-thione; 4-isopropylamino-3-penten-2-thione;4-phenylamino-3-penten-2-thione; 4-naphthylamino-3-penten-2-thione;4-cyclohexylamino-3-penten-2-thione; 4-norbornylamino-3-penten-2-thione;4-hydroxyamino-3-penten-2-thione;3-methylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenethioaldehydel;3-ethylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenethioaldehyde;3-isopropylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenethioaldehyde;3-phenylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenethioaldehyde;3-naphthylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenethioaldehyde;3-cyclohexylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenethioaldehyde;3-norbornylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenethioaldehyde;3-hydroxyamino-1-phenyl-2-butenethioaldehyde;3-phenylamino-1,3-diphenyl-2-propenethioaldehyde;3-cyclohexylamino-1,3-dicyclohexyl-2-propenethioaldehyde; and3-norbomylamino-1,3-dinorbornyl-2-propenethioaidehyde.

N-S Valence Stabilizer #13: Examples of 3-aminothioacrylamides(3-amino-2-thiopropenamides), 3,3-diaminothioacrylamides,bis(3-aminothioacrylamides), bis(3,3-diaminothioacrylamides),poly(3-aminothioacrylamides), and poly(3,3-diaminothioacrylamides) (N-SBidentates and N-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: 3-methylaminothioacrylamide; 3-ethylaminothioacrylamide,3-isopropylaminothioacrylamide, 3-phenylaminothioacrylamide;3-naphthylaminothioacrylamide; 3-cyclohexylaminothioacrylamide;3-norbornylaminothioacrylamide; 3-hydroxyaminothioacrylamide; N-methyl-3-methylaminothioacrylamide; N-ethyl-3-ethylaminothioacrylamide,N-isopropyl-3-isopropylaminothioacrylamide,N-phenyl-3-phenylaminothioacrylamide;N-naphthyl-3-naphthylaminothioacrylamide;N-cyclohexyl-3-cyclohexylaminothioacrylamide;N-norbornyl-3-norbornylaminothioacrylamide;3-amino-3-methylaminothioacrylamide; 3-amino-3-ethylaminothioacrylamide, 3-amino-3-isopropylaminothioacrylamide,3-amino-3-phenylaminothioacrylamide;3-amino-3-naphthylaminothioacrylamide;3-amino-3-cyclohexylaminothioacrylamide;3-amino-3-norbornylaminothioacrylamide; and3-amino-3-hydroxyaminothioacrylamide.

N-S Valence Stabilizer #14: Examples of 3-aminothioacrylic acids(3-amino-2-thiopropenoic acids), 3-mercapto-3-aminothioacrylic acids,bis(3-aminothioacrylic acids), bis(3-mercapto-3-aminothioacrylic acids),poly(3-aminothioacrylic acids), and poly(3-mercapto-3-aminothioacrylicacids), and derivatives thereof (N-S Bidentates and N-S Tetradentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: 3-aminothioacrylic acid;3-mercapto-3-aminothioacrylic acid; 3-methylaminothioacrylic acid;3-ethylaminothioacrylic acid; 3-isopropylaminothioacrylic acid;3-phenylaminothioacrylic acid; 3-naphthylaminothioacrylic acid;3-cyclohexylaminothioacrylic acid; 3-norbornylaminothioacrylic acid;3-hydroxyaminothioacrylic acid; methyl 3-methylaminothioacrylate; ethyl3-ethylaminothioacrylate; isopropyl 3-isopropylaminothioacrylate; benzyl3-phenylaminothioacrylate; naphthyl 3-naphthylaminothioacrylate;cyclohexyl 3-cyclohexylaminothioacrylate; and norbornyl3-norbomylaminothioacrylate.

N-S Valence Stabilizer #15: Examples of N-thioacyl benzylidenimines,bis(N-thioacyl benzylidenimines), and poly(N-thioacyl benzylidenimines)(N-S Bidentates and N-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: N-thioformyl benzylidenimine, N-thioacetyl benzylidenimine;N-thiobenzoyl benzylidenimine; and N-pentafluorothiobenzoylbenzylidenimine.

N-S Valence Stabilizer #16: Examples of thiocarbonyl oximes,bis(thiocarbonyl oximes), and poly(thiocarbonyl oximes) (N-S Bidentates,N-S Tridentates, and N-S Tetradentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: butane-3-thione-2-one monoxime); anddiphenylethane-2-thione-1-one monoxime. N-S Valence Stabilizer #17:Examples of mercapto oximes, bis(mercapto oximes), and poly(mercaptooximes) (including 2-sulfur heterocyclic oximes) (N-S Bidentates, N-STridentates, N-S Tetradentates, and N-S Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 3-mercaptobutan-2-one oxime;4-mercaptohexan-3-one oxime; (1,2-diphenyl-2-mercaptoethanone oxime);1,2-di(trifluoromethyl)-2-mercaptoethanone oxime;1,2-dicyclohexyl-2-mercaptoethanone oxime;1,2-dinorbornyl-2-mercaptoethanone oxime; 2-mercaptobenzaldehyde oxime;2-mercapto-1-naphthaldehyde oxime; thiophene-2-aldoxime; methyl2-thiophenyl ketoxime; and phenyl 2-thiophenyl ketoxime.

N-S Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of 2-nitrothiophenols(2-nitrobenzenethiols) (N-S Bidentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: 2-nitrothiophenol; 2,3-dinitrothiophenol;2,4-dinitrothiophenol; 2,5-dinitrothiophenol; 2,6-dinitrothiophenol;1-nitro-2-naphthalenethiol; and 2-nitro-1-naphthalenethiol.

N-S Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of 2-nitrilothiophenols(2-nitrilobenzenethiols) (N-S Bidentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺3 include, but are notlimited to: 2-cyanothiophenol; 2,3-dicyanothiophenol;2,4-dicyanothiophenol; 2,5-dicyanothiophenol; 2,6-dicyanothiophenol;1-cyano-2-naphthalenethiol; and 2-cyano-1-naphthalenethiol.

N-S Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of thiohydrazides,bis(thiohydrazides), and poly(thiohydrazides) (N-S Bidentates and N-STetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: thioformichydrazide; thioacetic hydrazide; thiopropionic hydrazide; thiobenzoichydrazide; thiophthalhydrazide; thiosalicylic hydrazide; thionaphthoichydrazides; thionorbornaneacetic hydrazide; thionicotinic hydrazide; andthioisonicotinic hydrazide. [Note: Thiohydrazides prefer complexationwith lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

N-S Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of thiosemicarbazides,bis(thiosemicarbazides), and poly(thiosemicarbazides) (N-S Bidentates,N-S Tetradentates, and N-S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: thiosemicarbazide (tsc); thiosemicarbazide diacetic acid(tsda); 1-methyithiosemicarbazide (1 mts); 1-ethylthiosemicarbazide;1-isopropyithiosemicarbazide; 1-phenylthiosemicarbazide (1pts)(cryogenine); 1-benzylthiosemicarbazide;1-cyclohexyithiosemicarbazide; 1-norbornyithiosemicarbazide;4-methyithiosemicarbazide (4mts); 4-ethyithiosemicarbazide;4-isopropyithiosemicarbazide; 4-phenyithiosemicarbazide (4-pts);4-benzylthiosemicarbazide; 4-cyclohexylthiosemicarbazide;4-norbornylthiosemicarbazide; nicotinic thiosemicarbazide; isonicotinicthiosemicarbazide; and 4-phenyl-1-benrzenesulfonyl-3-thiosemicarbazide(pbst). [Note: Thiosemicarbazides prefer complexation with loweroxidation states in metal ions.]

N-S Valence Stabilizer #22: Examples of five-, seven-, or nine-memberedmacrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (includingcatapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein allbinding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups)or sulfur (usually thiols, mercaptans, or thiocarbonyls) and are notcontained in component heterocyclic rings (N-S Tridentates, N-STetradentates, and N-S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: triazadithiacyclodecane ([10]aneS₂N₃);triazadithiacycloundecane ([11]aneS₂N₃); triazadithiacyclododecane([12]aneS₂N₃); triazadithiacyclotridecane ([13]aneS₂N₃);triazadithiacyclotetradecane ([14]aneS₂N₃); triazadithiacyclopentadecane([15]aneS₂N₃); thiomorpholine; and thiazolidine.

N-S Valence Stabilizer #23: Examples of five- or seven-memberedmacrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (includingcatapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein allbinding sites are composed of nitrogen or sulfur and are contained incomponent heterocyclic rings (N-S Bidentates, N-S Tridentates, N-STetradentates, or N-S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: dithiopyrantripyridines; dithiophenetripyrroles;trithiopyrantetrapyridines; and trithiophenetetrapyrroles.

N-S Valence Stabilizer #24: Examples of five-, seven-, or nine-memberedmacrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (includingcatapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein allbinding sites are composed of nitrogen or sulfur and are contained in acombination of heterocyclic rings and amine, imine, thiol, mercapto, orthiocarbonyl groups (N-S Bidentates, N-S Tridentates, N-S Tetradentates,or N-S Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:azathiapentaphyrins; diazadithiapentaphyrins; azathiapentaphyrins; anddiazadithiapentaphyrins.

N-O Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of imidates, diimidates,polyimidates, and derivatives of imidic acid (N-O bidentates and N-Otetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: O-methylformimidate; O-ethyl formimidate; O-methyl acetimidate; O-ethylacetimidate; O-methyl benzimidate; O-ethyl benzimidate; O-methylcyclohexylimidate; O-ethyl cyclohexylimidate; O-methylpentafluorobenzimidate; O-ethyl pentafluorobenzimidate; O-methyl2-pyridylimidate; O-ethyl 2-pyridylimidate; O,O′-dimethyl benzdiimidate;O,O′-dimethyl tetrafluorobenzdiimidate; 2-iminotetrahydrofuran; and2-iminotetrahydropyran. [Note: Most imidate complexes are decomposed bywater, but their stability can be enhanced through the use offluorinated solubility control anions (e.g. PF₆).]

N-O Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of pseudoureas, bis(pseudoureas),and poly(pseudoureas) (N-O bidentates and N-O tetradentates) that meetthe requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: O-methyl pseudourea; O-ethylpseudourea; O-isopropyl pseudourea; O-benzyl pseudourea; O-cyclohexylpseudourea; O-norbornyl pseudourea; O-pentafluorobenzyl pseudourea;N-methyl pseudourea; N-ethyl pseudourea; N-isopropyl pseudourea;N-benzyl pseudourea; N-cyclohexyl pseudourea; N-norbornyl pseudourea;and N-pentafluorobenzyl pseudourea.

N-O Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of 2-amidinoacetates,bis(2-amidinoacetates), and poly(2-amidinoacetates) (N-O Bidentates andN-U Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:N-methyl-2-amidinoacetate; O-methyl-2-amidinoacetate;N-benzyl-2-amidinoacetate; and O-benzyl-2-amidinoacetate. [Note: many2-amidinoacetates tend to hydrolyze in water. This can be minimizedthrough the use of fluorinated solubility control anions such as PF₆ ⁻.]

N-O Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of ureas, bis(ureas), andpoly(ureas), including urylene complexes (N-O bidentates and N-Otetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: urea;methylurea; ethylurea; isopropylurea; benzylurea; cyclohexylurea;naphthylurea; biphenylurea; norbornylurea; adamantylurea;N,N′-dimethylurea; N,N′-diethylurea; N,N′-diisopropylurea;N,N′-dibenzylurea; N,N′-dicyclohexylurea; N,N′dinapthylurea;N,N′-dibiphenylurea; N,N′-dinorbornylurea; N,N′-diadamantylurea;ethyleneurea (2-imidazolidone); propyleneurea; glycoluril(acetyleneurea); and N,N′-bis(4-nitrophenyl)urea.

N-O Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of phosphonimidic acid,bis(phosphonimidic acid), poly(phosphonimidic acid), and derivativesthereof(N-O Bidentates and N-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirementsfor use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but arenot limited to: phosphonimidic acid; O-phenylphosphonimidic acid;O-benzylphosphonimidic acid; O-cyclohexylphosphonimidic acid; andO-norbomyiphosphonimidic acid. [Note: The phosphite (P⁺³) valence of thephosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ions muchmore difficult, though still possible.]

N-O Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of phosphonamidic acid, phosphonicdiamide, bis(phosphonamidic acid), bis(phosphonic diamide),poly(phosphonamidic acid), poly(phosphonic diamide), and derivativesthereof (N-O Bidentates and N-O Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: phosphonamidic acid, phosphonicdiamide, phosphonamidic hydrazide, phosphonic dihydrazide,O-phenyiphosphonamidic acid, O-benzylphosphonamidic acid,O-cyclohexylphosphonamidic acid, O-norbornyiphosphonamidic acid,N-benzylphosphonic diamide, N-phenylphosphonic diamide,N-cyclohexylphosphomc diamide, and N-norbornylphosphonic diamide. [Note:The phosphite (P⁺³) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizizationof high valence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

N-O Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of beta-ketoamines (N-substituted3-amino-2-propenals), bis(beta-ketoamines), and poly(beta-ketoamines)(N-O Bidentates and N-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: 4-methylamino-3-penten-2-one; 4-ethylamino-3-penten-2-one;4-isopropylamino-3-penten-2-one; 4-phenylamino-3-penten-2-one;4-naphthylamino-3-penten-2-one; 4-cyclohexylamino-3-penten-2-one;4-norbornylamino-3-penten-2-one; 4-hydroxyamino-3-penten-2-one;3-methylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenal; 3-ethylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenal;3-isopropylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenal; 3-phenylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenal;3-naphthylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenal;3-cyclohexylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenal;3-norbornylamino-1-phenyl-2-butenal; 3-hydroxyamino-1-phenyl-2-butenal;3-phenylamino-1,3-diphenyl-2-propenal;3-cyclohexylamino-1,3-dicyclohexyl-2-propenal;3-norbomylamino-1,3-dinorbomyl-2-propenal; 2,2′-pyridil; aipha-pyridoin;4-aminoantipyrine (aap); beta-phenylaminopropiophenone; andpolyaminoquinones (PAQs).

N-O Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of 3-aminoacrylamides(3-amino-2-propenamides), 3,3-diaminoacrylamides,bis(3-aminoacrylamides), bis(3,3-diaminoacrylamides),poly(3-aminoacrylamides), and poly(3,3 -diaminoacrylamides) (N-OBidentates and N-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: 3-methylaminoacrylamide; 3-ethylaminoacrylamide,3-isopropylaminoacrylamide, 3-phenylaminoacrylamide;3-naphthylaminoacrylamide; 3-cyclohexylaminoacrylamide;3-norbornylaminoacrylamide; 3-hydroxyaminoacrylamide;N-methyl-3-methylaminoacrylamide; N-ethyl-3-ethylaminoacrylamide,N-isopropyl-3-isopropylaminoacrylamide, N-phenyl-3-phenylaminoacrylamide; N-naphthyl-3 -naphthylaminoacrylamide;N-cyclohexyl-3-cyclohexylaminoacrylamide;N-norbornyl-3-norbornylaminoacrylami de;3-amino-3-methylaminoacrylaniide; 3-amino-3-ethylaminoacrylamide,3-amino-3-isopropylaminoacrylamide, 3-amino-3-phenylaminoacrylamide;3-amino-3-naphthylaminoacrylamide; 3-amino-3-cyclohexylaminoacrylamide;3-amino-3-norbornylaminoacryl amide; and3-amino-3-hydroxyaminoacrylamide.

N-O Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of 3-aminoacrylic acids(3-amino-2-propenoic acids), 3-hydroxy-3-aminoacrylic acids,bis(3-aminoacrylic acids), bis(3-hydroxy-3-aminoacrylic acids),poly(3-aminoacrylic acids), and poly(3-hydroxy-3-aminoacrylic acids),and derivatives thereof (N-O Bidentates and N-O Tetradentates) that meetthe requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 3-aminoacrylic acid;3-hydroxy-3-aminoacrylic acid; 3-methylaminoacrylic acid;3-ethylaminoacrylic acid; 3-isopropylaminoacrylic acid;3-phenylaminoacrylic acid; 3-naphthylaminoacrylic acid;3-cyclohexylaminoacrylic acid; 3-norbornylaminoacrylic acid;3-hydroxyaminoacrylic acid; methyl 3-methylaminoacrylate; ethyl3-ethylaminoacrylate; isopropyl 3-isopropylaminoacrylate; benzyl 3-phenylaminoacrylate; naphthyl 3-naphthylaminoacrylate; cyclohexyl3-cyclohexylaminoacrylate; and norbornyl 3-norbornylaminoacrylate.

N-O Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of N-acyl benzylidenimines,bis(N-acyl benzylidenimines), and poly(N-acyl benzylidenimines) (N-OBidentates and N-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: N-formyl benzylidenimine, N-acetyl benzylidenimine; N-benzoylbenzylidenimine; and N-pentafluorobenzoyl benzylidenimine.

N-O Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of 2-nitroanilines (N-O Bidentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: 2-nitroaniline;2,6-dintroaniline; 2-nitrophenylenediamine; 2-nitrophenylenetriamine;2-nitro-1-aminonaphthalene; 1-nitro-2-aminonaphthalene;nitrodiaminonaphthalene; and dipicrylamine.

N-O Valence Stabilizer #12: Examples of 2-nitrilophenols (N-OBidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: 2-cyanophenol;2,3-dicyanophenol; 2,4-dicyanophenol; 2,5-dicyanophenol;2,6-dicyanophenol; 1-cyano-2-naphthol; and 2-cyano-1-naphthol. Alsoincludes acylcyanamides.

N-O Valence Stabilizer #13: Examples of amine N-oxides and N-diazineoxides (azoxy compounds) (N-O Bidentates, N-O Tridentates, and N-OTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: pyridineN-oxide (pyNO or PNO); picoline N-oxide (picNO); lutidine N-oxide (lutNOor LNO); collidine N-oxide (collNO or CNO); quinoline N-oxide (QuinNO orQNO); isoquinoline N-oxide (isoQuinNO or IQNO); acridine N-oxide (AcrNOor ANO); picolinic acid N-oxide (PicANO); pyridinethiolate N-oxide(PTNO); adenine N-oxide; adenosine N-oxide; 1,10-phenanthrolinemono-N-oxide (phenNO); 1,10-phenanthroline N,N-dioxide (phen2NO);bipyridyl mono-N-oxide (bipyNO); bipyridyl N,N-dioxide (bipy2NO);pyrazine mono-N-oxide (pyzNO); pyrazine N,N-dioxide (pyz2NO); pyrimidinemono-N-oxide (pymNO); pyrimidine N,N-dioxide (pym2NO); pyridazinemono-N-oxide (pdzNO); pyridazine N,N-dioxide (pdz2NO); quinoxalinemono-N-oxide (qxNO); quinoxaline N,N-dioxide (qx2NO); phenazinemono-N-oxide (phzNO); phenazine N,N-dioxide (phz2NO); 2,3-di(pyridineN-oxide)quinoxaline (dpoq); inosine N-oxide; 4,4′-bipyridineN,N-dioxide; 1-hydroxypyrazole 2-oxide; 1-hydroxyimidazole 3-oxide;2,2′-diimidazyl 3,3′-dioxide; imidazole N-oxides;1-hydroxyimidazole-3-N-oxides; N-benzylidine aniline N-oxide;N-(naphthylidene) aniline N-oxide; N-(hydroxybenzylidene) anilineN-oxide; and 2,2′-dibenzimidazyl 3,3′-dioxide (indigo N,N-dioxide) foramine N-oxides; and azoxybenzene; phthalazine N-oxide; benzocinnolineN-oxide; and bipyrazinyl N-oxide as N-diazine oxide examples.

N-O Valence Stabilizer #14: Examples of hydrazides, bis(hydrazides), andpoly(hydrazides) (N-O Bidentates and N-O Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: formic hydrazide; acetic hydrazide;propionic hydrazide; benzoic hydrazide; phthalhydrazide; salicylichydrazide; naphthoic hydrazides; norbornaneacetic hydrazide; nicotimchydrazide; and isonicotinic hydrazide (isoniazid). [Note: Hydrazidesprefer complexation with lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

N-O Valence Stabilizer #15: Examples of semicarbazides,bis(semicarbazides), and poly(semicarbazides) (N-O Bidentates, N-OTetradentates, and N-O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: semicarbazide (sc); semicarbazide diacetic acid (sda);1-methylsemicarbazide; 1-ethylsemicarbazide; 1-isopropylsemicarbazide;1-phenylsemicarbazide; 1-benzylsemicarbazide; 1-cyclohexylsemicarbazide;1-norbornylsemicarbazide; 4-methylsemicarbazide; 4-ethylsemicarbazide;4-isopropylsemicarbazide; 4-phenylsemicarbazide; 4-benzylsemicarbazide;4-cyclohexylsemicarbazide; 4-norbomylsemicarbazide; nicotinicsemicarbazide; and isonicotinic semicarbazide. [Note: Semicarbazidesprefer complexation with lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

N-O Valence Stabilizer #16: Examples of five-, seven-, or nine-memberedmacrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (includingcatapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein allbinding sites are composed of nitrogen (usually amine or imine groups)or oxygen (usually hydroxy, carboxy, or carbonyl groups) and are notcontained in component heterocyclic rings (N-O Tridentates, N-OTetradentates, and N-O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: triazadioxacyclodecane ([10]aneO₂N₃);triazadioxacycloundecane ([11]aneO₂N₃); triazadioxacyclododecane([12]aneO₂N₃); triazadioxacyclotridecane ([13]aneO₂N₃);triazadioxacyclotetradecane ([14]aneO₂N₃); andtriazadioxacyclopentadecane ([15]aneO₂N₃).

N-O Valence Stabilizer #17: Examples of five- or seven-memberedmacrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (includingcatapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein allbinding sites are composed of nitrogen or oxygen and are contained incomponent heterocyclic rings (N-O Bidentates, N-O Tridentates, N-OTetradentates, or N-O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: dipyrantripyridines; difurantripyrroles;tripyrantetrapyridines; and trifurantetrapyrroles.

N-O Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of five-, seven-, or nine-memberedmacrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (includingcatapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein allbinding sites are composed of nitrogen or oxygen and are contained in acombination ofheterocyclic rings and amine, imine, hydroxy, carboxy, orcarbonyl groups (N-O Bidentates, N-O Tridentates, N-O Tetradentates, orN-O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:azaoxapentaphyrins; diazadioxapentaphyrins; azaoxapentaphyrins; anddiazadioxapentaphyrins.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of thiobiurets (thioimidodicarbonicdiamides), thioisobiurets, thiobiureas, thiotriurets, thiotriureas,bis(thiobiurets), bis(thioisobiurets), bis(thiobiureas),poly(thiobiurets), poly(thioisobiurets), poly(thiobiureas) (S-OBidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-O Tetradentates), and (3-formamidinothiocarbamides) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:thiobiuret, thioisobiuret, thiobiurea, thiotriuret, thiotriurea,nitrothiobiuret, dinitrothiobiuret, aminothiobiuret, diaminothiobiuret,oxythiobiuret, dioxythiobiuret, cyanothiobiuret, methylthiobiuret,ethylthiobiuret, isopropylthiobiuret, phenyithiobiuret,benzylthiobiuret, cyclohexylthiobiuret, norbornylthiobiuret,adamantylthiobiuret, dimethyithiobiuret, diethyithiobiuret,diisopropylthiobiuret, diphenyithiobiuret, dibenzylthiobiuret,dicyclohexylthiobiuret, dinorbornylthiobiuret, anddiadamantylthiobiuret.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of acyithioureas, aroylthioureas,thioacylureas, thioaroylureas, bis(acylthioureas), bis(aroylthioureas),bis(thioacylureas), bis(thioaroylureas), poly(thioacylthioureas),poly(thioaroylthioureas), poly(thioacylureas), and poly(thioaroylureas)(S-O Bidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-O Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: thioformylurea, thioacetylurea,thiobenzoylurea, thiocyclohexoylurea, pentafluorothiobenzoylurea,acetylthiourea, benzoylthiourea, and cyclohexoylthiourea.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of thioimidodialdehydes,thiohydrazidodialdehydes (thioacyl hydrazides),bis(thioimidodialdehydes), bis(thiohydrazidodialdehydes),poly(thioimidodialdehydes), and poly(thiohydrazidodialdehydes) (S-OBidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-O Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: thiodiacetamide, thiodipropanamide,thiodibutanamide, thiodibenzamide, and thiodicyclohexamide.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of thioimidodicarbonic acids,thiohydrazidodicarbonic acids, bis(thioimidodicarbonic acids),bis(thiohydrazidodicarbonic acids), poly(thioimidodicarbonic acids),poly(thiohydrazidodicarbonic acids) and derivatives thereof (S-OBidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-O Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: thioimidodicarbonic acid,thiohydrazidodicarbonic acid, O-phenylthioimidodicarbonic acid,O-benzylthioimidodicarbonic acid, O-cyclohexylthioimidodicarbonic acid,O-norbornylthioimidodicarbonic acid, O,O′-diphenylthioimidodicarbonicacid, O,O′-dibenzylthioimidodicarbonic acid,O,O′-dicyclohexylthioimidodicarbonic acid,O,O′-dinorbornylthioimidodicarbonic acid.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of 1,2-monothioketones(monothiolenes, monothio-alpha-ketonates), 1,2,3-monothioketones,1,2,3-dithioketones, monothiotropolonates, ortho-monothioquinones,bis(1,2-monothioketones), and poly(1,2-monothioketones) (S-O Bidentates,S-O Tridentates, S-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺3 include, but are notlimited to: monothiotropolone; 1,2-monothiobenzoquinone(o-monothioquinone); di-tert-butyl-1,2-monothiobenzoquinone;hexafluoro-1,2-monothiobenzoquinone; 1,2-monothionaphthoquinone;9,10-monothiophenanthroquinone; monothiosquaric acid; monothiodelticacid; monothiocroconic acid; and monothiorhodizonic acid.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of trithioperoxydicarbonic diamides,bis(trithioperoxydicarbonic diamides), and poly(trithioperoxydicarbonicdiamides) (S-O Bidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-O Tetradentates) that meetthe requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: trithioperoxydicarbonic diamide;N-phenyltrithioperoxydicarbonic diamide; N-benzyltrithioperoxydicarbonicdiamide; N-cyclohexyltrithioperoxydicarbonic diamide;N-norbornyltrithioperoxydicarbonic diamide;N,N′-diphenyltrithioperoxydicarbonic diamide;N,N′-dibenzyltrithioperoxydicarbonic diamide;N,N′-dicyclohexyltrithioperoxydicarbonic diamide; andN,N′-dinorbornyltrithioperoxydicarbonic diamide.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of dithiodicarbonic acids,bis(dithiodicarbonic acids), poly(dithiodicarbonic acids), andderivatives thereof (S-O Bidentates, S-U Tridentates, S-O Tetradentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: dithiodicarbonic acid,O-phenyldithiodicarbonic acid, O-benzyldithiodicarbonic acid,O-cyclohexyldithiodicarbonic acid, O-norbornyldithiodicarbonic acid,O,O′-diphenyldithiodicarbonic acid, O,O′-dibenzyldithiodicarbonic acid,O,O′-dicyclohexyldithiodicarbonic acid, andO,O′-dinorbornyldithiodicarbonic acid.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of trithioperoxydicarbonic acids,bis(trithioperoxydicarbonic acids), poly(trithioperoxydicarbonic acids),and derivatives thereof (S-O Bidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-UTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:trithioperoxydicarbonic acid, O-phenyltrithioperoxydicarbonic acid;O-benzyltrithioperoxydicarbonic acid;O-cyclohexyltrithioperoxydicarbonic acid;O-norbornyltrithioperoxydicarbonic acid;O,O′-diphenyltrithioperoxydicarbonic acid;O,O′-dibenzyltrithioperoxydicarbonic acid;O,O′-dicyclohexyltrithioperoxydicarbonic acid; andO,O′-dinorbornyltrithioperoxydicarbonic acid.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of monothioperoxydiphosphoramides,bis(monothioperoxydiphosphoramides), andpoly(monothioperoxydiphosphoramides) (S-O Bidentates, S-O Tridentates,S-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:monothioperoxydiphosphoramide, N-methylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide,N-isopropylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide,N-tert-butylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide,N-phenylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide,N-pentafluorophenylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide,N-benzylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide,N-cyclohexylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide,N-norbornylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide,N,N′″-dimethylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide,N,N′″-diisopropylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide,N,N′″-di-tert-butylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide,N,N′″-diphenylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide,N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide,N,N′″-dibenzylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide,N,N′″-dicyclohexylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide, andN,N′″-dinorbornylmonothioperoxydiphosphoramide.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of monothioperoxydiphosphoricacids, bis(monothioperoxydiphosphoric acids),poly(monothioperoxydiphosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S-OBidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-O Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: monothioperoxydiphosphoric acid,methylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid,isopropylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid,tert-butylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid,phenylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid,pentafluorophenylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid,benzylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid,cyclohexylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid,norbornylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid,dimethylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid,diisopropylmonotbioperoxydiphosphoric acid,di-tert-butylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid,diphenylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid,di-pentafluorophenylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid,dibenzylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid,dicyclohexylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid, anddinorbomylmonothioperoxydiphosphoric acid.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of monothioimidodiphosphonic acids,monothiohydrazidodiphosphonic acids, bis(monothioimidodiphosphonicacids), bis(monothiohydrazidodiphosphonic acids),poly(monothioimidodiphosphonic acids),poly(monothiohydrazidodiphosphonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S-OBidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-O Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: monothioimidodiphosphonic acid,methylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, isopropylmonothioimidodiphosphonicacid, tert-butylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid,phenylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid,pentafluorophenylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid,benzylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid,cyclohexylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid,norbornylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid,dimethylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid,diisopropylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid,di-tert-butylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid,diphenylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid,di-pentafluorophenylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid,dibenzylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid,dicyclohexylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid, anddinorbornylmonothioimidodiphosphonic acid. [Note: The phosphite (P⁺³)valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valencemetal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

S-O Valence Stabilizer #12: Examples of monothioimidodiphosphonamides,monothiohydrazidodiphosphonamides, bis(monothioimidodiphosphonamides),bis(monothiohydrazidodiphosphonamides),poly(monothioimidodiphosphonamides), andpoly(monothiohydrazidodiphosphonamides) (S-O Bidentates, S-OTridentates, S-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: monothioimidodiphosphonamide, N-methylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide,N-isopropylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide,N-tert-butylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide,N-phenylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide,N-pentafluorophenylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide,N-benzylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide,N-cyclohexylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide,N-norbornylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-dimethylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-diisopropylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-di-tert-butylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-diphenylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-dibenzylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-dicyclohexylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide, andN,N′″-dinorbornylmonothioimidodiphosphonamide. [Note: The phosphite(P⁺³) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of highvalence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

S-O Valence Stabilizer #13: Examples of dithiodiphosphonamides,bis(dithiodiphosphonamides), and poly(dithiodiphosphonamides) (S-OBidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-O Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: dithiodiphosphonamide,N-methyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-isopropyldithiodiphosphonamide,N-tert-butyldithiodiphosphonamide, N-phenyldithiodiphosphonamide,N-pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphonamide,N-benzylclithiodiphosphonamide, N-cyclohexyldithiodiphosphonamide,N-norbornyldithiodiphosphonamide, N,N′″-dimethyldithiodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-diisopropyldithiodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-di-tert-butyldithiodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-diphenyldithiodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-di-pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-dibenzyldithiodiphosphonamide,N,N′″-dicyclohexyldithiodiphosphonamide, andN,N′″-dinorbornyldithiodiphosphonamide. [Note: The phosphite (P⁺³)valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valencemetal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

S-O Valence Stabilizer #14: Examples of dithiodiphosphonic acids,bis(dithiodiphosphonic acids), poly(dithiodiphosphonic acids), andderivatives thereof (S-O Bidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-O Tetradentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: dithiodiphosphonic acid,methyldithiodiphosphonic acid, isopropyldithiodiphosphonic acid,tert-butyldithiodiphosphonic acid, phenyldithiodiphosphonic acid,pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphonic acid, benzyldithiodiphosphonic acid,cyclohexyldithiodiphosphonic acid, norbornyldithiodiphosphonic acid,dimethylditbiodiphosphonic acid, diisopropyldiothiodiphosphonic acid,di-tert-butyldithiodiphosphonic acid, diphenyldithiodiphosphonic acid,di-pentafluorophenyldithiodiphosphonic acid, dibenzyldithiodiphosphonicacid, dicyclohexyldithiodiphosphonic acid, anddinorbornyldithiodiphosphoric acid. [Note: The phosphite (P⁺³) valenceof the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valence metal ionsmuch more difficult, though still possible.]

S-O Valence Stabilizer #15: Examples of monothioperoxydiphosphonamides,bis(monothioperoxydiphosphonamides), andpoly(monothioperoxydiphosphonamides) (S-O Bidentates, S-O Tridentates,S-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:monothioperoxydiphosphonamide, N-methylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide,N-isopropylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide,N-tert-butylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide,N-phenylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide,N-pentafluorophenylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide,N-benzylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide,N-cyclohexylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide,N-norbornylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide,N,N′″-dimethylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide,N,N′″-diisopropylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide,N,N′″-di-tert-butylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide,N,N′″-diphenylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide,N,N′″di-pentafluorophenylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide,N,N′″-dibenzyhnonothioperoxydiphosphonamide,N,N′″-dicyclohexylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide, andN,N′″-dinorbornylmonothioperoxydiphosphonamide. [Note: The phosphite(P⁺³) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of highvalence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

S-O Valence Stabilizer #16: Examples of monothioperoxydiphosphonicacids, bis(monothioperoxydiphosphonic acids),poly(monothioperoxydiphosphonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S-OBidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-O Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: monothioperoxydiphosphonic acid,methylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid,isopropylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid,tert-butylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid,phenylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid,pentafluorophenylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid,benzylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid,cyclohexylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid,norbornylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid,dimethylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid,diisopropylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid,di-tert-butylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid,diphenylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid,di-pentafluorophenylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid,dibenzylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid,dicyclohexylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid, anddinorbornylmonothioperoxydiphosphonic acid. [Note: The phosphite (P⁺³)valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of high valencemetal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

S-O Valence Stabilizer #17: Examples of monothiophosphoric acids(phosphorothioic acids), bis(monothiophosphoric acids),poly(monothiophosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (S-O Bidentates,S-O Tridentates, S-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: monothiophosphoric acid, O-phenylmonothiophosphoric acid,O-benzylmonothiophosphoric acid, O-cyclohexylmonothiophosphoric acid,O-norbornylmonothiophosphoric acid, O,O-diphenylmonothiophosphoric acid,O,O-dibenzylmonothiophosphoric acid, O,O-dicyclohexylmonothiophosphoricacid, and O,O-dinorbornylmonothiophosphoric acid.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of phosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acids,bis[phosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acids], poly[phosphoro(dithioperoxoic)acids], and derivatives thereof (S-O Bidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-OTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:phosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acid, O-phenylphosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acid,O-benzylphosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acid,O-cyclohexylphosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acid,O-norbornylphosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acid,O,O-diphenylphosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acid,O,O-dibenzylphosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acid,O,O-dicyclohexylphosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acid, andO,O-dinorbornylphosphoro(dithioperoxoic) acid.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of monothiophosphonic Acids(phosphonothioic acids), bis(monothiophosphonic acids),poly(monothiophosphonic acids), and derivatives thereof (S-O Bidentates,S-O Tridentates, S-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: monothiophosphonic acid, O-phenylmonothiophosphonic acid,O-benzylmonothiophosphonic acid, O-cyclohexylmonothiophosphonic acid,O-norbornylmonothiophosphonic acid, O,P-diphenylmonothiophosphonic acid,O,P-dibenzylmonothiophosphonic acid, O,P-dicyclohexylmonothiophosphonicacid, and O,P-dinorbornylmonothiophosphonic acid. [Note: The phosphite(P⁺³) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of highvalence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

S-O Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of phosphono(dithioperoxoic) acids,bis[phosphono(dithioperoxoic) acids], poly[phosphono(dithioperoxoic)acids], and derivatives thereof (S-O Bidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-OTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:phosphono(dithioperoxoic) acid, O-phenylphosphono(dithioperoxoic) acid,O-benzylphosphono(dithioperoxoic) acid,O-cyclohexylphosphono(dithioperoxoic) acid,O-norbornylphosphono(dithioperoxoic) acid,O,P-diphenylphosphono(dithioperoxoic) acid,O,P-dibenzylphosphono(dithioperoxoic) acid,O,P-dicyclohexylphosphono(dithioperoxoic) acid, andO,P-dinorbornylphosphono(dithioperoxoic) acid. [Note: The phosphite(P⁺³) valence of the phosphorus atom makes stabilizization of highvalence metal ions much more difficult, though still possible.]

S-O Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of beta-hydroxythioketones,beta-hydroxythioaldehydes, bis(beta-hydroxythioketones),bis(beta-hydroxythioaldehydes), poly(beta-hydroxythioketones), andpoly(beta-hydroxythioaldehydes) (S-O Bidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-OTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:4-hydroxypentan-2-thione; 1,3-diphenyl-3-hydroxypropanethioaldehyde;1,3-dibenzyl-3-hydroxypropanethioaldehyde;1,3-dicyclohexyl-3-hydroxypropanethioaldehyde;1,3-dinorbonyl-3-hydroxypropanethioaldehyde;1,3-di(2-tbienyl)-3-hydroxypropanethioaldehyde;1,3-di(2-furyl)-3-hydroxypropanethioaldehyde; o-hydroxythioacetophenone;and beta-hydroxythiobenzophenone.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #22: Examples of beta-mercaptoketones,beta-mercaptoaldehydes, bis(beta-mercaptoketones),bis(beta-mercaptoaldehydes), poly(beta-mercaptoketones), andpoly(beta-mercaptoaldehydes) (S-O Bidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-OTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:4-mercaptopentan-2-one; 1,3-diphenyl-3-mercaptopropanal;1,3-dibenzyl-3-mercaptopropanal; 1,3-dicyclohexyl-3-mercaptopropanal;1,3-dinorbornyl-3-mercaptopropanal;1,3-di(2-thienyl)-3-mercaptopropanal;1,3-di(2-furyl)-3-mercaptopropanal; 3-mercapto-1,5-pentanedialdehyde;o-mercaptoacetophenone; 5-mercapto-1,4-naphthoquinone;1-mercaptoacridone; 1-mercaptoanthraquinone;1,8-dimercaptoanthraquinone; and beta-mercaptobenzophenone.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #23: Examples of N-(aminomethylol)thioureas[N-(aminohydroxymethyl)thioureas], bis[N-(aminomethylol)thioureas], andpoly[N-(aminomethylol)thioureas] (S-O Bidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-OTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)thiourea;N,N″-dimethyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)thiourea;N,N′-diethyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)thiourea;N,N″-isopropyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)thiourea;N,N″-diphenyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)thiourea;N,N″-dibenzyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)thiourea;N,N″-dicyclohexyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)thiourea; andN,N″-dinorbornyl-N′-(aminohydroxymethyl)thiourea.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #24: Examples of N-(aminomethylthiol)ureas[N-(aminomercaptomethyl)ureas], bis[N-(aminomethylthiol)ureas], andpoly[N-(aminomethylthiol)ureas] (S-O Bidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-OTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)urea;N,N″-dimethyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)urea;N,N′-diethyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)urea;N,N″-isopropyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)urea;N,N″-diphenyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)urea;N,N″-dibenzyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)urea;N,N″-dicyclohexyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)urea; andN,N″-dinorbornyl-N′-(aminomercaptomethyl)urea.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #25: Examples of monothiooxamides,bis(monothiooxamides), and poly(monothiooxamides) (S-O Bidentates, S-OTridentates, S-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: monothiooxamide, N-methylthiooxamide; N-ethylthiooxamide;N-isopropylthiooxamide; N-phenylthiooxamide; N-benzylthiooxamide;N-cyclohexylthiooxamide; N-norbornylthiooxamide;N,N′-dimethylthiooxamide; N,N′-diethylthiooxamide;N,N′-diisopropylthiooxamide; N,N′-diphenylthiooxamide;N,N′-dibenzylthiooxamide; N,N′-dicyclohexylthiooxamide; andN,N′-dinorbornylthiooxamide.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #26: Examples of beta-mercapto carboxylic acids,bis(beta-mercapto carboxylic acids), poly(beta-mercapto carboxylicacids), and derivatives thereof (S-O Bidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-OTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: methyl3-mercaptopropanoate; methyl 3-mercaptobutanoate; ethyl3-mercaptobutanoate; phenyl 3-mercaptobutanoate; cyclohexyl3-mercaptobutanoate; norbornyl 3-mercaptobutanoate; methylbeta-mercaptohydrocinnamate; ethyl beta-mercaptohydrocinnamate; phenylbeta-mercaptohydrocinnamate; methyl o-mercaptobenzoate; ethylo-mercaptobenzoate; phenyl o-mercaptobenzoate; cyclohexylo-mercaptobenzoate; (2-benzothiazolylthio) succinic acid (mtbs);norbornyl o-mercaptobenzoate; and 3-[(benzothiazol-2-yl)thio]propionicacid.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #27: Examples of beta-mercapto thiocarboxylicacids, bis(beta-mercapto thiocarboxylic acids), poly(beta-mercaptothiocarboxylic acids), and derivatives thereof (S-O Bidentates, S-OTridentates, S-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: methyl 3-mercaptothiobutanoate; ethyl 3-mercaptothiobutanoate;phenyl 3-mercaptothiobutanoate; cyclohexyl 3-mercaptothiobutanoate;norbornyl 3-mercaptothiobutano ate; methyl beta-mercaptothiocinnamate;ethyl beta-mercaptothiocinnamate; phenyl beta-mercaptothiocinnamate;methyl o-mercaptothiobenzoate; ethyl o-mercaptothiobenzoate; phenylo-mercaptothioberizoate; cyclohexyl o-mercaptothiobenzoate; norbornylo-mercaptothiobenzoate; and (alkylthio)oxoethyl alkyl(aryl) disulfides.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #28: Examples of beta-hydroxy thiocarboxylicacids, bis(beta-hydroxy thiocarboxylic acids), poly(beta-hydroxythiocarboxylic acids), and derivatives thereof (S-O Bidentates, S-OTridentates, S-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: methyl 3-hydroxythiobutanoate; 35 ethyl 3-hydroxythiobutanoate;phenyl 3-hydroxythiobutanoate; cyclohexyl 3-hydroxythiobutanoate;norbornyl 3-hydroxythiobutanoate; methyl beta-hydroxythiocinnamate;ethyl beta-hydroxythiocinnamate; phenyl beta-hydroxythiocinnamate;methyl o-hydroxythiobenzoate; ethyl o-hydroxythiobenzoate; phenylo-hydroxythiobenzoate; cyclohexyl o-hydroxythiobenzoate; and norbornylo-hydroxythiobenzoate.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #29: Examples of beta-mercapto carboxamides,bis(beta-mercapto carboxamides), poly(beta-mercapto carboxamides), andderivatives thereof (S-O Bidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-O Tetradentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: N-methyl 3-mercaptobutanamide;N-ethyl 3-mercaptobutanamide; N-phenyl 3-mercaptobutanamide;N-cyclohexyl 3-mercaptobutanamide; N-norbornyl 3-mercaptobutanamide;N-methyl o-mercaptobenzamide; N-ethyl o-mercaptobenzamide; N-phenylo-mercaptobenzamide; N-cyclohexyl o-mercaptobenzamide; and N-norbornylomercaptoberizamide.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #30: Examples of S-alkylthiocarboxylic Acids,arylthiocarboxylic Acids, and S,S-thiobiscarboxylic Acids (S-OBidentates and S-O Tndentates) that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: (methylthio)acetic acid; (methylthio)benzoic acid;(methylthio)mcotinic acid; (methylthio)napthoic acid; (phenylthio)aceticacid; (phenylthio)benzoic acid; (phenylthio)naphthoic acid;(norbornylthio)acetic acid; (norbornylthio)benzoic acid;(norbornylthio)napthoic acid; thiobisacetic acid; thiobisbenzoic acid;and thiobisnapthoic acid.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #31: Examples of S-alkyldisulfidocarboxylicacids, S-aryldisulfidocarboxylic acids, and S,S′-disulfidobiscarboxylicacids (S-O Bidentates and S-O Tridentates) that meet the requirementsfor use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but arenot limited to: (methyldisulfido)acetic acid; (methyldisulfldo)benzoicacid; (methyldisulfido)nicotinic acid; (methyldisulfido)napthoic acid;(phenyldisulfido)acetic acid; (phenyldisulfido)benzoic acid;(phenyldisulfido)naphthoic acid; (norbornyldisulfido)acetic acid;(norbornyldisulfido)benzoic acid; (norbornyldisulfido)napthoic acid;S,S′-disulfidobisacetic acid; S,S′-disulfidobisbenzoic acid; andS,S′-disulfidobisnapthoic acid.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #32: Examples of monothiomonocarboxylic acids,dithiodicarboxylic acids, bis(monothiomonocarboxylic acids),bis(dithiodicarboxylic acids), poly(monothiomonocarboxylic acids),poly(dithiodicarboxylic acids), and derivatives thereof (S-O Bidentatesand S-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrowband” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:thioacetic acid; thiopropionic acid; thiobenzoic acid; thiophenylaceticacid; thiocyclohexanoic acid; thiofuroic acid; thionaphthoic acid;phenyl thioacetate; phenyl thiopropionate; phenyl thiobenzoate; phenylthiocyclohexanoate; phenyl thiofuroate; phenyl thionaphthoate;dithiooxalic acid (dto); monothiooxalic acid (mtox); dithiomalonic acid;dithiosuccinic acid; diphenyl dithiooxalate; diphenyl dithiomalonate;and diphenyl dithiosuccinate.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #33: Examples of monothiocarbonates andbis(monothiocarbonates) (S-O Bidentates and S-O Tetradentates) that meetthe requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: S,O-diethyldithiocarbonate;S,O-diisopropyldithiocarbonate; S,O-diphenyldithiocarbonate;S,O-dibenzyldithiocarbonate; S,O-dicyclohexyldithiocarbonate; andS,O-dinorbomyldithiocarbonate.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #34: Examples of monothiocarbazates(monothiocarbazides), bis(monothiocarbazates), andpoly(monothiocarbazates) (S-O Bidentates, S-O Tridentates, and S-OTetradentates; or possibly N-S Bidentates, N-S Tridentates, and N-STetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:N,N′-dimethylmonothiocarbazate;N,N′-di(trifluoromethyl)monothiocarbazate;N,N′-diethylmonothiocarbazate; N,N′-diphenylmonothiocarbazate;N,N′-dibenzylmonothiocarbazate;N,N′-di(pentafluorophenyl)monothiocarbazate;N,N′-dicyclohexylmonothiocarbazate; andN,N′-dinorbornylmonothiocarbazate.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #35: Examples of mercapto alcohols andsilylmercaptoalcohols, bis(mercapto alcohols and silylmercaptoalcohols),and poly(mercapto alcohols and silylmercaptoalcohols) (S-O Bidentates,S-O Tridentates, S-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: 2-mercaptoethanol (mel); 3-mercaptopropanol (mpl);2-mercaptophenol; 2-mercaptocyclohexanol; 3-mercapto-2-norborneol;2-mercaptopyridine 1-oxide; 1,4-thioxane; thiodialkanols;2-(trimethoxysilyl)-1-ethanethiol (tmset);3-(trimethoxysilyl)-1-propanethiol (tmspt); o-hydroxythiophenols;o-(O-hydroxyalkyl(aryl))thiophenols; and o-(S-thioalkyl(aryl))phenols.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #36: Examples of monothiocarbimates,bis(monothiocarbimates), and poly(monothiocarbimates) (S-O Bidentates,S-O Tridentates, and S-O Tetradentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: methylmonothiocarbimate; trifluoromethylmonothiocarbimate;ethylmonothiocarbimate; propylmonothiocarbimate;isopropylmonothiocarbimate; butylmonothiocarbimate;tertbutylmonothiocarbimate; cyanomonothiocarbimate;cyanamidomonothiocarbimate; azidomonothiocarbimate;phenylmonothiocarbimate; pentafluorophenylmonothiocarbimate;benzylmonothiocarbimate; naphthylmonothiocarbimate;cyclohexylmonothiocarbimate; norbornylmonothiocarbimate; andadamantylmonothiocarbimate. [Note: Carbimates tend to stabilize loweroxidation states in metal ions.]

S-O Valence Stabilizer #37: Examples of alkyl- and aryl- monothioboratesand bis(monothioborates) (S-O Bidentates and S-O Tetradentates) thatmeet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers forCo⁺³ include, but are not limited to: O,O′-diethyl monothioborate;O,O′-diisopropyl monothioborate; O,O′-diphenyl monothioborate;O,O′-dibenzyl monothioborate; O,O′-dicyclohexyl monothioborate; andO,O′-dinorbomyl monothioborate.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #38: Examples of alkyl- and aryl-monothioboronates and bis(monothioboronates) (S-O Bidentates and S-OTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: diethylmonothioboronate; diisopropyl monothioboronate; diphenylmonothioboronate; dibenzyl monothioboronate; dicyclohexylmonothioboronate; and dinorbomyl monothioboronate. [Note: boronates tendto stabilize lower oxidation states in metal ions.]

S-O Valence Stabilizer #39: Examples of monothioarsonic acids(arsonothioic acids), bis(monothioarsonic acids), poly(monothioarsonicacids), and derivatives thereof (S-O Bidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-OTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:monothioarsonic acid, O-phenylmonothioarsonic acid,O-benzylmonothioarsonic acid, O-cyclohexylmonothioarsonic acid,O-norbornylmonothioarsonic acid, O,O-diphenylmonothioarsonic acid,O,O-dibenzylmonothioarsonic acid, O,O-dicyclohexylmonothioarsonic acid,and O,O-dinorbornylmonothioarsonic acid.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #40: Examples of heterocyclic rings containingone or two sulfur atoms and having at least one additional oxygen atombinding site not in a ring (S-O Bidentates, S-O Tndentates, S-OTetradentates, or S-O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: 2-thiopheneethanol (2-(2-thienyl)ethanol);2-propionylthiophene (1-(2-thienyl)-1-propanone);N,N′-thiobisphthalimide; 1,1′-thiocarbonyldi-2-pyridone;2-thiopheneacetic acid; 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde;2-thiophenecarboxamide; 2-thiophenecarboxylic acid;2,5-thiophenedicarboxaldehyde; 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid;2-thiophenemethanol; 2-thiophenone; thiotetronic acid; alkyl(aryl)2-thienyl ketones; dithienyl ketone; 1,3-dithiane-2-carboxylic acid; and1,3-dithiolane-2-carboxylic acid.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #41: Examples of heterocyclic rings containingone or two oxygen atoms and having at least one additional sulfur atombinding site not in a ring (S-O Bidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-OTetradentates, or S-O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: 2-furanethanethiol (2-(2-furyl)ethanethiol);1-(2-fuiyl)-1-propanethione); 2-furanthioacetic acid;2-furanthiocarboxaldehyde; 2-furanthiocarboxamide; 2-furanthiocarboxylicacid; 2,5-furandithiocarboxaldehyde; 2,5-furandithiocarboxylic acid;2-furanmethanethiol; 2-furanthione; furfuryl disulfide; furfurylmercaptan; furfuryl sulfide; and furfuryl methyl disulfide.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #42: Examples of heterocyclic rings containingone or two sulfur atoms and having at least one additional oxygen atombinding site in a separate ring (S-O Bidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-OTetradentates, or S-O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: 2-(2-furyl)thiophene; 2,5-(2-furyl)thiophene;2-(2-fiiryl)thiopyran; and 2,5-(2-furyl)thiopyran.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #43: Examples of two-, three-, four-, five-,six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, and ten-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofsulfur (usually thiol, mercapto, or thiocarbonyl groups) or oxygen(hydroxy, carboxy, or carbonyl groups) and are not contained incomponent heterocyclic rings (S-O Bidentates, S-O Tridentates, S-OTetradentates, and S-O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: thiaoxacyclobutane ([4]aneOS); thiaoxacyclopentane([5]aneOS); thiaoxacyclohexane ([6]aneOS); thiaoxacycloheptane([7]aneOS); thiaoxacyclooctane ([8]aneOS); thiaoxacyclobutene([4]eneOS); thiaoxacyclopentene ([5]eneOS); thiaoxacyclohexene([6]eneOS); thiaoxacycloheptene ([7]eneOS); thiaoxacyclooctene([8]eneOS); dithiaoxacyclohexane ([6]aneOS₂); dithiaoxacycloheptane([7]aneOS₂); dithiaoxacyclooctane ([8]aneOS₂); dithiaoxacyclononane([9]aneOS₂); dithiaoxacyclodecane ([10]aneOS₂); dithiaoxacycloundecane([11]aneOS₂); dithiaoxacyclododecane ([12]aneOS₂); dithiaoxacyclohexene([6]aneOS₂); dithiaoxacycloheptene ([7]aneOS₂); dithiaoxacyclooctene([8]aneOS₂); dithiaoxacyclononene ([9]aneOS₂); dithiaoxacyclodecene([10]aneOS₂); dithiaoxacycloundecene ([11]aneOS₂);dithiaoxacyclododecene ([12]aneOS₂); dithiadioxacyclooctane([8]aneO₂S₂); dithiadioxacyclononane ([9]aneO₂S₂);dithiadioxacyclodecane ([10]aneO₂S₂); dithiadioxacycloundecane([11]aneO₂S₂); dithiadioxacyclododecane ([12]aneO₂S₂);dithiadioxacyclotridecane ([13]aneO₂S₂); dithiadioxacyclotetradecane([14]aneO₂S₂); dithiadioxacyclopentadecane ([15]aneO₂S₂);dithiadioxacyclohexadecane ([16]aneO₂S₂); dithiadioxacycloheptadecane([17]aneO₂S₂); dithiadioxacyclooctadecane ([18]aneO₂S₂);dithiadioxacyclononadecane ([19]aneO₂S₂); dithiadioxacycloeicosane([20]aneO₂S₂); dithiadioxacyclooctadiene ([8]dieneO₂S₂);dithiadioxacyclononadiene ([9]dieneO₂S₂); dithiadioxacyclodecadiene([10]dieneO₂S₂); dithiadioxacycloundecadiene ([11]dieneO₂S₂);dithiadioxacyclododecadiene ([12]dieneO₂S₂);dithiadioxacyclotridecadiene ([13]dieneO₂S₂);dithiadioxacyclotetradecadiene ([14]dieneO₂S₂);dithiadioxacyclopentadecadiene ([15]dieneO₂S₂);dithiadioxacyclohexadecadiene ([16]dieneO₂S₂);dithiadioxacycloheptadecadiene ([17]dieneO₂S₂);dithiadioxacyclooctadecadiene ([18]dieneO₂S₂);dithiadioxacyclononadecadiene ([19]dieneO₂S₂); anddithiadioxacycloeicosadiene ([20]dieneO₂S₂).

S-O Valence Stabilizer #44: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-,eight-, nine-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, andmacropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, andsepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur or oxygenand are contained in component heterocyclic rings (S-U Tridentates, S-OTetradentates, or S-U Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: difurandithiophenes; difurantrithiophenes;trifurantrithiophenes; and tetrafurantetrathiophenes.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #45: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-,eight-, nine-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, andmacropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, andsepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur or oxygenand are contained in a combination of heterocyclic rings and thiol,mercapto, thiocarbonyl, hydroxy, carboxy, and carbonyl groups (S-UTridentates, S-U Tetradentates, or S-U Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: dithiadifurandithiophenes;tetrathiadifurandithiophenes; trithiatrifurantrithiophenes;trithiatrifurantrithiophenes; tetrathiatetrafurantetrathiophenes; andoctathiatetrafurantetrathiophenes.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #46: Examples of sulfoxides that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO);diethylsulfoxide; diphenylsulfoxide; and tetrahydrothiophene oxide.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #47: Examples of sulfones that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: dimethyl sulfone; diethyl sulfone; anddiphenyl sulfone.

S-O Valence Stabilizer #48: Examples of sulfur dioxide ligands that meetthe requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: sulfur dioxide (—SO₂) ligands. [Note:Sulfur dioxide is a reducing agent, and complexed metal ions thereforetend to prefer lower oxidation states.]

N-P Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of aminoaryl phosphines andiminoaryl phosphines (N-P Bidentates, N-P Tridentates, and N-PTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:tri(2-aminophenyl)phosphine; tri(2-aminophenyl)phosphine oxide; andtri(2-aminophenyl)phosphine sulfide.

N-P Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of heterocyclic rings containingone, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms and having at least oneadditional phosphorus atom binding site not in a ring (N-P Bidentates,N-P Tridentates, N-P Tetradentates, or N-P Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: tri(2-imidazolyl)phosphine;tri(2-pyrrolyl)phosphine; tri(2-pyridyl)phosphine;tri(2-imidazolyl)phosphine oxide; tri(2-pyrrolyl)phosphine oxide;tri(2-pyridyl)phosphine oxide; tri(2-imidazolyl)phosphine sulfide;tri(2-pyrrolyl)phosphine sulfide; and tri(2-pyridyl)phosphine sulfide.

N-P Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of heterocyclic rings containingone, two, or three phosphorus atoms and having at least one additionalnitrogen atom binding site not in a ring (N-P Bidentates, N-PTridentates, N-P Tetradentates, or N-P Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 2-aminophosphole; 2,5-diaminophosphole;2-(aminomethyl)phosphole; 2,5-di(aminomethyl)phosphole;2-aminophosphorin; 2,6-diaminophosphorin; 2-(aminomethyl)phosphorin;2,6-di(aminomethyl)phosphorin; triaminocyclotriphosphazenes; andhexaminocyclotriphosphazenes.

N-P Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of heterocyclic rings containingone, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms and having at least oneadditional phosphorus atom binding site in a separate ring (N-PBidentates, N-P Tridentates, N-P Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 2-(2-pyrrolyl)phosphole;2,5-di(2-pyrrolyl)phosphole; 2-(2-pyridyl)phosphorin; and2,6-(2-pyridyl)phosphorin.

N-P Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of two-, three-, four-, five-, six-,seven-, eight-, nine-, and ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics,and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, andsepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen(usually amine or imine groups) or phosphorus and are not contained incomponent heterocyclic rings (N-P Bidentates, N-P Tridentates, N-PTetradentates, and N-P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: cyclobiphosphazenes; cyclotriphosphazenes;cyclotetraphosphazenes; cyclopentaphosphazenes; cyclohexaphosphazenes;diphosphatetraazacyclooctatetraenes; diphospha-s-triazines; andphospha-s-triazines.

N-P Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-,eight-, nine-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, andmacropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, andsepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen orphosphorus and are contained in component heterocyclic rings (N-PBidentates, N-P Tridentates, N-P Tetradentates, or N-P Hexadentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: diphospholedipyrroles;diphosphorindipyridines; triphospholetripyrroles;triphosphorintripyridines; tetraphospholetetrapyrroles; andtetraphosphorintetrapyridines.

N-P Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-,eight-, nine-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, andmacropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, andsepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of nitrogen orphosphorus and are contained in a combination of heterocyclic rings andamine, imine, and phosphine groups (N-P Bidentates, N-P Tridentates, N-PTetradentates, or N-P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: azaphosphatetraphyrins; diazadiphosphatetraphyrins;azaphosphahexaphyrins; diazadiphosphahexaphyrins;triazatriphosphahexaphyrins; and apholate.

S-P Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of thioaryl phosphines (S-PBidentates, S-P Tridentates, S-P Tetradentates, and S-P Hexadentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:tri(2-mercaptophenyl)phosphine; tri(2-mercaptophenyl)phosphine oxide;and tri(2-mercaptophenyl)phosphine sulfide.

S-P Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing oneor two sulfur atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atombinding site not in a ring (S-P Bidentates, S-P Tridentates, S-PTetradentates, or S-P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: tri(2-thiophene)phosphine; tri(2-thiopyran)phosphine;tri(2-thiophene)phosphine oxide; tri(2-thiopyran)phosphine oxide;tri(2-thiophene)phosphine sulfide; and tri(2-thiopyran)phosphinesulfide.

S-P Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of heterocyclic rings containingone, two, or three phosphorus atoms and having at least one additionalsulfur atom binding site not in a ring (S-P Bidentates, S-P Tridentates,S-P Tetradentates, or S-P Hexadentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: 2-mercaptophosphole; 2,5-dimercaptophosphole;2-(mercaptomethyl)phosphole; 2,5-di(mercaptomethyl)phosphole;2-mercaptophosphorin; 2,6-dimercaptophosphorin;2-(mercaptomethyl)phosphorin; and 2,6-di(mercaptomethyl)phosphorin.

S-P Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing oneor two sulfur atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atombinding site in a separate ring (S-P Bidentates, S-P Tridentates, S-PTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:2-(2-thienyl)phosphole; 2,5-di(2-thienyl)phosphole;2-(2-thienyl)phosphorin; and 2,6-(2-thienyl)phosphorin.

S-P Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of two-, three-, four-, five-, six-,seven-, eight-, nine-, and ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics,and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, andsepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur (usuallythiol, mercapto, or thiocarbonyl groups) or phosphorus and are notcontained in component heterocyclic rings (S-P Bidentates, S-PTridentates, S-P Tetradentates, and S-P Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: phosphathiacyclobutane ([4]anePS);phosphathiacyclopentane ([5]anePS); phosphathiacyclohexane ([6]anePS);phosphathiacycloheptane ([7]anePS); phosphathiacyclooctane ([8]anePS);diphosphathiacyclohexane ([6]aneSP₂); diphosphathiacycloheptane([7]aneSP₂); diphosphathiacyclooctane ([8]aneSP₂);diphosphathiacyclononane ([9]aneSP₂); diphosphathiacyclodecane([10]aneSP₂); diphosphathiacycloundecane ([11]aneSP₂);diphosphathiacyclododecane ([12]aneSP₂); diphosphadithiacyclooctane([8]aneS₂P₂); diphosphadithiacyclononane ([9]aneS₂P₂);diphosphadithiacyclodecane ([10]aneS₂P₂); diphosphadithiacycloundecane([11]aneS₂P₂); diphosphadithiacyclododecane ([12]aneS₂P₂);diphosphadithiacyclotridecane ([13]aneS₂P₂);diphosphadithiacyclotetradecane ([14]aneS₂P₂);diphosphadithiacyclopentadecane ([15]aneS₂P₂);diphosphadithiacyclohexadecane ([16]aneS₂P₂);diphosphadithiacycloheptadecane ([17]aneS₂P₂);diphosphadithiacyclooctadecane ([18]aneS₂P₂);diphosphadithiacyclononadecane ([19]aneS₂P₂);diphosphadithiacycloeicosane ([20]aneS₂P₂).

S-P Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-,eight-, nine-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, andmacropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptancis, cyclidenes, andsepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur orphosphorus and are contained in component heterocyclic rings (S-PBidentates, S-P Tridentates, S-P Tetradentates, or S-P Hexadentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: diphospholedithiophenes;diphosphorindithiopyrans; triphospholetrithiophenes;triphosphorintrithiopyrans; tetraphospholetetrathiophenes; andtetraphosphorintetrathiopyrans.

S-P Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-,eight-, nine-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, andmacropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, andsepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of sulfur orphosphorus and are contained in a combination of heterocyclic rings andthiol, mercapto, thiocarbonyl, and phosphine groups (S-P Bidentates, S-PTridentates, S-P Tetradentates, or S-P Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: thiaphosphatetraphyrins;dithiadiphosphatetraphyrins; thiaphosphahexaphyrins;dithiadiphosphahexaphyrins; and trithiatriphosphahexaphyrins.

P-O Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of hydroxyaryl phosphines (P-OBidentates, P-O Tridentates, P-O Tetradentates, and P-O Hexadentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: tri(2-hydroxyphenyl)phosphine;tri(2-hydroxyphenyl)phosphine oxide; and tri(2-hydroxyphenyl)phosphinesulfide.

P-O Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing oneor two oxygen atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atombinding site not in a ring (P-O Bidentates, P-O Tridentates, P-OTetradentates, or P-O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: tri(2-furan)phosphine; tri(2-pyran)phosphine;tri(2-furan)phosphine oxide; tn(2-pyran)phosphine oxide;tri(2-furan)phosphine sulfide; and tri(2-pyran)phosphine sulfide.

P-O Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of heterocyclic rings containingone, two, or three phosphorus atoms and having at least one additionaloxygen atom binding site not in a ring (P-O Bidentates, P-O Tridentates,P-O Tetradentates, or P-O Hexadentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: 2-hydroxyphosphole; 2,5-dihydroxyphosphole;2-(hydroxymethyl)phosphole; 2,5-di(hydroxymethyl)phosphole;2-hydroxyphosphorin; 2,6-dihydroxyphosphorin;2-(hydroxymethyl)phosphorin; and 2,6-di(hydroxymethyl)phosphorin.

P-O Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of heterocyclic rings containing oneor two oxygen atoms and having at least one additional phosphorus atombinding site in a separate ring (P-O Bidentates, P-O Tridentates, P-UTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:2-(2-furyl)phosphole; 2,5-di(2-furyl)phosphole; 2-(2-furyl)phosphorin;and 2,6-(2-furyl)phosphorin.

P-O Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of two-, three-, four-, five-, six-,seven-, eight-, nine-, and ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics,and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, andsepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of oxygen (usuallyhydroxy, carboxy, or carbonyl groups) or phosphorus and are notcontained in component heterocyclic rings (P-O Bidentates, P-OTridentates, P-O Tetradentates, and P-O Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: phosphaoxacyclobutane ([4]anePO);phosphaoxacyclopentane ([5]anePO); phosphaoxacyclohexane ([6]anePO);phosphaoxacycloheptane ([7]anePO); phosphaoxacyclooctane ([8]anePO);diphosphaoxacyclohexane ([6]aneOP₂); diphosphaoxacycloheptane([7]aneOP₂); diphosphaoxacyclooctane ([8]aneOP₂);diphosphaoxacyclononane ([9]aneOP₂); diphosphaoxacyclodecane([10]aneOP₂); diphosphaoxacycloundecane ([11]aneOP₂);diphosphaoxacyclododecane ([12]aneOP₂); diphosphadioxacyclooctane([8]aneO₂P₂); diphosphadioxacyclononane ([9]aneO₂P₂);diphosphadioxacyclodecane ([10]aneO₂P₂); diphosphadioxacycloundecane([11]aneO₂P₂); diphosphadioxacyclododecane ([12]aneO₂P₂);diphosphadioxacyclotridecane ([13]aneO₂P₂);diphosphadioxacyclotetradecane ([14]aneO₂P₂);diphosphadioxacyclopentadecane ([15]aneO₂P₂);diphosphadioxacyclohexadecane ([16]aneO₂P₂);diphosphadioxacycloheptadecane ([17]aneO₂P₂);diphosphadioxacyclooctadecane ([18]aneO₂P₂);diphosphadioxacyclononadecane ([19]aneO₂P₂); diphosphadioxacycloeicosane([20]aneO₂P₂); and dioxaphospholane.

P-O Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-,eight-, nine-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, andmacropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, andsepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of oxygen orphosphorus and are contained in component heterocyclic rings (P-OBidentates, P-O Tridentates, P-O Tetradentates, or P-O Hexadentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: diphospholedifurans;diphosphorindipyrans; triphospholetrifurans; triphosphorintripyrans;tetrapho spholetetrafurans; and tetraphosphorintetrapyrans.

P-O Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of four-, five-, six-, seven-,eight-, nine-, or ten-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, andmacropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, andsepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed of oxygen orphosphorus and are contained in a combination of heterocyclic rings andhydroxy, carboxy, carbonyl, and phosphine groups (P-O Bidentates, P-OTridentates, P-O Tetradentates, or P-O Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: oxaphosphatetraphyrins;dioxadiphosphatetraphyrins; oxaphosphahexaphyrins;dioxadiphosphahexaphyrins; and trioxatriphosphahexaphyrins.

As Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of mono arsines (As Monodentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: arsine, triphenylarsine,ticyclohexylarsine, methyldiphenylarsine, ethyldiphenylarsine,arsinonorbomane, and arsinoadamantane.

As Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of diarsines (As Monodentates orAs-As Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:bis(diphenylarsino)methane, bis(diphenylarsino)ethane,bis(diphenylarsino)propane, bis(diphenylarsino)butane,bis(diphenylarsino)pentane, 1,2-diarsinobenzene,cyclohexane-1,2-diarsine, 1,2-bis(phenylbutylarsino)ethane,o-phenylenebis(methylphenylarsine) and o-phenylenebis(dimethylarsine)(diars). (Note: the aryl derivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkylderivatives are air-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for theseapplications.)

As Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of triarsines (As-As Bidentates, orAs-As Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:1,1,5,9,9-pentaphenyl-1,5,9-triarsanonane,3-methyl-3-(As,As-dimethyl)arsinomethyl-1,1,5,5-tetraphenyl-1,5-diarsapentane,As,As-[o-(As-dimethyl)arsinodiphenyl]-(As-phenyl)arsine,As,As-[o-(As-diphenyl)arsinodiphenyl]-(As-phenyl)arsine,hexahydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,5-triarsinazine. (Note: the arylderivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkyl derivatives areair-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for these applications.)

As Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of tetraarsines (As-As Bidentates,As-As Tridentates, or As-As Tetradentates) that meet the requirementsfor use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but arenot limited to:3,3-(As-diphenyl)arsinomethyl-1,1,5,5-tetraphenyl-1,5-diarsapentane.(Note: the aryl derivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkylderivatives are air-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for theseapplications.)

As Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of pentaarsines (As-As Bidentates,As-As Tridentates, or As-As Tetradentates) that meet the requirementsfor use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but arenot limited to:4-[2-(As-diphenyl)arsinoethyl]-1,1,7,10,10-pentaphenyl-1,4,7,10-tetraarsadecane.(Note: the aryl derivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkylderivatives are air-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for theseapplications.)

As Valence Stabilizer #6: Examples of hexaarsines (As-As Bidentates,As-As Tridentates, As-As Tetradentates, or As-As Hexadentates) that meetthe requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to:o-phenylenebis[di-3-(As-diphenyl)arsinopropylarsine]. (Note: the arylderivatives are air-stable, whereas the alkyl derivatives areair-sensitive and therefore unsuitable for these applications.)

As Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one arsenic atom (As Monodentates) that meet the requirementsfor use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but arenot limited to: arsole, azarsole, diazarsole, benzarsole, benzazarsole,dibenzarsole, naphtharsole, naphthazarsole.

As Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one arsenic atom (As Monodentates) that meet the requirementsfor use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but arenot limited to: arsenin, azarsenin, diazarsenin, benzarsenin,benzazarsenin, dibenzarsenin, naphtharsenin, and naphthazarsenin.

As Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one arsenic atom and having at least one additional arsenicatom binding site not contained in a ring (As Monodentates, As-AsBidentates, As-As Tridentates, As-As Tetradentates, or As-AsHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:2-(As-phenylarsino)arsole; 2,5-(As-phenylarsino)arsole;2-(As-phenylarsino)benzarsole; 7-(As-phenylarsino)benzarsole; and1,8-(As-phenylarsino)dibenzarsole.

As Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one arsenic atom and having at least one additional arsenicatom binding site not contained in a ring (As Monodentates, As-AsBidentates, As-As Tridentates, As-As Tetradentates, or As-AsHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:2-(As-phenylarsino)arsenin; 2,5-(As-phenylarsino)arsenin;2-(As-phenylarsino)benzarsenin; 7-(As-phenylarsino)benzarsenin; and1,9-(As-phenylarsino)dibenzarsenin.

As Valence Stabilizer #11: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one arsenic atom and having at least one additional arsenicatom binding site contained in a ring (As Monodentates, As-AsBidentates, As-As Tridentates, As-As Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 2,2′ -biarsole; 2,2′,2″-triarsole; and2,2′-bibenzarsole.

As Valence Stabilizer #12: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one arsenic atom and having at least one additional arsenicatom binding site contained in a ring (As Monodentates, As-AsBidentates, As-As Tridentates, As-As Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-biarsenin; 2,2′,2″-triarsenin;2,2′,2″,2′″-tetraarsenin; 2,2′-bibenzarsenin; and 8,8′-bibenzarsenin.

As Valence Stabilizer #13a: Examples of two-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein both binding sites are composed ofarsenic and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (As-AsBidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:As,As-diphenyldiarsacyclobutane ([4]aneAs₂);As,As-diphenyldiarsacyclopentane ([5]aneAs₂);As,As-diphenyldiarsacyclohexane ([6]aneAs₂);As,As-diphenyldiarsacycloheptane ([7]aneAs₂);As,As-diphenyldiarsacyclooctane ([8]aneAs₂);As,As-diphenyldiarsacyclobutene ([4]eneAs₂);As,As-diphenyldiarsacyclopentene ([5]eneAs₂);As,As-diphenyldiarsacyclohexene ([6]eneAs₂);As,As-diphenyldiarsacycloheptene ([7]eneAs₂); andAs,As-cliphenyldiarsacyclooctene ([8]eneAs₂).

As Valence Stabilizer #13b: Examples of three-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofarsenic and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (As-AsTridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclohexane ([6]aneAs₃);As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacycloheptane ([7]aneAs₃);As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclooctane ([8]aneAs₃);As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclononane ([9]aneAs₃);As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclodecane ([10]aneAs₃);As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacycloundecane ([11]aneAs₃);As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclododecane ([12]aneAs₃);As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclohexatriene ([6]trieneAs₃);As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacycloheptatriene ([7]trieneAs₃);As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclooctatriene ([8]trieneAs₃);As,As,As-triphenyltri arsacyclononatriene ([9]trieneAs₃);As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclodecatriene ([10]trieneAs₃);As,As,As-triphenyltriarsacycloundecatriene ([11]trieneAs₃); andAs,As,As-triphenyltriarsacyclododecatriene ([12]trieneAs₃).

As Valence Stabilizer #13c: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofarsenic and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (As-AsTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclooctane ([8]aneAs₄);As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclononane ([9]aneAs₄);As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclodecane ([10]aneAs₄);As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacycloundecane ([11]aneAs₄);As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclododecane ([12]aneAs₄);As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclotridecane ([13]aneAs₄);As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclotetradecane ([14]aneAs₄);As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclopentadecane ([15]aneAs₄);As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclohexadecane ([16]aneAs₄);As,As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacycloheptadecane ([17]aneAs₄);As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclooctadecane ([18]aneAs₄);As,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacyclononadecane ([19]aneAs₄); andAs,As,As,As-tetraphenyltetraarsacycloeicosane ([20]aneAs₄).

As Valence Stabilizer #13d: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofarsenic and are not contained in component heterocyclic rings (As-AsTridentates, As-As Tetradentates, or As-As Hexadentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to:As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclododecane ([12]aneAs₆);As-As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclotridecane ([13]aneAs₆);As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclotetradecane ([14]aneAs₆);As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclopentadecane ([15]aneAs₆);As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclohexadecane ([16]aneAs₆);As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacycloheptadecane ([17]aneAs₆);As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclooctadecane ([18]aneAs₆);As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclononadecane ([19]aneAs₆);As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacycloeicosane ([20]aneAs₆);As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacycloheneicosane ([21]aneAs₆);As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclodocosane ([22]aneAs₆);As,As,As,As,As,As-hexaphenylhexaarsacyclotricosane ([23]aneAs₆); andhexaphenylhexaarsacyclotetracosane ([24]aneAs₆).

Valence Stabilizer #14a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites arecomposed of arsenic and are contained in component 5-memberedheterocyclic rings (As-As Tetradentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: tetraarsoles.

As Valence Stabilizer #14b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composedof arsenic and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings(As-As Tetradentates and As-As Hexadentates) that meet the requirementsfor use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but arenot limited to: hexaarsoles.

As Valence Stabilizer #15a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites arecomposed of arsenic and are contained in a combination of 5-memberedheterocyclic rings and arsine groups (As-As Tridentates, As-AsTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:diarsatetraarsoles; and tetraarsatetraarsoles.

As Valence Stabilizer #15b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composedof arsenic and are contained in a combination of 5-membered heterocyclicrings and phosphine groups (As-As Tridentates, As-As Tetradentates, andAs-As Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:diarsahexaarsoles; and triarsahexaarsoles.

As Valence Stabilizer #16a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites arecomposed of arsenic and are contained in component 6-memberedheterocyclic rings (As-As Tetradentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺3 include, but are notlimited to: cyclotetraarsenins.

As Valence Stabilizer #16b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composedof arsenic and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings(As-As Tridentates, As-As Tetradentates, and As-As Hexadentates) thatmeet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers forCo⁺³ include, but are not limited to: cyclohexaarsenins.

As Valence Stabilizer #17a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites arecomposed of arsenic and are contained in a combination of 6-memberedheterocyclic rings and arsine groups (As-As Tridentates, As-AsTetradentates, or As-As Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: diarsacyclotetraarsenins; and tetraarsacyclotetraarsenins.

As Valence Stabilizer #17b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composedof arsenic and are contained in a combination of 6-membered heterocyclicrings and arsine groups (As-As Tridentates, As-As Tetradentates, orAs-As Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:diarsacyclohexaarsenins; and triarsacyclohexaarsenins.

Se Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of monoselenoethers (Se Monodentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: hydrogen selenide, dimethylselenide, diethyl selenide, dioctyl selenide, diphenyl selenide,dicyclohexyl selenide, tetramethylene selenide, trimethylene selenide,dimethylene selenide, and selenobicycloheptane. Se Valence Stabilizer#2: Examples of diselenoethers (Se Bidentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 2,5-dimethyl-3,6-diselenaoctane;2,5-diselenahexane; 2,6-diselenaheptane; 3,7-diselenanonane;3,6-diselenaoctane; 3-butenyl butyl selenoether (bbs); 4-pentenyl butylselenoether (pbs); 3-butenyl phenyl selenoether (bps); and 4-pentenylphenyl selenoether (pps).

Se Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of triselenoethers (Se Bidentates orSe Tridentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺3 include, but are not limited to:1,3,5-triselenane; 2,5,8-triselenanonane; 3,6,9-triselenaundecane; and2,6,10-triselenaundecane.

Se Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of tetraselenoethers (Se Bidentates,Se Tridentates, or Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for useas “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: 2,6,10,14-tetraselenapentadecane and2,5,8,11-tetraselenadodecane.

Se Valence Stabilizer #5a: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one selenium atom (Se Monodentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: dihydroselenophene, selenophene,selenazole, selenapyrroline, selenaphospholene, selenaphosphole,oxaselenole, selenadiazole, selenatriazole, benzodihydroselenophene,benzoselenophene, benzoselenazole, benzoselenaphosphole,dibenzoselenophene, and naphthoselenophene.

Se Valence Stabilizer #5b: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining two selenium atoms (Se Monodentates or Se Bidentates) thatmeet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers forCo⁺³ include, but are not limited to: diselenole, benzodiselenole, andnaphthodiselenole.

Se Valence Stabilizer #6a: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one selenium atom (Se Monodentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: dihydroselenopyran, selenopyran,selenazine, selenadiazine, selenaphosphorin, selenadiphosphorin,oxaselenin, benzoselenopyran, dibenzoselenopyran, andnaphthoselenopyran.

Se Valence Stabilizer #6b: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining two selenium atoms (Se Monodentates or Se Bidentates) thatmeet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers forCo⁺³ include, but are not limited to: dihydrodiselenin, diselenin,benzodiselenin, dibenzodiselenin, and naphthodiselenin.

Se Valence Stabilizer #7: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one selenium atom and having at least one additional seleniumatom binding site not contained in a ring (Se Monodentates, Se-SeBidentates, Se-Se Tridentates, Se-Se Tetradentates, or Se-SeHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:2,5-diseleno-2,5-dihydroselenophene;2,5-bis(selenomethyl)-2,5-dihydroselenophene;2,5-bis(2-selenophenyl)-2,5-dihydroselenophene;2,5-diseleno(selenophene); 2,5-bis(selenomethyl)selenophene;2,5-bis(2-selenophenyl)selenophene; 2,5-diseleno(selenazole);2,5-bis(selenomethyl)selenazole; 2,5-bis(2-selenophenyl)selenazole; and2,5-diseleno-1,3,4-selenadiazole [bismuthselenol].

Se Valence Stabilizer #8: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one selenium atom and having at least one additional seleniumatom binding site not contained in a ring (Se Monodentates, Se-SeBidentates, Se-Se Tridentates, Se-Se Tetradentates, or Se-SeHexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:2,6-diseleno-2,5-dihydroselenopyran;2,6-bis(selenomethyl)-2,5-dihydroselenopyran;2,6-bis(2-selenophenyl)-2,5-dihydroselenopyran;2,6-diseleno(selenopyran); 2,6-bis(selenomethyl)selenopyran;2,6-bis(2-selenophenyl)selenopyran; 2,6-diseleno(selenazine);2,6-bis(selenomethyl)selenazine; 2,6-bis(2-selenophenyl)selenazine;2,6-diseleno-1,3,5-selenadiazine; 2-seleno-1-benzoselenopyran;8-seleno-1-benzoselenopyran; and 1,9-diselenodibenzoselenopyran.

Se Valence Stabilizer #9: Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one selenium atom and having at least one additional seleniumatom binding site contained in a ring (Se Monodentates, Se-SeBidentates, Se-Se Tridentates, Se-Se Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-2,5-dihydroselenophene;2,2′,2″-tri-2,5-dihydroselenophene; 2,2′-biselenophene;2,2′,2″-triselenophene; 2,2′-biselenazole; 5,5′-biselenazole;2,2′-bi-4-1,3,4-selenadiazole; 2,2′-biselenanaphthene;2,2′-bibenzoselenazole; and 1,1′-bis(dibenzoselenophene).

Se Valence Stabilizer #10: Examples of 6-membered heterocyclic ringscontaining one selenium atom and having at least one additional seleniumatom binding site contained in a ring (Se Monodentates, Se-SeBidentates, Se-Se Tridentates, Se-Se Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: 2,2′-bi-2,5-dihydroselenopyran;2,2′,2″-tri-2,5-dihydroselenopyran; 2,2′-biselenopyran;2,2′,2″-triselenopyran; 2,2′-bi-1,4-selenazine;2,2′-bi-1,3,5-selenadiazine; 2,2′-bi-1-benzoselenopyran; and1,1′-bis(dibenzoselenopyran). Se Valence Stabilizer #11a: Examples oftwo-membered macrocyclics, macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics(including catapinands, cryptands, cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) whereinboth binding sites are composed of selenium (usually selenol orselenoether groups) and are not contained in component heterocyclicrings (Se-Se Bidentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrowband” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:diselenacyclobutane ([4]aneSe₂); diselenacyclopentane ([5]aneSe₂);diselenacyclohexane ([6]aneSe₂); diselenacycloheptane ([7]aneSe₂);diselenacyclooctane ([8]aneSe₂); diselenacyclobutene ([4]eneSe₂);diselenacyclopentene ([5]eneSe₂); diselenacyclohexene ([6]eneSe₂);diselenacycloheptene ([7]eneSe₂); diselenacyclooctene ([8]eneSe₂);diselenacyclobutadiene ([4]dieneSe₂); diselenacyclopentadiene([5]dieneSe₂); diselenacyclohexadiene ([6]dieneSe₂);diselenacycloheptadiene ([7]dieneSe₂); and diselenacyclooctadiene([8]dieneSe₂).

Se Valence Stabilizer #11b: Examples of three-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofselenium (usually selenol or selenoether groups) and are not containedin component heterocyclic rings (Se-Se Tridentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: triselenacyclohexane ([6]aneSe₃);triselenacycloheptane ([7]aneSe₃); triselenacyclooctane ([8]aneSe₃);triselenacyclononane ([9]aneSe₃); triselenacyclodecane ([10]aneSe₃);triselenacycloundecane ([11]aneSe₃); triselenacyclododecane([12]aneSe₃); triselenacyclohexene ([6]eneSe₃); triselenacycloheptene([7]eneSe₃); triselenacyclooctene ([8]eneSe₃); triselenacyclononene([9]eneSe₃); triselenacyclodecene ([10]eneSe₃); triselenacycloundecene([11]eneSe₃); triselenacyclododecene ([12]eneSe₃);triselenacyclohexatriene ([6]trieneSe₃); triselenacycloheptatriene([7]trieneSe₃); triselenacyclooctatriene ([8]trieneSe₃);triselenacyclononatriene ([9]trieneSe₃); triselenacyclodecatriene([10]trieneSe₃); triselenacycloundecatriene ([11]trieneSe₃); andtriselenacyclododecatriene ([12]trieneSe₃).

Se Valence Stabilizer #11c: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofselenium (usually selenol or selenoether groups) and are not containedin component heterocyclic rings (Se-Se Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: tetraselenacyclooctane ([8]aneSe₄);tetraselenacyclononane ([9]aneSe₄); tetraselenacyclodecane ([10]aneSe₄);tetraselenacycloundecane ([11]aneSe₄); tetraselenacyclododecane([12]aneSe₄); tetraselenacyclotridecane ([13]aneSe₄);tetraselenacyclotetradecane ([14]aneSe₄); tetraselenacyclopentadecane([15]aneSe₄); tetraselenacyclohexadecane ([16]aneSe₄);tetraselenacycloheptadecane ([17]aneSe₄); tetraselenacyclooctadecane([18]aneSe₄); tetraselenacyclononadecane ([19]aneSe₄);tetraselenacycloeicosane ([20]aneSe₄); tetraselenacyclooctadiene([8]dieneSe₄); tetraselenacyclononadiene ([9]dieneSe₄);tetraselenacyclodecadiene ([10]dieneSe₄); tetraselenacycloundecadiene([11]dieneSe₄); tetraselenacyclododecadiene ([12]dieneSe₄);tetraselenacyclotridecadiene ([13]dieneSe₄);tetraselenacyclotetradecadiene ([14]dieneSe₄);tetraselenacyclopentadecadiene ([15]dieneSe₄);tetraselenacyclohexadecadiene ([16]dieneSe₄);tetraselenacycloheptadecadiene ([17]dieneSe₄);tetraselenacyclooctadecadiene ([18]dieneSe₄);tetraselenacyclononadecadiene ([19]dieneSe₄);tetraselenacycloeicosadiene ([20]dieneSe₄);tetraselenacyclooctatetradiene ([8]tetradieneSe₄);tetraselenacyclononatetradiene ([9]tetradieneSe₄);tetraselenacyclodecatetradiene ([10]tetradieneSe₄); andtetraselenacycloundecatetradiene ([11]tetradieneSe₄).

Se Valence Stabilizer #11d: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all binding sites are composed ofselenium (usually selenol or selenoether groups) and are not containedin component heterocyclic rings (Se-Se Tridentates, Se-Se Tetradentates,or Se-Se Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrowband” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:hexaselenacyclododecane ([12]aneSe₆); hexaselenacyclotridecane([13]aneSe₆); hexaselenacyclotetradecane ([14]aneSe₆);hexaselenacyclopentadecane ([15]aneSe₆); hexaselenacyclohexadecane([16]aneSe₆); hexaselenacycloheptadecane ([17]aneSe₆);hexaselenacyclooctadecane ([18]aneSe₆); hexaselenacyclononadecane([19]aneSe₆); hexaselenacycloeicosane ([20]aneSe₆);hexaselenacycloheneicosane ([21]aneSe₆); hexaselenacyclodocosane([22]aneSe₆); hexaselenacyclotricosane ([23]aneSe₆);hexaselenacyclotetracosane ([24]aneSe₆); hexaselenacyclododecatriene([12]trieneSe₆); hexaselenacyclotridecatriene ([13]trieneSe₆);hexaselenacyclotetradecatriene ([14]trieneSe₆);hexaselenacyclopentadecatriene ([15]trieneSe₆;hexaselenacyclohexadecatriene ([16]trieneSe₆);hexaselenacycloheptadecatriene ([17]trieneSe₆); andhexaselenacyclooctadecatriene ([18]trieneSe₆).

Se Valence Stabilizer #12a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites arecomposed of selenium and are contained in component 5-memberedheterocyclic rings (Se-Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: tetraselenophenes; tetraselenaphospholes; tetraoxaselenoles;and tetradiselenoles.

Se Valence Stabilizer #12b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composedof selenium and are contained in component 5-membered heterocyclic rings(Se-Se Tridentates or Se-Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirementsfor use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but arenot limited to: hexaselenophenes; hexaselenaphospholes;hexaoxaselenoles; and hexadiselenoles.

Se Valence Stabilizer #13a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulcbrates) wherein all four binding sites arecomposed of selenium and are contained in a combination of 5-memberedheterocyclic rings and selenol and selenoether groups (Se-SeTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:diselenatetraselenophenes; tetrasel enatetraselenophenes;diselenatetradiselenoles; and tetraselenatetradiselenoles.

Se Valence Stabilizer #13b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composedof selenium and are contained in a combination of 5-memberedheterocyclic rings and selenol or selenoether groups (Se-Se Tridentatesor Se-Se Hexadentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrowband” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:diselenahexaselenophenes; and triselenahexaselenophenes.

Se Valence Stabilizer #14a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites arecomposed of selenium and are contained in component 6-memberedheterocyclic rings (Se-Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: tetraselenopyrans; tetraselenaphosphorins;tetraselenadiphosphorins; tetraoxaselenins; and tetradiselenins.

Se Valence Stabilizer #14b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composedof selenium and are contained in component 6-membered heterocyclic rings(Se-Se Tridentates or Se-Se Hexadentates) that meet the requirements foruse as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are notlimited to: hexaselenopyrans; hexaselenaphosphorins;hexaselenadiphosphorins; hexaoxaselenins; and hexadiselenins.

Se Valence Stabilizer #15a: Examples of four-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all four binding sites arecomposed of selenium and are contained in a combination of 6-memberedheterocyclic rings and selenol or selenoether groups (Se-SeTetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:diselenatetraselenopyrans; tetraselenatetraselenopyrans;diselenatetraselenaphosphorins; tetraselenatetraselenaphosphorins;diselenatetraoxaselenins; tetraselenatetraoxaselenins;diselenatetradiselenins; and tetraselenatetradiselenins.

Se Valence Stabilizer #15b: Examples of six-membered macrocyclics,macrobicyclics, and macropolycyclics (including catapinands, cryptands,cyclidenes, and sepulchrates) wherein all six binding sites are composedof selenium and are contained in a combination of 6-memberedheterocyclic rings and selenol or selenoether groups (Se-Se Tridentates,Se-Se Tetradentates, or Se-Se Hexadentates) that meet the requirementsfor use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but arenot limited to: diselenahexaselenopyrans; triselenahexaselenopyrans;diselenahexaselenaphosphorins; triselenahexaselenaphosphorins;diselenahexaoxaselenins; triselenahexaoxaselenins;diselenahexadiselenins; and triselenahexadiselenins.

Se Valence Stabilizer #16: Examples of 1,3-diselenoketones(diseleno-beta-ketonates), 1,3,5-triselenoketones,bis(1,3-diselenoketones), and poly(1,3-diselenoketones) (Se-SeBidentates, Se-Se Tridentates, Se-Se Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: hexafluoropentanediselenone;1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanediselenone; selenobenzoylselenopinacolone;diselenocyclohexoylmethane; diphenylpentanetriselenoate;tetramethylnonanetriselenoate; hexafluoroheptanetriselenoate;trifluoroheptanetriselenoate; 1-(2-thienyl)-1,3-butanediselenone,1-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-butanediselenone, andtrifluoroselenoacetylselenocamphor.

Se Valence Stabilizer #17: Examples of 1,1-diselenolates,bis(1,1-diselenolates), and poly(1,1-diselenolates) (Se-Se Bidentatesand Se-Se Tetradentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrowband” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:1,1-dicyano-2,2-ethylene diselenolate; 1,1-dicarboalkoxy-2,2-ethylenediselenolate; 1,1-di(trifluoromethyl)-2,2-ethylene diselenolate;1,1-di(pentafluorophenyl)-2,2-ethylene diselenolate;1-pentamethylene-2,2-ethylene diselenolate; and 1-nitroethylenediselenolate.

Se Valence Stabilizer #18: Examples of diselenocarbamates,bis(diselenocarbamates), and poly(diselenocarbamates) (includingN-hydroxydiselenocarbamates and N-mercaptodiselenocarbamates) (Se-SeBidentates, Se-Se Tridentates, and Se-Se Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: dimethyldiselenocarbamate;di(trifluorodimethyl)diselenocarbamate; diethyldiselenocarbamate;dipropyldiselenocarbamate; diisopropyldiselenocarbamate;dibutyldiselenocarbamate; ditertbutyldiselenocarbamate;dicyanamidodiselenocarbamate; azidoselenoformates;diphenyldiselenocarbamate; di(pentafluorophenyl)diselenocarbamate;dibenzyldiselenocarbamate; dinaphthyldiselenocarbamate;dicyclohexyldiselenocarbamate; dinorbornyldiselenocarbamate;diadamantyldiselenocarbamate; pyrrolidinodiselenocarbamate;piperidinodiselenocarbamate; morpholinodiselenocarbamate;thiamorpholinodiselenocarbamate; 3-pyrrolinodiselenocarbamate;pyrrolodiselenocarbamate; oxazolodiselenocarbamate;isoxazolodiselenocarbamate; thiazolodiselenocarbamate;isothiazolodiselenocarbamate; indolodiselenocarbamate;carbazolodiselenocarbamate; pyrazolinodiselenocarbamate;imidazolinodiselenocarbamate; pyrazolodiselenocarbamate;imidazolodiselenocarbamate; indazolodiselenocarbamate; andtriazolodiselenocarbamate.

Se Valence Stabilizer #19: Examples of triselenophosphoric acids(phosphorotriselenoic acids), bis(triselenophosphoric acids),poly(triselenophosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (Se-SeBidentates, Se-Se Tridentates, Se-Se Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: triselenophosphoric acid,O-phenyltriselenophosphoric acid, O-benzyltriselenophosphoric acid,O-cyclohexyltriselenophosphoric acid, O-norbornyltriselenopho sphoricacid, O,Se-diphenyltriselenophosphoric acid,O,Se-dibenzyltriselenophosphoric acid,O,Se-dicyclohexyltriselenophosphoric acid, andO,Se-dinorbornyltriselenophosphoric acid.

Se Valence Stabilizer #20: Examples of diselenophosphoric acids(phosphorodiselenoic acids), bis(diselenophosphoric acids),poly(diselenophosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (Se-SeBidentates, Se-Se Tridentates, Se-Se Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: diselenophosphoric acid,O-phenyldiselenophosphoric acid, O-benzyldiselenophosphoric acid,O-cyclohexyldiselenophosphoric acid, O-norbomyldiselenophosphoric acid,O,O-diphenyldiselenophosphoric acid, O,O-dibenzyldiselenophosphoricacid, O,O-dicyclohexyldiselenophosphoric acid, andO,O-dinorbornyldiselenophosphoric acid.

Se Valence Stabilizer #21: Examples of tetraselenophosphoric acids(phosphorotetraselenoic acids), bis(tetraselenophosphoric acids),poly(tetraselenophosphoric acids), and derivatives thereof (Se-SeBidentates, Se-Se Tridentates, Se-Se Tetradentates) that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: tetraselenophosphoric acid,Se-phenyltetraselenophosphoric acid, Se-benzyltetraselenophosphoricacid, Se-cyclohexyltetraselenophosphoric acid,Se-norbornyltetraselenophosphoric acid,Se,Se-diphenyltetraselenophosphoric acid,Se,Se-dibenzyltetraselenophosphoric acid,Se,Se-dicyclohexyltetraselenophosphoric acid, andSe,Se-dinorbornyltetraselenophosphoric acid.

Se Valence Stabilizer #22: Examples of diselenocarbonates,triselenocarbonates, bis(diselenocarbonates), andbis(triselenocarbonates), (Se-Se Bidentates and S-S Tetradentates) thatmeet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers forCo⁺³ include, but are not limited to: Se,Se-diethyldiselenocarbonate;Se,Se-diisopropyldiselenocarbonate; Se,Se-diphenyldiselenocarbonate;Se,Se-dibenzyldiselenocarbonate; Se,Se-dicyclohexyldiselenocarbonate;Se,Se-dinorbornyldiselenocarbonate; diethyltriselenocarbonate;diisopropyltriselenocarbonate; diphenyltriselenocarbonate;dibenzyltriselenocarbonate; dicyclohexyltriselenocarbonate; anddinorbornyltriselenocarbonate.

Se Valence Stabilizer #23: Examples of selenocyanate ligands (Semonodentates) that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to:selenocyanate (—SeCN).

Se Valence Stabilizer #24: Examples of selenolates (Se monodentates)that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizersfor Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: selenophenol; andnaphthaleneselenol.

Miscellaneous Valence Stabilizer #1: Examples of diene, bicyclicandtricyclic hydrocarbon ligands that meet the requirements for use as“narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limitedto: cyclopentadiene; azulene; carotene; norbornane; and adamantane.

Miscellaneous Valence Stabilizer #2: Examples of cyanide and relatedligands that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valencestabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: cyanide (—CN); andfulminate (—CNO).

Miscellaneous Valence Stabilizer #3: Examples of carbonyl ligands thatmeet the requirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers forCo⁺³ include, but are not limited to: carbonyl (—CO); and carbon dioxide(C0 ₂) ligands.

Miscellaneous Valence Stabilizer #4: Examples of halogens that meet therequirements for use as “narrow band” valence stabilizers for Co⁺³include, but are not limited to: fluorine; chlorine; bromine; andiodine.

Miscellaneous Valence Stabilizer #5: Examples of hydroxo and oxofunctionalities that meet the requirements for use as “narrow band”valence stabilizers for Co⁺³ include, but are not limited to: water(H₂O); dioxygen (O₂); oxide (0 ²⁻); hydroxide (OH); peroxo groups (O₂²⁻); and superoxo groups (O₂ ⁻).

Water-soluble precursors for the organic valence stabilizers aretypically used to ensure that sufficient material is available forpigment synthesis. However, in the case of organic valence stabilizers,it is also possible to synthesize the desired CoIII/valence stabilizercompounds from organic solvent systems. Therefore, solubility in organicsolvents (for the precursors) is also acceptable. Identification ofsuitable water soluble precursors can be difficult because many of theseorganics do not form a wide range of water-soluble compounds.

3e) Mixed Inorganic/Organic Valence Stabilizers

Mixing organic and inorganic valence stabilizers in a pigment solutionwill often result in a pigment with poor corrosion inhibiting propertiesbecause of cross interference. Inorganic and organic stabilizersinteract with CoIII in different ways. For example, inorganic valencestabilizers perform their function by forming a shell of octahedrally ortetrahedrally coordinated anionic species around a captured CoIII ion.The net charge of these inorganic CoIII-stabilizer compounds istherefore always negative. Organic species stabilize by the formation ofa soft bond between the bonding atom in the stabilizer (e.g., nitrogenor sulfur) and the CoIII ion. The net charge of these compounds isusually positive. If these two very different types of stabilizationligands are combined, then the magnitude of the charge on the stabilizedcompound can be significantly reduced. The performance of organic orinorganic stabilized corrosion inhibitor compounds has been found to bedirectly related to the ability of the compound to form and sustain athick electrostatic barrier layer. Additionally, a mixed stabilizer willhave a poorly developed electrostatic field and a non-optimal packingaround the CoIII ion, resulting in a compound with less resistance toaqueous attack. Mixed organic/inorganic stabilized CoIII pigments canperform more poorly than pigments that have exclusively inorganic ororganic valence stabilizers for this reason.

3f) Valence Stabilizers for Tetravalent Cobalt

The Co⁺⁴ ion forms very few stable complexes with organic compounds, andno currently known inorganically stabilized complexes. Co⁺⁴ may be usedin broader applications in the future with compounds not currentlyidentified. Examples of typical organic ligands for Co⁺⁴ includedithiocarbamates, dithiolenes, dithiols, dithioketones, norbornyls,biguanides, azo oximes (including hydrazone oximes), some Schiff Bases,and some azo compounds.

4) Additional Solubility Control Agents

The use of additional solubility control agents is optional. The anionsor cations present in the pigment synthesis bath may be sufficient toform compounds with the desired solubility and saturated pHcharacteristics. However, pigment synthesis may produce compounds withgreater than optimal solubilities, and the use of additional solubilitycontrol agents may be desirable. In situations where fine tuning ofsolubility or saturated pH is desired, cationic species are typical forCoIII-stabilizer combinations when an inorganic valence stabilizer isused, and anionic species are typical for CoIII/organic valencestabilizer combinations.

Additional solubility and saturated pH control can be achieved throughthe use of nontoxic inorganic cations, which include, but are notlimited to: H⁺, Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺, NH₄ ⁺, Mg⁺², Ca⁺², Sr⁺² Y⁺³,La⁺³, Ce⁺³, Ce⁺⁴, Nd⁺³, Pr⁺³, Sc⁺³, Sm⁺³, Eu⁺³, Eu⁺², Gd⁺³, Tb⁺³, Dy⁺³,Ho⁺³, Er⁺³, Tm⁺³, Yb⁺³, Lu⁺³, Ti⁺⁴, Zr⁺⁴, Ti⁺³ Hf⁴, Nb⁺⁵, Ta⁺⁵, Nb⁺⁴,Ta⁺⁴, Mo⁺⁶, W⁺⁵, Mo⁺⁵, W⁺⁵, Mo⁺⁴, W⁺⁴, Mn⁺², Mn⁺³, Mn⁺⁴, F⁺² Fe⁺³, Co⁺²,Co⁺³, Ru⁺², Ru⁺³, Ru⁺⁴, Rh⁺³, Ir³, Rh⁺², Ir⁺², Pd⁺⁴, Pt⁺⁴, Pd⁺², Pt⁺²,Cu⁺, Cu⁺², Cu⁺³, Ag⁺, Ag⁺², Ag⁺³, Au⁺, Au⁺², Au⁺³, Zn⁺², Al⁺³, Ga⁺³,Ga⁺, In⁺³, In⁺, Ge⁺⁴, Ge⁺², Sn⁺², Sn⁺⁴, Sb⁺³, Sb⁺⁵, Bi⁺³, and Bi⁺⁵. Anywater-soluble compound containings these cations can be used for thispurpose. The nitrates, chlorides, bromides, and perchlorates of thesecations offer inexpensive water-soluble precursors, although many otherwater-soluble precursors exist. The use of alkaline ions such as Mg⁺²,Ca⁺², and Sr⁺² for solubility control has been demonstratedsuccessfully, with acceptable saturated pH values.

Cationic solubility control may also be achieved through the useofnontoxic organic cations that include, but are not limited to:quaternary ammonium compounds (NR₄ ⁺, where R can be any combination ofalkyl, aromatic, or acyclic organic substituents, such as themethyltriethylammonium ion); organic compounds containings at least oneN⁺ site (such as pyridinium or thiazolium cations); organic compoundscontaining at least one phosphonium site (P⁺, such as thebenzyltriphenylphosphonium ion); organic compounds containing at leastone stibonium site (Sb⁺, such as the tetraphenylstibonium ion); organiccompounds containing at least one oxonium site (O⁺, such as pyryliumcations); organic compounds containing at least one sulfonium site (S⁺,such as the triphenylsulfonium ion); and organic compounds containing atleast one iodonium site (I⁺, such as the diphenyliodonium ion).

The quaternary ammonium compounds, organic compounds containing at leastone N⁺ site, and organic compounds containing at least one oxonium siteare the most important of these classifications because of the verylarge number of stable cations that are available. Water-solubleprecursors for these organic cations are desirable in order to maximizethe amount of material available in the appropriate pigment synthesissolution. Most of these materials are also soluble in organic solventsand hydrocarbons. Fluorides, chlorides, and bromides offer the mostwater-soluble precursors for these organic cations, although nitratesand perchlorates of those cations with lower molecular weights (e.g.,tetramethylammonium) are also acceptable water-soluble precursors.Nitrates and perchlorates of larger (greater molecular weight) organiccations are generally not acceptable as precursors because of their lowwater solubility.

Toxic inorganic or organic cations can be used as additional solubilitycontrol agents although this is less desirable. Examples of toxicinorganic cations that can be used include, but are not limited to:Be⁺², Ba⁺², V⁺⁵, V⁺⁴, V⁺³, Cr⁺³, Ni⁺², Ni⁺⁴, Os⁺⁴, Cd⁺², Hg⁺¹, Hg⁺²,Tl⁺, Tl⁺³, As⁺³, As⁺⁵, Pb⁺², and Pb⁺⁴. Examples of toxic organic cationsinclude, but are not limited to: organic compounds containing at leastone arsonium site (an example being the tetraphenylarsonium ion of As⁺);and organic compounds containing at least one selenonium site (anexample being the triphenylselenonium ion of Se⁺). Use of thesematerials for additional solubility control may be necessary in somespecific instances where the toxicity of the resulting pigment is oflimited importance to the operator. Water-soluble precursors for thesetoxic cations are typical in order to maximize the amount of availablecation for solubility control in aqueous-based synthesis solutions. Theorganic cations are frequently hydrocarbon-soluble. In general, thenitrates, chlorides, bromides, and perchlorates of these cations offerthe highest water solubility.

Additional solubility control can also be achieved by using nontoxicinorganic anions, especially for CoIII/organic valence stabilizercombinations. Soluble precursors for these inorganic anions aredesirable in order to maximize the amount of material available in theappropriate pigment formation solution. Inorganic examples include, butare not limited to: fluorotitanates, chlorotitanates, fluorozirconates,chlorozirconates, fluoroniobates, chloroniobates, fluorotantalates,chlorotantalates, molybdates, tungstates, permanganates,fluoromanganates, chloromanganates, fluoroferrates, chloroferrates,fluorocobaltates, chlorocobaltates, fluorozincates, chlorozincates,borates, fluoroborates, fluoroaluminates, chloroaluminates, carbonates,silicates, fluorosilicates, fluorostannates, nitrates, nitrites, azides,phosphates, phosphites, phosphonates, phosphinites, thiophosphates,thiophosphites, thiophosphonates, thiophosphinites, fluorophosphates,fluoroantimonates, chloroantimonates, sulfates, sulfites, sulfonates,thiosulfates, dithionites, dithionates, fluorosulfates, tellurates,fluorides, chlorides, chlorates, perchlorates, bromides, bromates,iodides, iodates, periodates, and heteropolyanions (e.g.,heteropolymolybdates or silicomolybdates).

Additional solubility control can also be achieved through the use of analmost unlimited number of nontoxic organic anions (e.g., organics withdifferent carboxylate or acid groups). Examples include, but are notlimited to, ferricyanides; ferrocyanides; cyanocobaltates;cyanocuprates; cyanomanganates; cyanates; cyanatoferrates;cyanatocobaltates; cyanatocuprates; cyanatomanganates; thiocyanates;thiocyanatoferrates; thiocyanatocobaltates; thiocyanatocuprates;thiocyanatomanganates; cyanamides; cyanamidoferrates;cyanamidocobaltates; cyanamidocuprates; cyanamidomanganates;nitritoferrates; nitritocobaltates; azides; (thio)carboxylates,di(thio)carboxylates, tri(thio)carboxylates, or tetra(thio)carboxylates[useful representatives including, but not limited to, acetic acid,benzoic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, salicylic acid, lactic acid,tartaric acid, antimonyl tartrates, cinnamic acid, adipic acid, phthalicacid, terephthalic acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, malic acid, malonicacid, oxalic acid, stearic acid, gallic acid, naphthenic acid, camphoricacid, nitrosalicylic acid, aminosalicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid,sulfosalicylic acid, nitrobenzoic acid, perfluoroC₂₋₁₆carboxylic acids,trinitrobenzoic acid, chlorobenzoic acid, anisic acid, iodobenzoic acid,anthranilic acid, mandelic acid, toluic acid, nicotinic acid,isonicotinic acid, pyrazolecarboxylic acid, picrolonic acid, quinaldicacid, diphenic acid, benzoquinaldic acid, quinolinecarboxylic acid,isoquinolinecarboxylic acid, triazinecarboxylic acid, (thio)carbonicacids, (thio)carbamic acids, trimethylhexylic acid, tetrafluorophthalicacid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, toluoylpropionic acid,lactobionic acid, octylthiopropionate, lipoic acid,methylbenzoylpropionic acid, anthracenesuccinic acid,benzothiazolecarboxylic acid, phenylacetic acid, glycolic acid,thioglycolic acid, benzothiazolylthiosuccinic acid,benzothiazolylthiopropionic acid, phenylanthranilic acid,furancarboxylic acid, nitrofuroic acid, phosphonobutanetricarboxylicacid, benzothiazolylthiosuccinic acid, N-phosphonomethylglycine,cresoxyacetic acid, aminobutyric acid, alanine, asparagine, cysteine,glutamine, glycine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine,threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid,arginine, histidine, lysine, trihydroxyglutaric acid, phenoxyaceticacid, hydroxynaphthoic acid, phenylbutyric acid, hydroxyphosphonoaceticacid, tropic acid, aminophenylpropionic acid, dihydrocinnamic acid,hydroxycinnamic acid, cinchomeronic acid, aurintricarboxylic acid,benzotriazolecarboxylic acid, hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid, cyanuricacid, barbituric acid, violuric acid, diphenylvioluric acid, dilituricacid, thiobarbituric acid, cresotic acid, trimethylhexylic acid,nitrilotriacetic acid, N,N′-terephthaloylbis(aminocaproic acid),ethyleneglycolbis(aminoethylether)tetraacetic acid,diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, 2-phosphonobutanetricarboxylic acid,N,N′-bis(2-hydroxysuccinyl)ethylenediamine, nicotinic acid, naptalam,nitrobenzoic acid, nonylphenoxyacetic acid, and olsalazine];(thio)phenolates, di(thio)phenolates, tri(thio)phenolates, ortetra(thio)phenolates [useful representatives including, but not limitedto, pyrocatechol, resorcinol, picric acid, styphnic acid, pyrogallol,purpurin, purpurogallin, benzopurpurin, gallein, thiophenol, rhodizonicacid, kojic acid, chromotropic acid, carminic acid, fluorescein, tannicacid, and humic acid]; (thio)phosphonates, di(thio)phosphonates, ortri(thio)phosphonates [useful representatives including, but not limitedto, diethylphosphonic acid, diphenylphosphonic acid,nitrophenylphosphonic acid, perfluoroC₁₋₆phosphonic acids,benzenephosphonic acid, phytic acid, hydroxyethylidenebisphosphonicacid, nitrilotrimethylenephosphonic acid, aminomethylenephosphonic acid,etidronic acid, ethylphosphonic acid, chloroethylphosphonic acid,ethylenediaminotetramethylenephosphonic acid, laurylhydroxydiphosphonicacid, methylaminodimethylenephosphonic acid, alkyl(aryl)diphosphonicacids, N-cetylaminoethanediphosphonic acid,carboxyhydroxymethylphosphonic acid (hpa), oxyethylidenediphosphonicacid, polycaproamidophosphonates, phenylethanetriphosphonic acid,oxidronic acid, and pamidronic acid]; (thio)phosphonamides,di(thio)phosphonamides, or tri(thio)phosphonamides [usefulrepresentatives including, but not limited to, phosphoramidic acid,phosphordiamidic acid (diamidophosphonic acid), and phosphoramidothioicacid]; amino(thio)phosphonates, diamino(thio)phosphonates, ortriamino(thio)phosphonates; imino(thio)phosphonates ordiimino(thio)phosphonates; (thio)sulfonates, di(thio)sulfonates, ortri(thio)sulfonates [useful representatives including, but not limitedto, methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, aminobenzenesulfonicacid (sulfanilic acid), nitrobenzenesulfonic acid, phenylsulfonic acid,naphthalenesulfonic acid, nitronaphthalenesulfonic acid, oxinesulfonicacid, alizarinsulfonic acid, benzidinesulfonic acid, flavianic acid,camphorsulfonic acid, diiodophenolsulfonic acid (sozoiodol),8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid,7-nitro-8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid; benzotriazolesulfonic acid,bis(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonic acid,diiododihydroxybenzophenonesulfonic acid,p-amino-p′-ethoxydiphenylamine-o-sulfonic acid,1-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid; 1,2-diaminoanthraquinone-3-sulfonicacid, 1,5-dinitro-2-naphthol-7-sulfonic acid, perfluoroC₂₋₁₆sulfonicacids, benzenedisulfonic acid, phenyldisulfonic acid,naphthalenedisulfonic acid, 3,6-naphtholdisulfonic acid,indigodisulfonic acid, benzidinedisulfonic acid,carboxylodobenzenesulfonic acids; N-benzeneaminomethanesulfonic acid(ams); amido-G-acid; amido-R-acid; naphthalene(di)sulfonic acid(Armstrong's acid); amsonic acid; Badische acid; camphorsulfonic acid;chrysophenine; Cassella's acid; chromotropic acid; Cleve's acid; croceicacid; anthracenesulfonic acid; hydroxyquinolinesulfonic acid;hydrazinobenzenesulfonic acid; indigo carmine; indoxyl; isatinsulfonicacid; indican; lignosulfonic acid; metanil yellow; metanilic acid;naphthoquinonesulfonic acid; Nuclear Fast Red; naphthol(di)sulfonicacid; naphthylamine(di)sulfonic acid; Orange I; orthanilic acid;phenol(di)sulfonic acid; methylenedinaphthalenesulfonic acid; methylorange; and piperazinediethanesulfonic acid (pipes)];(thio)sulfonamides, di(thio)sulfonamides, or tri(thio)sulfonamides;amino(thio)sulfonates, diamino(thio)sulfonates, ortriamino(thio)sulfonates; imino(thio)sulfonates (including sulfamates)or diimino(thio)sulfonates (including disulfamates) [usefulrepresentatives including, but not limited to, methylsulfamic acid andphenylsulfamic acid]; (thio)borates, di(thio)borates, or (thio)boronates[useful representatives including, but not limited to, phenylboric acidand borotartaric acid]; organic silicates; and stibonates [usefulrepresentatives including, but not limited to, antimonyl tartrate andbenzenestibonic acid]. Soluble precursors for these organic anions aredesirable to maximize the amount available in the appropriate pigmentsynthesis solution. These organic anions are frequently soluble inorganic solvents orhydrocarbons in addition to water-based systems.

Finally, toxic inorganic or organic anions can be used as additionalsolubility control agents, although they are less desirable. Examples oftoxic inorganic anions include, but are not limited to: arsenates,arsenites, fluoroarsenates, chloroarsenates, selenates, selenites,fluorothallates, chlorothallates, iodomercury anions (e.g., Nessler'sreagent), thiocyanatomercury anions (e.g., Behren's reagent),chloromercurates, bromomercurates, osmates, fluoronickelates, chromates,Reinecke's salt, and vanadates. Examples of toxic organic anions includecyanides; cyanochromates; cyanonickelates; cyanatochromates;cyanatonickelates; thiocyanatochromates; thiocyanatonickelates;cyanamidochromates; cyanamidonickelates; nitritonickelates; arsonates,diarsonates, or triarsonates [useful representatives being propylarsonicacid, phenylarsonic acid, hydroxyphenylarsonic acid, benzenearsonicacid, methylbenzenearsonic acid, hydroxybenzenearsonic acid, andnitrobenzenearsonic acid]; and organic selenates, diselenates, ortriselenates. These materials may be necessary in some specificinstances for additional solubility control where toxicity of the finalpigment material is of limited importance. Soluble precursors for theseorganic anions are desirable to maximize the amount available in theappropriate pigment synthesis solution. The alkali or ammonium speciesof these anions typically offer the greatest water solubility.

5) Valence Stabilizers for “Indicator Pigments”

Some heteropolymetallate valence stabilizers for trivalent cobaltpigments have been observed to result in pigments that change color asthe CoIII-stabilizer compound was exhausted during corrosion. Forexample, molybdate-stabilized CoIII pigments are typically light greenafter being prepared and combined with a suitable binder system. Thesepigments were observed to gradually change from light green to royalblue after extended exposure to ASTM B-117 and ASTM G-85 acceleratedcorrosion testing environments. The rate of color change was gradualwith time and scaled with initiation and continued corrosion of thesubstrate. The color change from green to blue is well-documented in theinorganic chemistry literature for heteropolymolybdates. Numerousstudies have shown that the color change associated with molybdenumblues is due to reduction of the molybdenum (VI) ion (the valencestabilizer for CoIII in this example), to the more reduced molybdenum(IV) ion. Other cobalt-containing compounds can exhibit differences incolor with the change in valence of the cobalt ion in the pigmentcompound. Organometallic literature has many examples of cobaltcompounds where an organic trivalent cobalt compound is one color andthe divalent compound is a different color. For example, divalent cobaltphthalocyanines are green and the trivalent cobalt derivatives areviolet-black.

Color changes in the paint can be used as a metric to determine when thecorrosion-inhibiting ability of the pigment has begun to fail.Alternatively, changes in pigment color hue may suggest remainingcorrosion-inhibiting service life. The color change behavior is notobserved for all CoIII-valence stabilizer combinations. Thosecompositions that do exhibit a significant color change between fullyoxidized and reduced valence states are typical for applications wherean indication of the amount of remaining unreacted pigment is desired.This represents an advantage over conventional chromate pigments whichdo not demonstrate a significant color change during reduction.

B) Pigment Synthesis

The cobalt compounds of the present invention can be synthesized by manydifferent formation routes, and the synthesis of specific trivalentcobalt compounds is often found in the general cobalt coordinationchemistry literature. The syntheses of several trivalent cobaltcompounds suitable for use as pigments are outlined in the Examplessection of this specification.

The pigments can be synthesized via precipitation routes (including ontoinorganic or organic substrates), by firing of constituents, byevaporative routes, etc. Precipitation is a typical synthesis route,however, because: a) it is easiest to control, b) it allows inorganicvalence stabilizers to polymerize, and c) many organic valencestabilizer precursors are degraded by high temperatures. Precipitationfrom aqueous (water-based) solutions is typical, because the formedtrivalent cobalt pigment materials are required to be sparingly solublein water in order to function adequately as corrosion-inhibitors. Forthe more soluble pigments (i.e., with solubilities as high as 1×10^(O)moles/liter of trivalent cobalt, for specialized applications),precipitation can be aided by traditional salting-out methodologies,such as adding salt or alcohols to further facilitate precipitation. Ifdesired, precipitation onto or in combination with inert materials suchas oxides, hydroxides, silicates, borates, aluminates, phosphates,carbonates, titanates, molybdates, tungstates, oxalates, polymers, etc.,can be initiated. An almost infinite variety of colors, hues, tints,solubilities, saturated pHs, decomposition temperatures, melting points,and corrosion-inhibiting action can be produced in pigments based solelyon the CoIII ion.

Organic solvents can also be used for the synthesis of these pigments,especially for many of the organic valence-stabilized cobalt compounds.Conventional organic solvents include, but are not limited to: methanol,ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, sec-butanol,benzyl alcohol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, cresol,cyclohexanol, butyl carbitol, cellosolve, methyl cellosolve, ethyllactate, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), diethyl ketone, methylisobutyl ketone (MIBK), cyclohexanone, acetophenone, diethyl ether,isopropyl ether, furan, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dioxane, tetrahydropyran,methyl formate, ethyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methylpropionate, ethyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate, propyleneoxide, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyrolactone, ethylene carbonate,propylene carbonate, benzaldehyde, propyl amine, diethyl amine,ethanolamine, aniline, pyridine, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide (DMF),propionitrile, nitrobenzene, hexane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene,xylene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, methylene chloride,dichloroethane, trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, chlorobenzene, Freon113, carbon disulfide, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), andhexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPT). These solvents can be used ininstances where the specific CoIII/valence stabilizer is insoluble inthat specific solvent and sparingly soluble in water, or in instanceswhere evaporative formation of fine particle sizes is desired.

A typical CoIII compound with inorganic valence stabilization wasprepared as follows:

1) the stabilizer was dissolved in a minimum of water with added aceticacid or sodium acetate to buffer the solution to the proper pH;

2) cobalt nitrate was dissolved in a separate buffered water solution;

3) the stabilizer solution was heated to near boiling and the cobaltsolution added all at once;

4) this stabilizer-cobalt solution was heated for 15 to 60 minutes witha potassium acetate buffer to initiate inorganic polymerization of thevalence stabilizer in the presence of a persulfate oxidizer to formtrivalent cobalt;

5) this solution (mother liquor) was cooled and any precipitatefiltered;

6) the mother liquor was separated into five fractions and an additionalsolubility control agent was added; and

7) each solution from step 6 was ice chilled and precipitates filteredand dried.

Solubility control agents Mg, Ca, Zn, Sr, and Ba were used to obtain abroad spectrum of solubilities with a single CoIII-valence stabilizercombination. Occasionally a precipitate would not form with the additionof a “solubility control agent” or a day of evaporation. This wouldimply that the target compound was extremely water soluble and unsuitedfor use as a pigment. Conversely, a precipitate would occasionally formimmediately on addition of the last pH buffer or even the oxidizingagent. This would imply that the target CoIII compound was extremelyinsoluble and unsuited for use as a corrosion inhibiting pigment whenincorporating the buffer or oxidizer's cations.

CoIII pigments with organic valence stabilizers were synthesized in asimilar fashion. Water-soluble organic ligands (i.e., the azo dyeexamples) allowed the entire synthesis to be performed in aqueoussolution. Valence stabilizers of low water solubility (i.e.,8-hydroxyquinoline) were complexed in an isopropanol/water mixture. Itwas not necessary to carefully control pH of the organic synthesesbecause polymerization like that needed for the heteropolymetallateinorganic stabilizers was not necessary. Anionic “solubility controlagents” such as sulfate, phosphate, molybdate, tungstate, andphosphomolybdate were used for the organic examples to formprogressively larger compounds with less solubility.

The color of CoIII pigments depends on the specific CoIII-valencestabilizer combination. Inorganically valence stabilized CoIII compoundsranged from olive green to yellow. The color of CoIII pigmentsincorporating organic valence stabilizers often matched the color of thevalence stabilizer. This was particularly true of the azo dyes. Thecolors of the organically stabilized pigments were orange-yellow rangingto green or brown.

Oxidation of divalent cobalt to the trivalent oxidation state can beperformed prior to, or after, compound formation. If trivalent cobaltsalts are to be used for synthesis, then additional oxidation may or maynot be necessary, depending upon the synthesis conditions. For example,a CoIII/valence stabilizer coordination compound could be prepared, or aCoII/valence stabilizer compound could be prepared and subsequentlyoxidized to a CoIII/valence stabilizer compound.

Oxidation prior to compound formation is typical, however, to ensurethat the stability of the formed compound is maintained.

The stability of compounds using the same valence stabilizer liganddiffers significantly because of the difference in size between the CoIIand CoIII ions (74.5 μm versus 61 pm). This has to do with the sizerequirements of the coordinating ligand. Therefore, one ligand geometrymay result in a very stable CoII compound, but the same compoundcontaining CoIII can, in many instances, exhibit lower stabilitiesbecause of the difference in size of the ions. Oxidation to thetrivalent state prior to precipitation (or other preparativemethodology) ensures that once recovered, the compound is for the mostpart in a usable form.

Preparation of a divalent cobalt compound, with subsequent oxidationtreatment (e.g., via steam, gaseous oxygen, concentrated liquidoxidizer, etc.) to convert the compound to a trivalent oxidation state,can degrade the ligand or the entire compound, or can alter substituentgroups on that ligand. Trivalent cobalt/valence stabilizer complexeshaving a melting temperature lower than approximately 50° C. can beproduced as a low melting solid, or a liquid-phase inhibitor. They canalso be combined with inert materials in order to provide a solidmaterial. If combination with inert materials is desired, then thetrivalent corrosion inhibiting compound can be absorbed into, oradsorbed onto, the surfaces of the inert particles. The particles can beinorganic (e.g., oxides, hydroxides, phosphates, borates, silicates,carbonates, aluminates, titanates, molybdates, tungstates, oxalates, andpolymers, and combinations thereof) or organic (e.g., polymeric) innature.

EXAMPLES

These examples are not intended to represent refined final commercialcompositions. They are intended to demonstrate the range and robustnessof the CoIII valence stabilization for pigments of the presentinvention.

1) Wash Primer Preparation

The corrosion inhibiting performance of CoIII pigments was evaluated byincorporating them into primer paint formulations. The acid wash primerpaint formulations called out in DoD-P-15328 [Primer (Wash),Pretreatment (Formulation No. 117 for Metals)] were used to test thevarious pigments. The wash primer is composed of a resin, an acid, acorrosion inhibiting pigment, powdered talc, and carbon lampblack. Theacid content of this wash primer provides a rigorous initial test of thestability and performance of the pigments. Other, more benign,polymer-based binder and resin systems might not separate the compoundsbased on their performance as effectively or as rapidly.

The base solution for the wash primer in this specification was preparedby mixing 88.3 grams of isopropanol, 31.3 grams of n-butanol, and 3.8grams of deionized water with 14 grams of poly(vinyl butyral) resin(PVB) (Monsanto Butvar B-90™). PVB was used exclusively throughouttesting to avoid preparation and compositional complications duringanalysis of pigment performance. However, the invention is not limitedto the use of PVB.

Acid diluent was prepared by mixing 70 grams of 85% phosphoric acid, 63grams of deionized water, and 247 grams of isopropanol. Finely-groundpigment powder was measured out and added to 13.74 grams of the basesolution for each paint to be tested. A small amount (0.2 g) of powderedtalc (magnesium silicate) “filler” was added. Lampblack was not added tothese samples. These components were mixed thoroughly by hand and 3.8 gof phosphoric acid diluent added with further mixing. This roughprocessing allowed direct comparisons of pigment performance to be madewithout complications due to powder treatments, modifications, andadditives.

For each pigment to be tested, the primer paint was applied onto 10metal substrates—5 precleaned 7075-T6 and 5 precleaned 2024-T3 aluminumsubstrates. This is not the conventional paint application procedure foraluminum alloys. Under normal service conditions, aluminum alloys arefirst subjected to a hexavalent chromium-containing conversion coatingprior to primer application. However, the conversion coating was omittedso that the performance of the pigment alone could be evaluated and notthe synergistic effects of hexavalent chromium (in the conversioncoating) or even of barrier films (in the phosphate or anodizedcoatings).

Multiple samples of specific pigment compositions were prepared andtested. Samples treated with zinc and strontium chromate were used ascomparison standards. The chromate pigments were prepared identically tothose used to test CoIII composition variations.

2) Corrosion Testing

PVB wash primers containing various pigment formulations were evaluatedby exposing them to static salt fog (ASTM B-117) and cyclic Prohesiomm(ASTM G-85.5) accelerated corrosion tests. ASTM B-117 is a traditionalcorrosion “proof” test that has little relation to a real workingenvironment. This accelerated corrosion test exposes samples to aconstant salt-water fog and is a de facto test of solubility forcorrosion inhibitors. B-117 does not necessarily test the ability of acorrosion inhibitor to actually inhibit corrosion. This is particularlytrue of inhibitors and compounds that have not been fully optimized withrespect to solubility. ASTM G-85.5 (Prohesion™) is a cyclic corrosiontest that more closely resembles real working environments. Thisaccelerated corrosion test exposes samples to a cycle of fog of dilutesalt and ammonium sulfate at room temperature followed by forced-airdrying at an elevated temperature. This is a more realistic test of theability of a compound to inhibit corrosion. Results of these tests canbe combined to gain insight into how a particular coating or compoundwill perform relative to a standard as well as helping identifystrengths and weaknesses in the performance of the material.

3) Rating Method

ASTM D-1654 evaluation standard for painted or coated specimenssubjected to corrosive environments was used to evaluate the performanceof the coatings. After the paint dried for 24 hours, each plate wasscribed with an X and the plate edges were sealed with PVC tape toeliminate corrosion edge effects.

Two visual observations are associated with this rating test. ProcedureA involves a rating of the failure at the scribe—the representativecreepage of corrosion away from the scribe. Procedure B involves arating of the failure in the unscribed areas in terms of the percentagewhich shows corrosion coming through the film. In this way, not only thebulk corrosion-inhibiting action of a pigment through the binder can berated, but also its “throwing power”.

4) Comparison Example

Zinc and strontium chromates are commercial CrVI-based pigments usedextensively to provide corrosion protection to metal surfaces. Thesepigments were used as performance baselines to determine theeffectiveness of CoIII-based pigment compositions developed using themethodology described in this specification.

Chromate pigments were precipitated from aqueous synthesis solutions andincorporated into PVB wash primer formulations so that each primersample had the same molar quantity of hexavalent chromium. These primerswere then applied to 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloy samples. Afterthe samples had dried for 24 hours, they were scribed and the edges ofeach sample taped to eliminate edge effects. These samples were thenexposed to 168 hours of both ASTM B-117 and G-85.5. Magnesium chromateis so soluble in aqueous solution that the resin began to cross-linkimmediately, even before the phosphoric acid diluent was added to thePVB pigment mixture. PVB based paints containing magnesium chromatepigments performed well initially (the first 4 days of the test) butbegan to degrade rapidly as the chromate was depleted. Insoluble bismuthchromate appeared to enhance the effects of corrosion and performedworse than PVB samples that contained no pigment. Zinc and strontiumspecies with intermediate aqueous solubility provided the greatestcorrosion inhibition of the chromate pigments when used in the PVB washprimer.

Table 3 presents the accelerated corrosion testing results for bare2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloy test panels treated with PVB combinedwith zinc and strontium chromate corrosion inhibiting pigments. For eachpigment, the first row shows the results on 2024-T3, and the second rowshows the results on 7075-T6.

TABLE 3 Zinc and Strontium Chromate Pigment Accelerated Corrosion TestResults 2024-T3 B-117 7075-T6 B-117 2024-T3 G-85 7075-T6 G-85 168 hrs168 hrs 168 hrs 168 hrs Stabilizer Proc. A Proc. B Proc. A Proc. B Proc.A Proc. B Proc. A Proc. B Zn as 1.35 g zinc 10 9 9 9 10 9 9 9 chromate10 9 9 9 10 9 9 9 Sr as 1.51 g 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 strontium chromate 9 9 98 9 9 9 9 Evaluated by using ASTM D-1654 - Painted or Coated SpecimensSubjected to Corrosive Environments.

The zinc and strontium chromate treated samples performed well duringtheir period of exposure as is expected from the currentstate-of-the-art. Minor differences in performance as a function ofsubstrate composition were noted.

5) Example 1—Trivalent Cobalt Pigments in PVB Resin

In order to establish the acceptable solubility limits for valencestabilized trivalent cobalt coatings, coating samples were prepared thatcontained CoIII pigments wherein the CoIII ion was stabilized in thecompound with six ammonia molecules forminghexaaminecobalt(III)-Co(NH₃)₆ ⁺. The only difference between thesubsequently prepared pigment compounds was the anion attached to thehexaaminecobalt(III) cation. Wash primer coatings containing thesepigments were prepared wherein the trivalent cobalt was present inidentical molar concentrations from sample to sample. These paints werethen applied to both 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloy samples.Pigments were made with chloride, bromide, sulfate, hexafluorosilicate,phosphate, molybdate, tungstate, and phosphomolybdate anions.Additionally, Co₂O₃ (in which one of the cobalt atoms is trivalent) wasalso used as a pigment for this application.

These paint samples were then exposed to 135 hours of both ASTM B-117and G-85.5 corrosion environments. As with the hexavalent chromiumcoatings described above, a clear progression of corrosion resistancewas observed with the nature of the anion. The extremely insolublecobalt samples, e.g., those that contained CO₂O₃ (solubility 1×10⁻⁵mol/liter CoIII), exhibited no discernable corrosion resistance at all.Samples of hexaaminecobalt(III) molybdate, tungstate, andphosphomolybdate (all anions that result in reported solubilities of5.5×10⁻⁴ mol/liter CoIII or less when complexed with Co(NH₃)₆ ⁺³)exhibited a small amount of corrosion resistance. Molybdate performedthe best of these three pigment compounds, and phosphomolybdateperformed the worst. Samples that contained compounds in theintermediate solubility ranges (1×10⁻¹ to 5×10⁻⁴ moles/liter cobalt,e.g., phosphate, hexafluorosilicate, sulfate, and bromide) performed thebest of all. The paint samples that contained the most soluble speciessuch as chloride, with a reported solubility of approximately 2×10⁻¹moles/liter CoIII, performed very well in the early stages of the testand then failed as the test progressed due to rapid depletion of CoIII.

Thus, a typical solubility range for pigments is about 1×10⁻¹ to about1×10⁻⁴ moles/liter of CoIII. Solubilities higher than about 1×10⁻¹moles/liter of CoIII exhibited corrosion resistance early in the testbut then failed. Solubility ranges as high as 1×10⁰ to as low as 5×10⁻⁵moles per liter of CoIII may offer some corrosion protection undercertain conditions, as CrVI based systems do. These solubility rangesdefine the solubility conditions for optimum corrosion resistance inCo⁺³ anticorrosive pigments. However, the performance of these pigmentswas not the same as that exhibited by conventional hexavalent chromiumpigments. Some polarization of the CoII pigments was determined to benecessary in order to optimize their performance because of differencesin characteristics between the CoIII and CrVI ions. This was donethrough the selection of improved valence stabilizers, as is definedherein.

6) Example 2 - Optimized Trivalent Cobalt Pigments in PVB Resin

CoIII/valence stabilizer compounds were synthesized using eitherpublished literature procedures, or standard organometallic synthesistechniques because optimized trivalent cobalt corrosion-inhibitingpigments are not commercially available. The pigment syntheses weremainly aqueous-based precipitation techniques, although some pigments(i.e., those using some selected organic valence stabilizers) neededalcohol/water mixtures for the synthesis due to the low solubility ofthe valence stabilizer compound in pure water. Table 4 shows theCoIII-valence stabilizer combinations used for these optimizedCoIII-containing paints. As can be seen in Table 4, CoIII pigmentscontaining both inorganic and organic valence stabilizers were formed.

TABLE 4 Optimized Trivalent Cobalt Pigments Prepared Synthesis AddendumPigment Solvent Ions Synthesis Notes Co⁺³/phosphotungstate [11- H₂O Sr,Ba Lighter salts (Mg, Ca, & Zn) not tungstophospho- formedcobaltate(III)] Co⁺³/molybdate [6-molybdo- H₂O NH₄, Ca, Ba NH₄ saltprecip. from mother cobaltate(III)] liq.; Ca salt fm. by evap.; Sr, Znsalts not formed. Co⁺³/molybdate [10-molybdo- H₂O Mg, Ca, Zn,cobaltate(III)] Sr, Ba Co⁺³/periodate [Periodato- H₂O H, Mg, Sr, H(acid) salt precip. from cobaltate(III)] Ba mother liq.; limited precip.of Ca, Zn salts Co⁺³/vanadate [10-vanado- H₂O Na, Mg, Ca, Na saltprecip. from mother liq. cobaltate(III)] Zn, Sr, BaCo⁺³/Diethyldithio-carbamate H₂O SO₄ ⁻², PO₄ ⁻³, WO₄ ⁻², MoO₄ ⁻²,phosphomolybdate Co⁺³/2-Mercapto- i-PrOH/H₂O SO₄ ⁻² SO₄ ⁻² fm. frommother liq. benzimidazole Co⁺³/8-Hydroxy-quinoline i-PrOH/H₂O SO₄ ⁻²,PO₄ ⁻³ SO₄ ⁻² fm. from mother liq.; PO₄ ⁻³ on anion addn.

Table 5 presents the accelerated corrosion testing results for bare2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloy test panels treated withinorganically stabilized trivalent cobalt pigment in PVB, while Table 6shows some organically stabilized cobalt pigments. Table 5 shows thesamples that were produced, as well as the pigment contained withinthem. Note that the molar concentration of CoIII in these paints is muchless than that in the zinc chromate wash primers (7.44×10⁻³ m). This wasdone because the molecular weight of the CoIII compounds exceeds that ofzinc chromate, implying that a much larger mass would be necessary toachieve equal molar concentrations of CoIII and CrVI. As can be seen inthe corrosion exposure results, even with these much lower molarconcentrations of CoIII, the “optimized” pigments provided comparable orsubstantial corrosion protection to chromium. These pigments alsooutperformed by a significant margin those pigments (i.e., molybdates,tungstates, phosphates, borates, mercaptobenzimidazole) containing noinherent oxidizer properties. For each pigment, the first row shows theperformance of one sample under the specified conditions, and the secondshows the performance of a duplicate sample under the same conditions.It is also interesting to note the change in performance for the10-molybdocobaltates and the 10-vanadatocobalates just by altering thesolubility control agents.

TABLE 5 Inorganically Stabilized CoIII Wash Primers FormulationsStabilizer/ 2024-T3 7075-T6 2024-T3 7075-T6 Solubility Inhibitor B-117B-117 G-85 G-85 Control Agent Conc. (M) Proc. A Proc. B Proc. A Proc. BProc. A Proc. B Proc. A Proc. B Hours Ba as 2.52 g 7.44 × 10⁻⁴ 7 6 7 6 76 7 6 139 barium 11- (10% of Cr) tungstophosphocobaltate 7 6 7 6 7 7 7 6139 Calcium-6-MoCo 1.49 × 10⁻³ 7 5 7 6 8 7 8 8 117 as 1.88 g calcium(20% of Cr) 6- molybdocobaltate 6 6 7 6 8 7 8 8 117 Mg as 1.44 g 1.49 ×10⁻³ 7 6 7 6 9 8 9 7 144 magnesium 10- (20% of Cr) molybdocobaltate 7 67 6 8 7 9 8 144 Ca as 1.48 g 1.49 × 10⁻³ 7 6 7 6 9 8 8 7 144 calcium 10-(20% of Cr) molybdocobaltate 7 6 6 — 9 8 9 8 144 Zn as 1.54 g zinc 1.49× 10⁻³ 7 7 7 7 6 7 7 6 144 10- (20% of Cr) molybdocobaltate 7 7 7 5 7 67 6 144 Sr as 1.59 g 1.49 × 10⁻³ 6 5 7 6 7 6 7 6 144 strontium 10- (20%of Cr) molybdocobaltate 7 5 6 5 7 6 7 6 144 Ba as 1.70 g 1.49 × 10⁻³ 7 66 5 7 7 7 7 144 barium 10- (20% of Cr) molybdocobaltate 7 6 6 5 7 7 7 7144 Mg as 1.83 g 3.72 × 10⁻³ 7 6 7 6 7 7 7 7 139 magnesium (50% of Cr)periodatocobaltate 7 6 7 6 8 8 7 7 139 Na as 2.15 g 1.49 × 10⁻³ 9 8 6 78 7 7 6 139 sodium 10- (20% of Cr) vanadatocobaltate 9 8 6 7 8 7 7 6 139Mg as 2.00 g 1.49 × 10⁻³ 7 7 7 7 8 7 8 7 139 magnesium 10- (20% of Cr)vanadatocobaltate 6 7 7 7 9 8 9 8 139 Ca as 2.03 g 1.49 × 10⁻³ 8 7 7 6 76 7 6 139 calcium 10- (20% of Cr) vanadatocobaltate 8 7 7 6 8 6 7 6 139Zn as 2.07 g zinc 1.49 × 10⁻³ 9 9 8 8 7 6 7 6 139 10- (20% of Cr)vanadatocobaltate 9 8 9 9 7 6 7 6 139 Sr as 2.10 g 1.49 × 10⁻³ 7 6 6 5 76 6 5 139 strontium 10- (20% of Cr) vanadatocobaltate 7 6 6 5 7 6 6 5139 Evaluated by using ASTM D-1654 - Painted or Coated SpecimensSubjected to Corrosive Environments.

Table 6 shows the results for a few of the organic valence stabilizersevaluated. Due to low substrate supplies, these pigments were onlytested on duplicate 2024-T6 aluminum alloy under both ASTM B-117 andG-85 conditions. The molar concentration of Co+3 in these pigments werealso much less than in the standard chromate pigments. Clearprogressions in the performance of these pigments as a function ofanionic solubility control agents were also observed.

TABLE 6 Organically Stabilized CoIII Wash Primers Formulations In B-117,In B-117, In G-85, In G-85, Stabilizer/ ASTM ASTM ASTM ASTM SolubilityInhibitor D1654 D1654 D1654 D1654 Control Agent Conc. (M) Proc. A Proc.B Proc. A Proc. B Hours Co⁺³/ 1.49 × 10⁻³ 6 5 7 6 168 DEDT/ (20% of Cr)sulfate 6 5 6 5 168 Co⁺³/ 1.49 × 10⁻³ 7 5 7 5 168 DEDT/ (20% of Cr)phosphate 7 5 7 6 168 Co⁺³/ 1.49 × 10⁻³ 7 6 7 5 168 DEDT/ (20% of Cr)molybdate 7 6 7 5 168 Co⁺³/ 1.49 × 10⁻³ 7 5 7 5 168 DEDT/ (20% of Cr)tungstate 7 5 7 5 168 Co⁺³/MBI/ 1.49 × 10⁻³ 7 7 6 6 168 sulfate (20% ofCr) 8 7 6 6 168 Co⁺³/HQ/ 1.49 × 10⁻³ 6 5 6 5 168 sulfate (20% of Cr) 6 56 5 168 Co⁺³/HQ/ 1.49 × 10⁻³ 6 6 6 6 168 phosphate (20% of Cr) 6 5 7 5168 DEDT = diethyldithiocarbamate MBI = mercaptobenzimidazole HQ =hydroxyquinoline

Chromium-free pigments based on trivalent cobalt which can be used asreplacements for the current CrVI pigments can be made. Many synthesismethodologies and procedures are available for those skilled in the artof coordination compound synthesis to produce a multitude of trivalentcobalt corrosion inhibiting pigments. One or two synthesis procedures orsolvents are likely to be typical for specific CoIII/valence stabilizercombinations. The methodology described in this specificationencompasses the entire range of valence stabilized CoIII pigmentformulations.

Pigments formed in accordance with prior art are not competitive withthe present invention. Prior art embodiments require the use ofapplication processes and chemical compounds that do not form pigmentscontaining valence stabilized CoIII-based active corrosion inhibitorsthat perform equivalent to current effective commercial hexavalentchromium-based pigment systems.

While certain representative embodiments and details have been shown forpurposes of illustrating the invention, it will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art that various changes in the compositions and methodsdisclosed herein may be made without departing from the scope of theinvention, which is defined in the appended claims.

1. A corrosion-inhibiting pigment composition comprising: acorrosion-inhibiting pigment comprising cobalt, wherein the cobalt istrivalent cobalt, tetravalent cobalt, or combinations thereof, and avalence stabilizer combined to form a cobalt/valence stabilizer complex,wherein the valence stabilizer forms a shell around the cobalt, andwherein the cobalt in is the trivalent or tetravalent oxidation state inthe pigment, wherein the cobalt/valence stabilizer complex has asolubility in water of between about 1×10⁻¹ and about 5×10⁻⁵ moles perliter at about 25° C. and about 760 Torr; an optional solubility controlagent; and a coating system comprising a carrier system and a bindersystem, or a carrier system and a resin system, or both; with theproviso that none of the valence stabilizer is hydroxide.
 2. The pigmentcomposition of claim 1 wherein the solubility of the cobalt/valencestabilizer complex in water is between about 1×10⁻¹ and about 1×10⁻⁴moles per liter at about 25° C. and about 760 Torr.
 3. The pigmentcomposition of claim 1 wherein there is an electrostatic barrier layeraround the cobalt/valence stabilizer complex in aqueous solution.
 4. Thepigment composition of claim 1 wherein the cobalt/valence stabilizercomplex acts as an ion exchange agent towards corrosive ions.
 5. Thepigment composition of claim 1 wherein the cobalt/valence stabilizercomplex decomposes above about 100° C.
 6. The pigment composition ofclaim 1 wherein the cobalt/valence stabilizer complex melts above about50° C.
 7. The pigment composition of claim 1 wherein the valencestabilizer is selected from an inorganic valence stabilizer and anorganic valence stabilizer.
 8. The pigment composition of claim 7wherein the valence stabilizer is the inorganic valence stabilizerselected from molybdates; tungstates; vanadates; niobates; tantalates;tellurates; periodates; iodates; carbonates; antimonates; stannates;titanates; zirconates; hafnates; bismuthates; germanates; arsenates;phosphates; borates; aluminates; and silicates; and combinationsthereof.
 9. The pigment composition of claim 8 wherein the valencestabilizer is the inorganic valence stabilizer selected from molybdates;tungstates; vanadates; niobates; tantalates; tellurates; periodates;iodates; carbonates; antimonates; and stannates; and combinationsthereof.
 10. The pigment composition of claim 8 wherein thecobalt/valence stabilizer complex has a central cavity containing acobalt ion and an additional ion.
 11. The pigment composition of claim10 wherein the additional ion is B⁺³, Al⁺³, Si⁺⁴, P⁺⁵, Ti⁺⁴, V⁺⁵, V⁺⁴,Cr⁺⁶, Cr⁺³, Mn⁺⁴, Mn⁺³, Mn⁺², Fe⁺³, Fe⁺², Co⁺², Ni⁺², Ni⁺³, Ni⁺⁴, Cu⁺²,Cu⁺³, Zn⁺², Ga⁺³, Ge⁺⁴, As⁺⁵, As⁺³, Zr⁺⁴, or Ce⁺⁴.
 12. The pigmentcomposition of claim 1 further comprising the solubility control agent.13. The pigment composition of claim 12 wherein the solubility controlagent is selected from a cationic solubility control agent and ananionic solubility control agent.
 14. The pigment composition of claim13 wherein the solubility control agent is the cationic solubilitycontrol agent selected from H⁺; Li⁺; Na⁺; K⁺; Rb⁺; Cs⁺; NH₄ ⁺; Mg⁺²;Ca⁺²; Sr⁺²; Be⁺²; Ba⁺²; Y⁺³; La⁺³; Ce⁺³; Ce⁺⁴; Nd⁺³; Pr⁺³; Sc⁺³; Sm⁺³;Eu⁺³; Eu⁺²; Gd⁺³; Tb⁺³; Dy⁺³; Ho⁺³; Er⁺³; Tm⁺³; Yb⁺³; Lu⁺³; Ti⁺⁴; Zr⁺⁴;Ti⁺³; Hf⁺⁴; Nb⁺⁵; Ta⁺⁵; Nb⁺⁴; Ta⁺⁴; V⁺⁵; V⁺⁴; V⁺³; Mo⁺⁶; W⁺⁶; Mo⁺⁵; W⁺⁵;Mo⁺⁴; W⁺⁴; Cr⁺³; Mn⁺²; Mn⁺³; Mn;⁺⁴; Fe⁺²; Fe⁺³; Co⁺²; Co⁺³; Ni⁺²; Ni⁺³;Ni⁺⁴; Ru⁺²; Ru⁺³; Ru⁺⁴; Rh⁺³; Ir⁺³; Rh⁺²; Ir⁺²; Pd⁺⁴; Pt⁺⁴; Pd⁺²; Pt⁺²;Os⁺⁴; Cu⁺; Cu⁺²; Cu⁺³; Ag⁺; Ag⁺²; Ag⁺³; Au⁺; Au⁺²; Au⁺³; Zn⁺²; Cd⁺²;Hg⁺; Hg⁺²; Al⁺³; Ga⁺³; Ga⁺; In⁺³; In⁺; Tl⁺³; Tl⁺; Ge⁺⁴; Ge⁺²; Sn⁺⁴;Sn⁺²; Pb⁺⁴; Pb⁺²; Sb⁺³; Sb⁺⁵; As⁺³; As⁺⁵; Bi⁺³; Bi⁺⁵; organic compoundscontaining at least one N⁺ site; organic compounds containing at leastone phosphonium site; organic compounds containing at least one arsoniumsite; organic compounds containing at least one stibonium site; organiccompounds containing at least one oxonium site; organic compoundscontaining at least one sulfonium site; organic compounds containing atleast one selenonium site; organic compounds containing at least oneiodonium site; and quaternary ammonium compounds having a formula NR₄ ⁺,where R is an alkyl, aromatic, or acyclic organic constituent; andcombinations thereof.
 15. The pigment composition of claim 14 whereinthe cationic solubility control agent is selected from H⁺; Li⁺; Na⁺; K⁺;Rb⁺; Cs⁺; NH₄ ⁺; Mg⁺²; Ca⁺²; Sr⁺²; Y⁺³; La⁺³; Ce⁺³; Ce⁺⁴; Nd⁺³; Pr⁺³;Sc⁺³; Sm⁺³; Eu⁺³; Eu⁺²; Gd⁺³; Tb⁺³; Dy⁺³; Ho⁺³; Er⁺³; Tm⁺³; Yb⁺³; Lu⁺³;Ti⁺⁴; Zr⁺⁴; Ti⁺³; Hf⁺⁴; Nb⁺⁵; Ta⁺⁵; Nb⁺⁴; Ta⁺⁴; Mo⁺⁶; W⁺⁶; Mo⁺⁵; W⁺⁵;Mo⁺⁴; W⁺⁴; Mn⁺²; Mn⁺³; Mn⁺⁴; Fe⁺²; Fe⁺³; Co⁺²; Co⁺³; Ru⁺²; Ru⁺³; Ru⁺⁴;Rh⁺³; Ir⁺³; Rh⁺²; Ir⁺²; Pd⁺⁴; Pt⁺⁴; Pd⁺²; Pt⁺²; Cu⁺; Cu⁺²; Cu⁺³; Ag⁺;Ag⁺²; Ag⁺³; Au⁺; Au⁺²; Au⁺³; Zn⁺²; Al⁺³; Ga⁺³; Ga⁺; In⁺³; In⁺; Ge⁺⁴;Ge⁺²; Sn⁺⁴; Sn⁺²; Sb⁺³; Sb⁺⁵; Bi⁺³; Bi⁺⁵; organic compounds containingat least one N⁺ site; organic compounds containing at least onephosphonium site; organic compounds containing at least one stiboniumsite; organic compounds containing at least one oxonium site; organiccompounds containing at least one sulfonium site; organic compoundscontaining at least one iodonium site; and quaternary ammonium compoundshaving a formula NR₄ ⁺, where R is an alkyl, aromatic, or acyclicorganic constituent; and combinations thereof.
 16. The pigmentcomposition of claim 13 wherein the solubility control agent is theanionic solubility control agent selected from fluorotitanates;chlorotitanates; fluorozirconates; chlorozirconates; fluoroniobates;chloroniobates; fluorotantalates; chlorotantalates; molybdates;tungstates; permanganates; fluoromanganates; chloromanganates;fluoroferrates; chloroferrates; fluorocobaltates; chlorocobaltates;fluorozincates; chlorozincates; borates; fluoroborates;fluoroaluminates; chloroaluminates; carbonates; silicates;fluorosilicates; fluorostannates; nitrates; nitrites; azides;cyanamides; phosphates; phosphites; phosphonates; phosphinites;thiophosphates; thiophosphites; thiophosphonates; thiophosphinites;fluorophosphates; fluoroantimonates; chloroantimonates; sulfates;sulfites; sulfonates; thiosulfates; dithionites; dithionates;fluorosulfates; tellurates; fluorides; chlorides; chlorates;perchlorates; bromides; bromates; iodides; iodates; periodates;heteropolyanions; ferricyanides; ferrocyanides; cyanocobaltates;cyanocuprates; cyanomanganates; cyanates; cyanatoferrates;cyanatocobaltates; cyanatocuprates; cyanatomanganates; thiocyanates;thiocyanatoferrates; thiocyanatocobaltates; thiocyanatocuprates;thiocyanatomanganates; cyanamides; cyanamidoferrates;cyanamidocobaltates; cyanamidocuprates; cyanamidomanganates;nitritoferrates; nitritocobaltates; (thio)carboxylates;di(thio)carboxylates; tri(thio)carboxylates; tetra(thio)carboxylates;(thio)phenolates; di(thio)phenolates; tri(thio)phenolates;tetra(thio)phenolates; (thio)phosphonates; di(thio)phosphonates;tri(thio)phosphonates; (thio)phosphonamides; di(thio)phosphonamides;tri(thio)phosphonamides; amino (thio)phosphonates;diamino(thio)phosphonates; triamino(thio)phosphonates;imino(thio)phosphonates; diimino(thio)phosphonates; (thio)sulfonates;di(thio)sulfonates; tri(thio)sulfonates; (thio)sulfonamides;di(thio)sulfonamides; tri(thio)sulfonamides; amino(thio)sulfonates;diamino(thio)sulfonates; triamino(thio)sulfonates;imino(thio)sulfonates; diimino(thio)sulfonates; (thio)borates;di(thio)borates; (thio)boronates; organic silicates; stibonates;cyanides; cyanochromates; cyanonickelates; cyanatochromates;cyanatonickelates; thiocyanatochromates; thiocyanatonickelates;cyanamidochromates; cyanamidonickelates; nitritonickelates; arsonates;diarsonates; triarsonates; organic selenates; diselenates; triselenates;arsenates; arsenites; fluoroarsenates; chloroarsenates; selenates;selenites; fluorothallates; chlorothallates; iodomercury anions;chloromercurates; bromomercurates; osmates; fluoronickelates; chromates;Reinecke's salt; and vanadates; and combinations thereof.
 17. Thepigment composition of claim 16 wherein the anionic solubility controlagent is selected from fluorotitanates; chlorotitanates;fluorozirconates; chlorozirconates; fluoroniobates; chloroniobates;fluorotantalates; chlorotantalates; molybdates; tungstates;permanganates; fluoromanganates; chloromanganates; fluoroferrates;chloroferrates; fluorocobaltates; chlorocobaltates; fluorozincates;chlorozincates; borates; fluoroborates; fluoroaluminates;chloroaluminates; carbonates; silicates; fluorosilicates;fluorostannates; nitrates; nitrites; azides; cyanamides; phosphates;phosphites; phosphonates; phosphinites; thiophosphates; thiophosphites;thiophosphonates; thiophosphinites; fluorophosphates; fluoroantimonates;chloroantimonates; sulfates; sulfites; sulfonates; thiosulfates;dithionites; dithionates; fluorosulfates; tellurates; fluorides;chlorides; chlorates; perchlorates; bromides; bromates; iodides;iodates; periodates; heteropolyanions; ferricyanides; ferrocyanides;cyanocobaltates; cyanocuprates; cyanomanganates; cyanates;cyanatoferrates; cyanatocobaltates; cyanatocuprates; cyanatomanganates;thiocyanates; thiocyanatoferrates; thiocyanatocobaltates;thiocyanatocuprates; thiocyanatomanganates; cyanamides;cyanamidoferrates; cyanamidocobaltates; cyanamidocuprates;cyanamidomanganates; nitritoferrates; nitritocobaltates;(thio)carboxylates; di(thio)carboxylates; tri(thio)carboxylates;tetra(thio)carboxylates; (thio)phenolates; di(thio)phenolates;tri(thio)phenolates; tetra(thio)phenolates; (thio)phosphonates;di(thio)phosphonates; tri(thio)phosphonates; (thio)phosphonamides;di(thio)phosphonamides; tri(thio)phosphonamides;amino(thio)phosphonates; diamino(thio)phosphonates;triamino(thio)phosphonates; imino(thio)phosphonates;diimino(thio)phosphonates; (thio)sulfonates; di(thio)sulfonates;tri(thio) sulfonates; (thio)sulfonamides; di(thio)sulfonamides;tri(thio)sulfonamides; amino(thio)sulfonates; diamino(thio)sulfonates;triamino(thio)sulfonates; imino(thio)sulfonates;diimino(thio)sulfonates; (thio)borates; di(thio)borates;(thio)boronates; organic silicates; and stibonates; and combinationsthereof.
 18. The pigment composition of claim 1 wherein the pigment iscolored.
 19. The pigment composition of claim 1 wherein the pigmentexhibits a color change between cobalt oxidation states.
 20. The pigmentcomposition of claim 1 wherein the pigment is light-fast.